MirGeneDB is a database of manually curated microRNA genes that have been validated and annotated as initially described in Fromm et al. 2015 and Fromm et al. 2020. MirGeneDB 2.1 includes more than 16,000 microRNA gene entries representing more than 1,500 miRNA families from 75 metazoan species and published in the 2022 NAR database issue. All microRNAs can be browsed, searched and downloaded. *

Eutheria Eutheria (; from Greek , 'good, right' and , 'beast'; ) is the clade consisting of all therian mammals that are more closely related to placentals than to marsupials. Eutherians are distinguished from noneutherians by various phenotypic tra ...

(Placental mammals) **

Human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, cultu ...

''(Homo sapiens)'' (567 genes, 268 families) ** Rhesus monkey ''(Macaca mulatta)'' (520 genes, 235 families) ** House mouse ''(Mus musculus)'' (452 genes, 224 families) **

Norway rat The brown rat (''Rattus norvegicus''), also known as the common rat, street rat, sewer rat, wharf rat, Hanover rat, Norway rat, Norwegian rat and Parisian rat, is a widespread species of common rat. One of the largest muroids, it is a brown o ...

''(Rattus norvegicus)'' (420 genes, 189 families) **

Guinea pig The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus''), also known as the cavy or domestic cavy (), is a species of rodent belonging to the genus '' Cavia'' in the family Caviidae. Breeders tend to use the word ''cavy'' to describe the ...

''(Cavia porcellus)'' (402 genes, 184 families) ** Rabbit ''(Oryctolagus cuniculus)'' (391 genes, 185 families) **

Dog The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Do ...

''(Canis familiaris)'' (455 genes, 211 families) **

Cow Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, cloven-hooved, herbivores. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus ''Bos''. Adult females are referred to as cows and adult ma ...

''(Bos taurus)'' (459 genes, 214 families) **

Nine-banded armadillo The nine-banded armadillo (''Dasypus novemcinctus''), also known as the nine-banded long-nosed armadillo or common long-nosed armadillo, is a mammal found in North, Central, and South America, making it the most widespread of the armadillos. ...

''(Dasypus novemcinctus)'' (380 genes, 169 families) **

Lesser hedgehog tenrec The lesser hedgehog tenrec (''Echinops telfairi'') is a species of mammal in the family Tenrecidae. It is the only species in the genus ''Echinops'' and is named in honour of Charles Telfair. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitats a ...

''(Echinops telfairi)'' (350 genes, 166 families) *

Metatheria Metatheria is a mammalian clade that includes all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals. First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is a more inclusive group than the marsupials; it contains all marsupials as wel ...

(Marsupial mammals) ** Tasmanian devil ''(Sarcophilus harrisii)'' (465 genes, 161 families) **

Gray short-tailed opossum The gray short-tailed opossum (''Monodelphis domestica'') is a small South American member of the family Didelphidae. Unlike most other marsupials, the gray short-tailed opossum does not have a true pouch. The scientific name ''Monodelphis'' is ...

''(Monodelphis domestica)'' (505 genes, 171 families) * Monotremata **

Platypus The platypus (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus''), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania. The platypus is the sole living representative or mono ...

''(Ornithorhynchus anatinus)'' (402 genes, 149 families) * Aves (Birds) **

Chicken The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey and the Ceylon junglefowl that are originally from Southeastern Asia. Rooster or cock is a term for an adu ...

''(Gallus gallus)'' (286 genes, 136 families) **

Rock pigeon The rock dove, rock pigeon, or common pigeon ( also ; ''Columba livia'') is a member of the bird family Columbidae (doves and pigeons). In common usage, it is often simply referred to as the "pigeon". The domestic pigeon (''Columba livia domes ...

''(Columba livia)'' (257 genes, 121 families) **

Zebra finch The zebra finches are two species of estrildid finch in the genus ''Taeniopygia'' found in Australia and Indonesia. They are seed-eaters that travel in large flocks. The species are: Previously, both species were classified as a single specie ...

''(Taeniopygia guttata)'' (257 genes, 115 families) *

Crocodylia Crocodilia (or Crocodylia, both ) is an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic reptiles, known as crocodilians. They first appeared 95 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period (Cenomanian stage) and are the closest living ...

(Alligators and Crocodiles) **

American alligator The American alligator (''Alligator mississippiensis''), sometimes referred to colloquially as a gator or common alligator, is a large crocodilian reptile native to the Southeastern United States. It is one of the two extant species in the gen ...

