Hydrobiidae, commonly known as mud snails, is a large

cosmopolitan Cosmopolitan may refer to: Food and drink * Cosmopolitan (cocktail), also known as a "Cosmo" History * Rootless cosmopolitan, a Soviet derogatory epithet during Joseph Stalin's anti-Semitic campaign of 1949–1953 Hotels and resorts * Cosmopoli ...

family of very small

freshwater Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include ...

and brackish water snails with an operculum; they are in the order Littorinimorpha.

Distribution

Hydrobiidae are found in much of the world, inhabiting all continents except Antarctica. In Australia alone there are over 260 species in the family.

Description

These are very small or minute snails, with a shell height of less than 8 mm. The dextrally-coiled shells are smooth (except for growth lines conforming to the shape of the outer lip) and are usually rather nondescript. The shell offers very few robust characteristics to the systematist who is attempting to classify the species within this family. This difficulty is compounded by a high degree of intraspecific variation. Descriptions often have to be based on the characteristics of the operculum,

radula The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...

and penis. The shell of species within this family varies from planispiral to needle-shaped. The shell may have an open umbilicus or a plugged umbilicus. The thickness of the shell can vary from thin to fairly solid. The shell may be transparent and horn-colored, or colorless. The number of

whorls A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs). Whorls in nature File:Photograph and axial plane floral d ...

in the shell varies between two and eight. The shell can sometimes even assume a corkscrew or hornlike shape by loosening of the attachment of body whorl. The

periostracum The periostracum ( ) is a thin, organic coating (or "skin") that is the outermost layer of the shell of many shelled animals, including molluscs and brachiopods. Among molluscs, it is primarily seen in snails and clams, i.e. in gastropods and ...

(outer layer of the shell) is usually thin, and is often colored. It can sometimes show hair-like projections. The sinuous aperture is entire, not interrupted by a siphonal canal or other extensions. It is sometimes thickened. The

protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called ...

is usually shaped like a dome, and usually shows a few spirals. The corneous operculum is usually well-formed and shows only a few spirals. The head, foot, mantle and visceral coil are colored pale gray to dark purple-black with melanin pigments. Subterranean species are often unpigmented. The strong foot can be retracted into the shell. The mucous glands are situated at the anterior edge of the foot. There are no posterior mucous glands. The symmetrical cephalic tentacles are threadlike, with blunt or rounded tips. The eyes are located at the base of the tentacles. The ctenidium (a comblike respiratory apparatus) goes along most of the length of the pallial cavity. This respiratory gill consists of 10 to 200 triangular filaments. The osphradium, the olfactory organ linked with the respiration organ, is usually relatively small. The taenioglossate

consists of more than fifty rows of teeth. The central tooth is trapezoidal. The lateral teeth have few to numerous cusps. The marginal teeth are usually with numerous cusps. The species usually have both male and female individuals, but very rarely reproduction may be parthenogenic, caused by internal fertilization. The females lay eggs in single capsules on the leaves or stems of water plants. But sometimes they produce eggs that are hatched within the pallial gonoduct of the body, and in these cases the young are born alive. Species that inhabit estuaries sometimes produce veliger larvae. The fossil record of this family extends back to the Early Carboniferous.

Ecology

Habitat

Most species of this family live in freshwater (lakes, ponds, rivers, streams), but some are found in brackish water or at the borders between freshwater and brackish water. A few occur in marine environments on sandy or muddy bottoms between algae and sea grass.

Feeding habits

These small snails feed on

algae Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mic ...

diatom A diatom (Neo-Latin ''diatoma''), "a cutting through, a severance", from el, διάτομος, diátomos, "cut in half, divided equally" from el, διατέμνω, diatémno, "to cut in twain". is any member of a large group comprising sev ...

s and

detritus In biology, detritus () is dead particulate organic material, as distinguished from dissolved organic material. Detritus typically includes the bodies or fragments of bodies of dead organisms, and fecal material. Detritus typically hosts commun ...

Taxonomy

This is the largest family within the superfamily Truncatelloidea. At one time or another some 400 genera have been assigned to this family, and probably more than 1,000 species. The Hydrobiidae family is the most widespread and diverse family of freshwater molluscs in the world, occupying a range of habitats from streams and

estuarine An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environment ...

creeks to alpine bogs. This family was originally named by

Troschel Franz Hermann Troschel (10 October 1810 – 6 November 1882) was a German zoologist born in Spandau. He studied mathematics and natural history at the University of Berlin, where he was awarded his doctorate in 1834.Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; ...

in 1857, as the group Hydrobiae. Troschel was not certain of their rank, and he placed them in the Taenioglossata: Ctenobranchiata between the Lithoglyphi and Ancyloti. Over the years there have been numerous attempts to give an adequate and more finely divided classification.

