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Ixodes Scapularis
''Ixodes scapularis'' is commonly known as the deer tick or black-legged tick (although some people reserve the latter term for ''Ixodes pacificus'', which is found on the west coast of the US), and in some parts of the US as the bear tick. It was also named ''Ixodes dammini'' until it was shown to be the same species in 1993. It is a hard-bodied tick found in the eastern and northern Midwest of the United States as well as in southeastern Canada. It is a vector for several diseases of animals, including humans (Lyme disease, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, Powassan virus disease, etc.) and is known as the deer tick owing to its habit of parasitizing the white-tailed deer. It is also known to parasitize mice, lizards, migratory birds, etc. especially while the tick is in the larval or nymphal stage. Description The image shown here—and in fact, most images of ''Ixodes scapularis'' that are commonly available—show an adult female that is unengorged, that is, an adult female that h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Say
Thomas Say (June 27, 1787 – October 10, 1834) was an American entomologist, conchologist, and Herpetology, herpetologist. His studies of insects and shells, numerous contributions to scientific journals, and scientific expeditions to Florida, Georgia, the Rocky Mountains, Mexico, and elsewhere made him an internationally known naturalist. Say has been called the father of American descriptive entomology and American conchology. He served as librarian for the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, curator at the American Philosophical Society (elected in 1817), and professor of natural history at the University of Pennsylvania. Early life and education Born in Philadelphia into a prominent Religious Society of Friends, Quaker family, Thomas Say was the great-grandson of John Bartram, and the great-nephew of William Bartram. His father, Dr. Benjamin Say, was brother-in-law to another Bartram son, Moses Bartram. The Say family had a house, "The Cliffs" at Gray's Ferry Bridge, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gregarious
Sociality is the degree to which individuals in an animal population tend to associate in social groups (gregariousness) and form cooperative societies. Sociality is a survival response to evolutionary pressures. For example, when a mother wasp stays near her larvae in the nest, parasites are less likely to eat the larvae. Biologists suspect that pressures from parasites and other predators selected this behavior in wasps of the family Vespidae. This wasp behaviour evidences the most fundamental characteristic of animal sociality: parental investment. Parental investment is any expenditure of resources (time, energy, social capital) to benefit one's offspring. Parental investment detracts from a parent's capacity to invest in future reproduction and aid to kin (including other offspring). An animal that cares for its young but shows no other sociality traits is said to be ''subsocial''. An animal that exhibits a high degree of sociality is called a ''social animal''. The highe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spirochaete
A spirochaete () or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota (), (synonym Spirochaetes) which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells. Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 3 and 500 μm and diameters around 0.09 to at least 3 μm. Spirochaetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, called endoflagella which are sometimes called ''axial filaments''. Endoflagella are anchored at each end (pole) of the bacterium within the periplasmic space (between the inner and outer membranes) where they project backwards to extend the length of the cell. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. When reproducing, a spirochaete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission. Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numero ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emerging Infectious Diseases
''Emerging Infectious Diseases'' (EID) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). EID is a public domain journal and covers global instances of new and reemerging infectious diseases, putting greater emphasis on disease emergence, prevention, control, and elimination. According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal's 2016 impact factor is 6.99, ranking it 4th out of 82 journals in the infectious disease category. The journal also has a 2016 Google Scholar h5-index score of 79, ranking it 2nd in both the epidemiology category and among open-access epidemiological journals, as well as 4th in the communicable diseases category and 1st among open-access communicable disease journals. Abstracting and Indexing The journal is indexed in PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science: Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus. The journal has a 2021 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an aca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centers For Disease Control
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States. It is a United States federal agency, under the Department of Health and Human Services, and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. The agency's main goal is the protection of public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability in the US and worldwide. The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and educational activities designed to improve the health of United States citizens. The CDC also conducts research and provides information on non-infectious diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, and is a founding member of the International Association of National Public Health Institutes. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ixodes Scapularis Engorged