''(Alligator mississippiensis)'' (283 genes, 113 families) *

Testudines Turtles are an order of reptiles known as Testudines, characterized by a special shell developed mainly from their ribs. Modern turtles are divided into two major groups, the Pleurodira (side necked turtles) and Cryptodira (hidden necked t ...

(Turtles) **

Western painted turtle The painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta'') is the most widespread native turtle of North America. It lives in slow-moving fresh waters, from southern Canada to northern Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. They have been shown to prefer l ...

''(Chrysemys picta bellii)'' (301 genes, 124 families) *

Squamata Squamata (, Latin ''squamatus'', 'scaly, having scales') is the largest order of reptiles, comprising lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians (worm lizards), which are collectively known as squamates or scaled reptiles. With over 10,900 species ...

(Lizards and Snakes) ** Green anole lizard ''(Anolis carolinensis)'' (267 genes, 118 families) ** Burmese python ''(Python bivittatus)'' (248 genes, 96 families) ** Schlegels Japanese gecko ''(Gekko japonicus)'' (262 genes, 99 families) * Rhynchocephalia (beak-heads) **

Tuatara Tuatara (''Sphenodon punctatus'') are reptiles endemic to New Zealand. Despite their close resemblance to lizards, they are part of a distinct lineage, the order Rhynchocephalia. The name ''tuatara'' is derived from the Māori language and m ...

''(Sphenodon punctatus)'' (225 genes, 102 families) * Anura (Frogs and Toads) **

African clawed frog The African clawed frog (''Xenopus laevis'', also known as the xenopus, African clawed toad, African claw-toed frog or the ''platanna'') is a species of African aquatic frog of the family Pipidae. Its name is derived from the three short claws o ...

''(Xenopus laevis)'' (505 genes, 118 families) ** Tropical clawed frog ''(Xenopus tropicalis)'' (355 genes, 106 families) *

Gymnophiona Caecilians (; ) are a group of limbless, vermiform or serpentine amphibians. They mostly live hidden in the ground and in stream substrates, making them the least familiar order of amphibians. Caecilians are mostly distributed in the tropics o ...

(Apoda) ** Microcaecilia ''(Microcaecilia unicolor)'' (245 genes, 97 families) * Actinista (Coelacanths) **

Coelacanth The coelacanths ( ) are fish belonging to the order Actinistia that includes two extant species in the genus ''Latimeria'': the West Indian Ocean coelacanth (''Latimeria chalumnae''), primarily found near the Comoro Islands off the east coast ...

''(Latimeria chalumnae)'' (232 genes, 91 families) *

Teleostei Teleostei (; Greek ''teleios'' "complete" + ''osteon'' "bone"), members of which are known as teleosts ), is, by far, the largest infraclass in the class Actinopterygii, the ray-finned fishes, containing 96% of all extant species of fish. Te ...

(Teleost fish) ** Pufferfish ''(Tetraodon nigroviridis)'' (287 genes, 97 families) **

Cod Cod is the common name for the demersal fish genus '' Gadus'', belonging to the family Gadidae. Cod is also used as part of the common name for a number of other fish species, and one species that belongs to genus ''Gadus'' is commonly not call ...

''(Gadus morhua)'' (338 genes, 120 families) **

Asian swamp eel The Asian swamp eel (''Monopterus albus''), also known as rice eel, ricefield eel, or rice paddy eel, is a commercially important, air-breathing species of fish in the family Synbranchidae. It occurs in East and Southeast Asia, where it is a ver ...

''(Monopterus albus)'' (343 genes, 108 families) **

Zebrafish The zebrafish (''Danio rerio'') is a freshwater fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae) of the order Cypriniformes. Native to South Asia, it is a popular aquarium fish, frequently sold under the trade name zebra danio (and thus often ca ...

''(Danio rerio)'' (414 genes, 113 families) *

Holostei Holostei is a group of ray-finned bony fish. It is divided into two major clades, the Halecomorphi, represented by a single living species, the bowfin ('' Amia calva''), as well as the Ginglymodi, the sole living representatives being the gars ...

(Gars and Bowfins) **

Spotted gar The spotted gar (''Lepisosteus oculatus'') is a freshwater fish native to North America that has an abundance of dark spots on its head, fins, and dart-like body. Spotted gar have an elongated mouth with many needle-like teeth to catch other fi ...