Thiele Thiele is a German-language surname. Geographical distribution As of 2014, 78.0% of all known bearers of the surname ''Thiele'' were residents of Germany, 10.9% of the United States, 2.3% of Australia, 2.0% of Brazil, 1.0% of Canada and 1.0% of Sou ...

(1925, 1929 and 1931) set up the most comprehensive classification, with a review of the family at generic level. Notable works about taxonomy of Hydrobiidae includes works by Radoman, for example Radoman (1983).book description
The classification, as specified by Kabat and Hershler (1993), does not form a

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

group, and was in need of revision. A study by Wilke et al. (2001) using molecular data from COI ( Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and 18S genes has resulted in a new tentative set of subfamilies: Hydrobiinae, Pseudamnicolinae, Nymphophilinae, Islamiinae and Horatiinae.

2005 taxonomy

The following subfamilies are recognized in the gastropod taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi from 2005: * Hydrobiinae Stimpson, 1865 – synonyms: Paludestrinidae Newton, 1891; Pyrgorientaliinae Radoman, 1977; Pseudocaspiidae Sitnikova & Starobogatov, 1983 * Belgrandiinae de Stefani, 1877 – synonyms: Horatiini D. W. Taylor, 1966; Sadlerianinae Radoman, 1973; Pseudohoratiinae Radoman, 1973; Orientaliidae Radoman, 1973 (inv.); Lithoglyphulidae Radoman, 1973; Orientalinidae Radoman, 1978 (inv.); Belgrandiellinae Radoman, 1983; Dabrianidae Starobogatov, 1983; Istrianidae Starobogatov, 1983; Kireliinae Starobogatov, 1983; lanzaiidae Starobogatov, 1983; Tanousiidae Starobogatov, 1983; Bucharamnicolinae Izzatulaev, Sitnikova & Starobogatov, 1985; Martensamnicolinae Izzatulaev, Sitnikova & Starobogatov, 1985; Turkmenamnicolinae Izzatulaev, Sitnikova & Starobogatov, 1985 * Clenchiellinae D. W. Taylor, 1966Taylor D. W. (1966). ''The Veliger'' 9(2): 181, 199. * Islamiinae Radoman, 1973 * Nymphophilinae D. W. Taylor, 1966 * Pseudamnicolinae Radoman, 1977 * Pyrgulinae Brusina, 1882 (1869) – synonyms: Caspiidae B. Dybowski, 1913; Microliopalaeinae B. Dybowski & Grochmalicki, 1914; Micromelaniidae B. Dybowski & Grochmalicki, 1914; Turricaspiinae B. Dybowski & Grochmalicki, 1915; Liosarmatinae B. Dybowski & Grochmalicki, 1920; Chilopyrgulinae Radoman, 1973; Micropyrgulidae Radoman, 1973; Falsipyrgulinae Radoman, 1983; Ohridopyrgulinae Radoman, 1983; Prosostheniinae Pana, 1989 * Tateinae Thiele, 1925Thiele (1925). ''Handbuch der Zoologie'' 5(1): 80. – synonyms: Potamopyrgidae F. C. Baker, 1928; Hemistomiinae Thiele, 1929 The Amnicolidae and Cochliopidae are considered as distinct families according to the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).

Genera

* Belgrandiellinae Radoman, 1983 **''

Arganiella ''Arganiella'' is a species of very small freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic operculate gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae Hydrobiidae, commonly known as mud snails, is a large cosmopolitan family of very small fresh ...

'' Giusti & Pezzoli, 1980 ** '' Balkanica'' Georgiev, 2011 ** '' Balkanospeum'' Georgiev, 2012 ** ''

Belgrandiella ''Belgrandiella'' is a genus of minute freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae. Species The genus ''Belgrandiella'' includes the following species: *''Belgrandiella austriana'' (Rad ...

'' A. J. Wagner, 1928 ** '' Boleana'' Radoman, 1975 ** ''

Bythiospeum ''Bythiospeum'' is a genus of very small freshwater snails that have an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.Bouchet, P. (2015). Bythiospeum Bourguignat, 1882. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at htt ...