''Ixodes'' is a genus of hard-bodied ticks (family Ixodidae). It includes important disease vectors of animals and humans (tick-borne disease), and some species (notably ''Ixodes holocyclus'') inject toxins that can cause paralysis. Some ticks in this genus may transmit the pathogenic bacterium ''Borrelia burgdorferi'' responsible for causing Lyme disease. Additional organisms that may be transmitted by ''Ixodes'' are parasites from the genus ''Babesia'', which cause babesiosis, and bacteria from the related genus ''Anaplasma'', which cause anaplasmosis. Species These species are recognised within the genus ''Ixodes'': *''Ixodes abrocomae'' Lahille, 1917 *''Ixodes acer'' Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020 *''Ixodes acuminatus'' Neumann, 1901 *''Ixodes acutitarsus'' (Karsch, 1880) *''Ixodes affinis'' Neumann, 1899 *''Ixodes albignaci'' Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1969 *''Ixodes alluaudi'' Neumann, 1913 *''Ixodes amarali'' Fonseca, 1935 *''Ixodes amersoni'' Kohls, 1966 *''Ixodes anatis' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New England Journal Of Medicine
''The New England Journal of Medicine'' (''NEJM'') is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. It is among the most prestigious peer-reviewed medical journals as well as the oldest continuously published one. History In September 1811, John Collins Warren, a Boston physician, along with James Jackson, submitted a formal prospectus to establish the ''New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and Collateral Branches of Science'' as a medical and philosophical journal. Subsequently, the first issue of the ''New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and the Collateral Branches of Medical Science'' was published in January 1812. The journal was published quarterly. In 1823, another publication, the ''Boston Medical Intelligencer'', appeared under the editorship of Jerome V. C. Smith. The editors of the ''New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and the Collateral Branches of Medical Science'' purchased the weekly ''Intelligencer'' for $600 in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick-borne, infectious disease caused by ''Anaplasma phagocytophilum'', an obligate intracellular bacterium that is typically transmitted to humans by ticks of the ''Ixodes ricinus'' species complex, including ''Ixodes scapularis'' and ''Ixodes pacificus'' in North America. These ticks also transmit Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases. The bacteria infect white blood cells called neutrophils, causing changes in gene expression that prolong the life of these otherwise short-lived cells. Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms may include: * fever * severe headache * muscle aches (myalgia) * chills and shaking, similar to the symptoms of influenza * nausea * vomiting * loss of appetite * unintentional weight loss * abdominal pain * cough * diarrhea, * aching joints * sensitivity to light * weakness * fatigue * change in mental status (extreme confusion, memory loss, inability to comprehend environment- interaction, reading, etc.) * te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum
''Anaplasma phagocytophilum'' (formerly ''Ehrlichia phagocytophilum'') is a Gram-negative bacterium that is unusual in its tropism to neutrophils. It causes anaplasmosis in sheep and cattle, also known as tick-borne fever and pasture fever, and also causes the zoonotic disease human granulocytic anaplasmosis.Tick-Borne Fever reviewed and published by , accessed 12 October 2011. ''A. phagocytophilum'' is a , obligate bacterium of neutrophils. It causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis, which is a tick-borne rickettsial disease. Because this bacterium invades neutrophils, it has a unique ada ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Babesia Microti
Babesia microti is a parasitic blood-borne piroplasm transmitted by deer ticks. ''B. microti'' is responsible for the disease babesiosis, a malaria-like disease which also causes fever and hemolysis. Life cycle The life cycle of ''B. microti'' includes human red blood cells and is an important transfusion-transmitted infectious organism. Between 2010 and 2014 it caused four out of fifteen (27%) fatalities associated with transfusion-transmitted microbial infections reported to the US FDA (the highest of any single organism). In 2018, the FDA approved an antibody-based screening test for blood and organ donors. An important difference from malaria is that ''B. microti'' does not infect liver cells. Additionally, the piroplasm is spread by tick bites (''Ixodes scapularis'', the same tick that spreads Lyme disease), while the malaria protozoans are spread via mosquito. Finally, under the microscope, the merozoite form of the ''B. microti'' lifecycle in red blood cells forms a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borrelia Miyamotoi
''Borrelia miyamotoi'' is a bacterium of the spirochete phylum in the genus ''Borrelia''. A zoonotic organism, ''B. miyamotoi'' can infect humans through the bite of several species of hard-shell ''Ixodes'' ticks, the same kind of ticks that spread ''B. burgdorferi'', the causative bacterium of Lyme disease. Ixodes ticks are also the primary vector in the spread of babesiosis and anaplasmosis. ''B. miyamotoi'' causes ''Borrelia miyamotoi'' disease (BMD) in humans. BMD is a relapsing fever illness that has been reported across the world, often in the same geographic areas where Lyme disease is endemic. Treatment currently follows that of Lyme disease. Microbiology History and morphology ''B. miyamotoi'' was discovered in 1995 when it was isolated from a population of '' Ixodes persulcates'' ticks on the Japanese island of Hokkaido. The organism was named for Kenji Miyamoto, who initially discovered ''Borrellia'' spirochetes in Japan. It was first detected in the United State ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EcoHealth
Health ecology (also known as eco-health) is an emerging field that studies the impact of ecosystems on human health. It examines alterations in the biological, physical, social, and economic environment to understand how these changes impact human mental and physical health. Common examples of such effects include an increase in asthma rates due to air pollution, PCB contamination of game fish in the Great Lakes of the United States, and habitat fragmentation as the main factor of the increased rate of Lyme disease in human populations. Health ecology is specifically a multidisciplinary approach which seeks to understand all the factors which influence an individual's physiological, social, and emotional wellbeing. History Ecosystem approaches to health emerged as a defined field of inquiry and application in the 1990s, primarily through global research supported by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in Ottawa, Canada (Lebel, 2003). However, this was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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