''(Lepisosteus oculatus)'' (273 genes, 104 families) *

Chondrichthyes Chondrichthyes (; ) is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes that have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or ''bony fishes'', which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. ...

(Cartilaginous fish) **

Cloudy Catshark The cloudy catshark (''Scyliorhinus torazame'') is a common species of catshark, belonging to the family Scyliorhinidae. It is a bottom-dweller that inhabits rocky reefs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, from the shore to a depth of . Growing ...

''(Scyliorhinus torazame)'' (248 genes, 91 families) ** Australian ghostshark ''(Callorhinchus milii)'' (271 genes, 110 families) *

Cyclostomata Cyclostomi, often referred to as Cyclostomata , is a group of vertebrates that comprises the living jawless fishes: the lampreys and hagfishes. Both groups have jawless mouths with horny epidermal structures that function as teeth called cer ...

** Inshore hagfish ''(Eptatretus burgeri)'' (180 genes, 77 families) **

Sea Lamprey The sea lamprey (''Petromyzon marinus'') is a parasitic lamprey native to the Northern Hemisphere. It is sometimes referred to as the "vampire fish". Description The sea lamprey has an eel-like body without paired fins. Its mouth is jawless, ...

''(Petromyzon marinus)'' (216 genes, 83 families) *

Urochordata A tunicate is a marine invertebrate animal, a member of the subphylum Tunicata (). It is part of the Chordata, a phylum which includes all animals with dorsal nerve cords and notochords (including vertebrates). The subphylum was at one time ...

(Sea squirts) **

Sea Squirt Ascidiacea, commonly known as the ascidians, tunicates (in part), and sea squirts (in part), is a polyphyletic class in the subphylum Tunicata of sac-like marine invertebrate filter feeders. Ascidians are characterized by a tough outer "tunic" m ...

''(Ciona intestinalis)'' (107 genes, 72 families) *

Cephalochordata A cephalochordate (from Greek: κεφαλή ''kephalé'', "head" and χορδή ''khordé'', "chord") is an animal in the chordate subphylum, Cephalochordata. They are commonly called lancelets. Cephalochordates possess 5 synapomorphies, or prima ...

(Amphioxus) ** Florida lancelet ''(Branchiostoma floridae)'' (130 genes, 73 families) ** European lancelet ''(Branchiostoma lanceolatum)'' (202 genes, 77 families) * Hemichordata ** Saccoglossus ''(Saccoglossus kowalevskii)'' (78 genes, 50 families) ** Ptychodera ''(Ptychodera flava)'' (87 genes, 53 families) *

Echinodermata An echinoderm () is any member of the phylum Echinodermata (). The adults are recognisable by their (usually five-point) radial symmetry, and include starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as the s ...

Purple sea urchin ''Strongylocentrotus purpuratus'', the purple sea urchin, lives along the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean extending from Ensenada, Mexico, to British Columbia, Canada. This sea urchin species is deep purple in color, and lives in lower in ...

''(Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)'' (60 genes, 44 families) ** Bat starfish ''(Patiria miniata)'' (59 genes, 40 families) *

Xenoturbella ''Xenoturbella'' is a genus of very simple bilaterians up to a few centimeters long. It contains a small number of marine benthic worm-like species. The first known species ('' Xenoturbella bocki'') was discovered in 1915 by Sixten Bock, but it w ...

''(Xenoturbella bocki)'' (46 genes, 31 families) *

Hexapoda The subphylum Hexapoda (from Greek for 'six legs') comprises most species of arthropods and includes the insects as well as three much smaller groups of wingless arthropods: Collembola, Protura, and Diplura (all of these were once considered ins ...

(Insects) ** Fruit fly ''(Drosophila melanogaster)'' (161 genes, 99 families) ** Fruit fly ''(Drosophila simulans)'' (159 genes, 97 families) ** Fruit fly ''(Drosophila yakuba)'' (148 genes, 88 families) ** Fruit fly ''(Drosophila ananassae)'' (159 genes, 101 families) ** Fruit fly ''(Drosophila mojavensis)'' (162 genes, 102 families) **

Yellow fever mosquito ''Aedes aegypti'', the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other disease agents. The mosquito can be recognized by black and white markings on its legs ...

''(Aedes aegypti)'' (118 genes, 70 families) ** Longwing butterfly ''(Heliconius melpomene)'' (130 genes, 79 families) **

Red flour beetle The red flour beetle (''Tribolium castaneum'') is a species of beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, the darkling beetles. It is a worldwide pest of stored products, particularly food grains, and a model organism for ethological and food safety r ...