'' Bourguignat, 1882 ** '' Cavernisa'' Radoman, 1978 ** '' Cilgia'' Schütt, 1968 ** '' Costellina'' Kuščer, 1933 ** '' Devetakia'' Georgiev & Glöer, 2011 ** '' Devetakiola'' Georgiev, 2017 ** ''

Graziana ''Graziana'' is a genus of minute freshwater snails with an Operculum (gastropod), operculum, Aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family (biology), family Hydrobiidae. Species Species within the genus ''Graziana'' ...

'' Radoman, 1975 ** '' Heraultiella'' Bodon, Manganelli & Giusti, 2002 ** ''Insignia'' Angelov, 1972 ** ''Istriana'' Velkovrh, 1971 ** '' Iverakia'' Glöer & Pešić, 2014 ** '' Kerkia'' Radoman, 1978 ** '' Kolevia'' Georgiev & Glöer, 2015 ** '' Lanzaia'' Brusina, 1906 ** '' Lanzaiopsis'' Bole, 1989 ** '' Meyrargueria'' Girardi, 2009 ** '' Microstygia'' Georgiev & Glöer, 2015 ** '' Palacanthilhiopsis'' Bernasconi, 1988 ** '' Phreatica'' Velkovrh, 1970 ** '' Plagigeyeria'' Tomlin, 1930 ** ''

Pontobelgrandiella ''Pontobelgrandiella'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Hydrobiidae. Species: *''Pontobelgrandiella angelovi'' *''Pontobelgrandiella bachkovoensis'' *''Pontobelgrandiella bulgarica'' *''Pontobelgrandiella bureschi'' *''Pontob ...

'' Radoman, 1978 ** '' Sarajana'' Radoman, 1975 ** '' Saxurinator'' Schütt, 1960 ** '' Stoyanovia'' Georgiev, 2017 ** '' Zeteana'' Glöer & Pešić, 2014 * Belgrandiinae de Stefani, 1877 ** '' Agrafia'' Szarowska & Falniowski, 2011 ** '' Antibaria'' Radoman, 1983 ** '' Belchatovia'' Kadolsky & Piechocki, 2000 † ** '' Belgrandia'' Bourguignat, 1870 ** '' Bracenica'' Radoman, 1973 ** '' Cyclothyrella'' Neubauer, Mandic, Harzhauser & Hrvatović, 2013 † ** '' Dalmatella'' Velkovrh, 1970 ** '' Dalmatinella'' Radoman, 1973 ** '' Daphniola'' Radoman, 1973 ** '' Gloeria'' Georgiev, Dedov & Cheshmedjiev, 2012 ** '' Gocea'' Hadžišče, 1956 ** ''

Graecoanatolica ''Graecoanatolica'' is a genus of small freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.Bouchet, P. (2015). Graecoanatolica Radoman, 1973. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at htt ...

'' Radoman, 1973 ** '' Graecorientalia'' Radoman, 1983 ** ''

Grossuana ''Grossuana'' is a genus of very small freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae Bouchet, P. (2014). Grossuana Radoman, 1983. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia ...

'' Radoman, 1983 ** '' Guadiella'' Boeters, 2003 ** '' Hadziella'' Kuščer, 1932 ** ''

Hauffenia ''Hauffenia'' is a genus of minute freshwater snails with an Operculum (gastropod), operculum, Aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family (biology), family Hydrobiidae. Distribution ''Hauffenia'' is widely distribu ...

'' Pollonera, 1898 ** '' Isimerope'' Radea & Parmakelis, 2013 ** '' Karucia'' Glöer & Pešić, 2013 ** ''

Litthabitella ''Litthabitella'' is a genus of very small freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae. Species Species within the genus ''Litthabitella'' include: * ''Litthabitella elliptica ''Lit ...

'' Boeters, 1970 ** '' Lyhnidia'' Radoman, 1962 ** '' Malaprespia'' Radoman, 1973 ** '' Martinietta'' Schlickum, 1974 † ** '' Microprososthenia'' Kadolsky & Piechocki, 2000 † ** '' Montenegrospeum'' Pešić & Glöer, 2013 ** ''

Myrtoessa In Greek mythology, Myrtoessa (Ancient Greek: Μυρτωέσσης) was an Arcadian nymph, specifically a Crinaeae, who together with other nymphs, Neda, Anthracia, Hagno and Anchirhoe, were nurses of the god Zeus. She was depicted to carry wat ...

'' Radea, 2016 ** '' Narentiana'' Radoman, 1973 ** ''

Ohridohauffenia ''Ohridohauffenia'' is a genus of very small freshwater snails with an Operculum (gastropod), operculum, aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Hydrobiidae, the river snails. Species Species within the genus ' ...

'' Hadžišče, 1959 ** '' Ohridohoratia'' Hadžišče, 1959 ** '' Ohrigocea'' Hadžišče, 1959 ** '' Plesiella'' Boeters, 2003 ** '' Prespiana'' Radoman, 1973 ** '' Prespolitorea'' Radoman, 1983 ** '' Pseudavenionia'' Bodon & Giusti, 1982 ** '' Pseudohoratia'' Radoman, 1967 ** '' Pseudoislamia'' Radoman, 1979 ** '' Strugia'' Radoman, 1973 ** '' Sumia'' Glöer & Mrkvicka, 2015 ** '' Tarraconia'' Ramos & Arconada, 2000 ** '' Terranigra'' Radoman, 1978 ** '' Trichonia'' Schütt, 1980 ** '' Turcorientalia'' Radoman, 1973 ** '' Zaumia'' Radoman, 1983 * Caspiinae B. Dybowski, 1913 ** '' Caspia'' Clessin & W. Dybowski, 1887 * Horatiinae D.W. Taylor, 1966 ** '' Anagastina'' Radoman, 1978 ** '' Graecoarganiella'' Falniowski & Szarowska, 2011 ** '' Horatia'' Bourguignat, 1887 ** '' Pezzolia'' Bodon & Giusti, 1986 ** '' Radomaniola'' Szarowska, 2007 ** '' Sadleriana'' Clessin, 1890 ** '' Sardohoratia'' Manganelli, Bodon, Cianfanelli, Talenti & Giusti, 1998 ** ''

Tanousia ''Tanousia'' is an extinct genus of freshwater snails with gills and an Operculum (gastropod), operculum, a gastropod mollusk in the family Lithoglyphidae.Glöer P. (2002). ''Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord- und Mitteleuropas''. Die Tierwelt Deu ...

'' Servain, 1881 ** '' Vinodolia'' Radoman, 1973 Peringia ulvae-Nl2

* Hydrobiinae Stimpson, 1865 ** '' Adriohydrobia'' Radoman, 1977 ** '' Ecrobia'' Stimpson, 1865 ** ''

Hydrobia ''Hydrobia'' is a genus of very small brackish water snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.Gofas, S. (2011). Hydrobia Hartmann, 1821. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ht ...

'' W. Hartmann, 1821 ** ''

Peringia ''Peringia'' is a genus of very small snails with gills and an operculum, gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.Gofas, S. (2014). Peringia Paladilhe, 1874. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.or ...

'' Paladilhe, 1874 ** '' Romania'' Cossmann, 1913 † ** '' Salenthydrobia'' Wilke, 2003 * Nymphophilinae ** ''

Birgella ''Birgella'' is a genus of gastropods The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwa ...

'' Baker, 1926 * ''Incertae sedis'' ** '' Anatolidamnicola'' Şahin, Koca & Yildirim, 2012 ** '' Andrusovia'' Brusina in Westerlund, 1902 ** '' Antillobia'' Altaba, 1993 ** '' Arabiella'' Kadolsky, Harzhauser & Neubauer in Harzhauser et al., 2016 † ** '' Austropyrgus'' Cotton, 1942 ** '' Baglivia'' Brusina, 1892 † ** '' Bania'' Brusina, 1896 † ** '' Beogradica'' Pavlović, 1927 † ** '' Brasovia'' Neubauer, Kroh, Harzhauser, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2015 † ** ''

Bullaregia Bulla Regia was a Berber, Punic, and Roman town near present-day Jendouba, Tunisia. Its surviving ruins and archaeological site are noted for their Hadrianic-era semi-subterranean housing, a protection from the fierce heat and effects of the sun ...

'' Khalloufi, Béjaoui & Delicado, 2017 ** ''

Caspiohydrobia ''Caspiohydrobia'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Hydrobiidae. The species of this genus are found in Caspian Sea. Species: *''Caspiohydrobia aralensis'' *''Caspiohydrobia behningi'' *''Caspiohydrobia bergi'' *''Caspiohydro ...