''(Tribolium castaneum)'' (191 genes, 88 families) **

Cockroach Cockroaches (or roaches) are a Paraphyly, paraphyletic group of insects belonging to Blattodea, containing all members of the group except termites. About 30 cockroach species out of 4,600 are associated with human habitats. Some species are we ...

''(Blattella germanica)'' (144 genes, 86 families) * Crustacea ** Common water flea ''(Daphnia pulex)'' (83 genes, 59 families) ** Large common water flea ''(Daphnia magna)'' (80 genes, 56 families) *

Chelicerata The subphylum Chelicerata (from New Latin, , ) constitutes one of the major subdivisions of the phylum Arthropoda. It contains the sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, and arachnids (including harvestmen, scorpions, spiders, solifuges, ticks, and mi ...

** Deer tick ''(Ixodes scapularis)'' (64 genes, 52 families) **

Arizona bark scorpion :''The striped bark scorpion and the closely related Baja California bark scorpion are also called bark scorpions.'' The Arizona bark scorpion (''Centruroides sculpturatus'', once included in ''Centruroides exilicauda'') is a small light brown s ...

''(Centruroides sculpturatus)'' (101 genes, 44 families) **

Atlantic horseshoe crab The Atlantic horseshoe crab (''Limulus polyphemus''), also known as the American horseshoe crab, is a species of marine and brackish chelicerate arthropod. Despite their name, horseshoe crabs are more closely related to spiders, ticks, and sco ...

''(Limulus polyphemus)'' (293 genes, 55 families) *

Nematoda The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broa ...

Roundworm The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a bro ...

''(Caenorhabditis elegans)'' (145 genes, 90 families) **

''(Caenorhabditis briggsae)'' (186 genes, 89 families) ** Large roundworm ''(Ascaris suum)'' (96 genes, 53 families) * Annelida **

Polychaete worm Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made ...

''(Capitella teleta)'' (102 genes, 69 families) ** Common brandling worm ''(Eisenia fetida)'' (193 genes, 66 families) * Mollusca ** Owl limpet ''(Lottia gigantea)'' (82 genes, 54 families) **

Pacific oyster The Pacific oyster, Japanese oyster, or Miyagi oyster (''Magallana gigas''), is an oyster native to the Pacific coast of Asia. It has become an introduced species in North America, Australia, Europe, and New Zealand. Etymology The genus ''Mag ...

''(Crassostrea gigas)'' (137 genes, 60 families) ** Chambered Nautilus ''(Nautilus pompilius)'' (78 genes, 60 families) ** Hawaiian bobtail squid ''(Euprymna scolopes)'' (147 genes, 113 families) ** California two-spot octopus ''(Octopus bimaculoides)'' (173 genes, 136 families) **

Common octopus The common octopus (''Octopus vulgaris'') is a mollusc belonging to the class Cephalopoda. ''Octopus vulgaris'' is one of the most studied of all octopus species, and also one of the most intelligent. It ranges from the eastern Atlantic, exte ...

''(Octopus vulgaris)'' (177 genes, 135 families) * Brachiopoda ** Lingula ''(Lingula anatina)'' (106 genes, 51 families) * Plathyhelminthes ** Freshwater planarian ''(Schmidtea mediterranea)'' (107 genes, 45 families) *

Rotifera The rotifers (, from the Latin , "wheel", and , "bearing"), commonly called wheel animals or wheel animalcules, make up a phylum (Rotifera ) of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals. They were first described by Rev. John H ...

** Rotifer ''(Brachionus plicatilis)'' (47 genes, 35 families) *

Cnidaria Cnidaria () is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in freshwater and marine environments, predominantly the latter. Their distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that ...

** Starlet sea anemone ''(Nematostella vectensis)'' (30 genes, 24 families) ** Freshwater-polyp ''(Hydra vulgaris)'' (26 genes, 23 families) * Porifera **

Amphimedon : ''For the genus of sponge, see Amphimedon (sponge)'' In Homer's ''Odyssey'', Amphimedon (; grc, Ἀμφιμέδων) was the Ithacan son of Melaneus and one of the suitors of Penelope. Mythology While retreating from Odysseus's party dur ...

''(Amphimedon queenslandica)'' (8 genes, 7 families) ** Muellers freshwater sponge ''(Ephydatia muelleri)'' (7 genes, 5 families)

References

External links

* {{official website, https://mirgenedb.org MicroRNA Biological databases