'' Starobogatov, 1970 ** '' Chirgisia'' Glöer, Boeters & Pešić, 2014 ** '' Coelacanthia'' Andrusov, 1890 † ** '' Ctyrokya'' Schlickum, 1965 † ** '' Fonscochlea'' Ponder, Hershler & Jenkins, 1989 ** ''

Goniochilus ''Leochilus'' is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae, native to Mexico, Central America, northern South America, the West Indies and Florida. #''Leochilus carinatus'' (Knowles & Westc.) Lindl. - Oaxaca, Veracruz #''Le ...

'' Sandberger, 1875 † ** '' Gyromelania'' Wenz, 1939 † ** ''

Heterocyclus ''Heterocyclus'' is a genus of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Tateidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2024). MolluscaBase. Heterocyclus Crosse, 1872. Accessed through: World Register of ...

'' Crosse, 1872 ** '' Rifia'' Ghamizi, 2020 ** '' Illyricella'' Neubauer, Mandic & Harzhauser, 2016 † ** '' Intermaria'' Delicado, Pešić & Glöer, 2016 ** '' Iraklimelania'' Willmann, 1981 † ** '' Jekeliella'' Bandel, 2010 † ** '' Kadolskya'' Neubauer & Harzhauser, 2016 † ** '' Kaskakia'' Glöer & Pešić, 2012 ** '' Kerchia'' Bandel, 2010 † ** '' Lisinskia'' Brusina, 1897 † ** ''

Littoridinops ''Littoridinops'' is a genus of very small aquatic snails, operculate gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae Hydrobiidae, commonly known as mud snails, is a large cosmopolitan family of very small freshwater and brackish water snails ...

'' Pilsbry, 1952 ** '' Lutetiella'' Kadolsky, 2015 † ** '' Microbeliscus'' Sandberger, 1875 † ** '' Micromelania'' Brusina, 1874 † ** '' Mikrogoniochilus'' Willmann, 1981 † ** '' Motsametia'' Vinarski, Palatov & Glöer, 2014 ** '' Muellerpalia'' Bandel, 2010 † ** ''

Navalis ''Navalis'' is a genus of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the Hydrobiidae family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by ...

'' Quiñonero-Salgado & Rolán, 2017 ** '' Nematurella'' Sandberger, 1875 † ** ''

Neohoratia ''Neohoratia'' is a genus of very small freshwater snails that have an operculum, aquatic operculate gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae Hydrobiidae, commonly known as mud snails, is a large cosmopolitan family of very small fre ...

'' Schütt, 1961 ** ''

Nicolaia ''Nicolaia schniebsae'' is a species of small freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum (gastropod), operculum, an aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Hydrobiidae. ''Nicolaia schniebsae'' is the type species of the genus ...

'' Glöer, Bößneck, Walther & Neiber, 2016 ** '' Odontohydrobia'' Pavlović, 1927 † ** '' Parhydrobia'' Cossmann & Dollfus, 1913 ** '' Persipyrgula'' Delicado, Pešić & Glöer, 2016 ** '' Pontohoratia'' Vinarski, Palatov & Glöer, 2014 ** '' Pontohydrobia'' Badzoshvili, 1979 † ** ''

Probythinella ''Probythinella'' is a genus of very small aquatic snails, operculate gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae Hydrobiidae, commonly known as mud snails, is a large cosmopolitan family of very small freshwater and brackish water snail ...

'' Thiele, 1928 ** '' Prososthenia'' Neumayr, 1869 † ** ''

Pseudamnicola ''Pseudamnicola'' is a genus of small brackish water snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Pseudamnicolinae of the family Hydrobiidae.Bouchet, P. (2014). Pseudamnicola Paulucci, 1878. Accessed through: World Re ...

'' Paulucci, 1878 ** '' Pseudocaspia'' Starobogatov, 1972 ** '' Pseudopaludinella'' Mabille, 1877 ** '' Pyrgulella'' Harzhauser, Neubauer & Kadolsky in Harzhauser et al., 2016 † ** '' Rhodopyrgula'' Willmann, 1981 † ** '' Robicia'' Brusina, 1897 † ** '' Saccoia'' Brusina, 1893 † ** '' Salakosia'' Willmann, 1981 † ** '' Salalahia'' Kadolsky, Harzhauser & Neubauer in Harzhauser et al., 2016 † ** '' Sarkhia'' Glöer & Pešić, 2012 ** '' Scalimelania'' Wenz, 1939 † ** '' Sellia'' Raincourt, 1884 ** '' Shadinia'' Akramowski, 1976 ** '' Sivasi'' Şahin, Koca & Yildirim, 2012 ** '' Socenia'' Jekelius, 1944 † ** '' Staja'' Brusina, 1897 † ** '' Stalioa'' Brusina, 1870 † ** '' Staliopsis'' Rzehak, 1893 † ** '' Tefennia'' Schütt & Yildirim, 2003 ** '' Torosia'' Glöer & Georgiev, 2012 ** '' Tournouerina'' Schlickum, 1971 † ** '' Vrazia'' Brusina, 1897 † ** '' Wuconcha'' Kang, 1983 ** '' Xestopyrguloides'' Willmann, 1981 † * Islamiinae Radoman, 1973 ** '' Alzoniella'' Giusti & Bodon, 1984 ** ''

Avenionia ''Avenionia'' is a genus of small freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae. Species Species within the genus ''Avenionia'' include:IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Vers ...

'' Nicolas, 1882 ** '' Boetersiella'' Arconada & Ramos, 2001 ** '' Chondrobasis'' Arconada & Ramos, 2001 ** '' Corbellaria'' Callot-Girardi & Boeters, 2012 ** ''

Fissuria ''Fissuria'' is a genus of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae. Species Species within the genus ''Fissuria'' include: *''Fissuria bovi ''Fissuria boui'' is a spe ...

'' Boeters, 1981 ** '' Iberhoratia'' Arconada & Ramos, 2007 ** '' Islamia'' Radoman, 1973 ** ''

Josefus Josefus was an American rock band from Houston, Texas, United States, who have been credited as "one of the first models for the blunt sound of Texas hard rock and heavy metal." They were also mentioned in an article in ''Classic Rock'' titled ...

'' Arconada & Ramos, 2006 ** '' Milesiana'' Arconada & Ramos, 2006 ** '' Pauluccinella'' Giusti & Pezzoli, 1990 ** '' Spathogyna'' Arconada & Ramos, 2002 * Mercuriinae Boeters & Falkner, 2017 ** ''

Mercuria Mercuria Energy Group Ltd is a Cypriot-domiciled multinational commodity trading company active in a wide spectrum of global energy markets including crude oil and refined petroleum products, natural gas (including LNG), power, biodiesel, base ...

'' Boeters, 1971 * Pseudamnicolinae Radoman, 1977 ** ''

Corrosella ''Corrosella'' is a genus of minute freshwater snails with an Operculum (gastropod), operculum, Aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the subfamily Pseudamnicolinae of the family (biology), family Hydrobiidae.MolluscaBas ...

'' Boeters, 1970 ** '' Diegus'' Delicado, Machordom & Ramos, 2016 ** '' Falniowskia'' Bernasconi, 1991 ** '' Graecamnicola'' Willmann, 1981 † * Pyrgulinae E. von Martens, 1858 ** '' Chilopyrgula'' Brusina, 1896 ** '' Dianella'' Gude, 1913 ** '' Ginaia'' Brusina, 1896 ** '' Laevicaspia'' Dybowski & Grochmalicki, 1917 ** '' Maeotidia'' Andrusov, 1890 † ** '' Marticia'' Brusina, 1897 † ** '' Micropyrgula'' Polinski, 1929 ** '' Neofossarulus'' Poliński, 1929 ** '' Ohridopyrgula'' Radoman, 1983 ** '' Pseudodianella'' Neubauer, Mandic, Harzhauser & Hrvatović, 2013 † ** '' Pyrgohydrobia'' Radoman, 1955 ** ''

Pyrgula ''Pyrgula'' is a genus of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.Bouchet, P. (2014). Pyrgula de Cristofori & Jan, 1832. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http: ...

'' de Cristofori & Jan, 1832 ** '' Stankovicia'' Poliński, 1929 ** '' Trachyochridia'' Poliński, 1929 ** ''

Turricaspia ''Turricaspia'' is a genus of aquatic snails which includes marine snails, brackish water snails and freshwater snails which all have a gill and an operculum (gastropod), operculum, aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobi ...