Mount Moran Reflected in String Lake - Grand Teton National Park

There are 44 named and countless unnamed lakes in Grand Teton National Park. The largest of these is Jackson Lake, a natural glacial lake that has been enlarged with the construction of the

Jackson Lake Dam Jackson Lake Dam is a concrete and earth-fill dam in the western United States, at the outlet of Jackson Lake in northwestern Wyoming. The lake and dam are situated within Grand Teton National Park in Teton County. The Snake River emerges from t ...

. The lakes range in size as well as ease of access. In addition to mountain tarns, there are several large peidmont lakes. Nearly all the lakes are glacial in origin, formed by glacial action that carved out the valleys and left moraine behind that acted as dams to lock in water. The lakes exist in the near pristine wilderness environment of the park, and recreational use, boating and fishing varies by lake. Elevation of the region classes these as alpine lakes, with Jackson lake being the largest alpine lake in the United States.

Overview

At its formation in 1929, Grand Teton National Park encompassed just six main lakes at the foot of the park's major peaks, but with the expansion of the park there are now 44 named lakes within the boundary, and countless smaller unnamed lakes and ponds. The peaks were raised in relatively recent geological time and carved by glaciers in the ica age. Most of the lakes in the park were formed by glaciers, which carved out the valleys they sit in, and where glacial morraine formed the dams that created the lakes. The largest lakes are still found at the base of the Teton Range. In the northern section of the park lies Jackson Lake, the largest lake in the park at in length, wide and deep. Though Jackson Lake is natural, the Jackson Lake Dam was constructed at its outlet before the creation of the park, and the lake level was raised almost consequently. East of the

Jackson Lake Lodge Jackson Lake Lodge is located near Moran in Grand Teton National Park, in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The lodge has 385 rooms, a restaurant, conference rooms, and offers numerous recreational opportunities. The lodge is owned by the National Park ...

lies Emma Matilda and

Two Ocean Lake Two Ocean Lake is located in Grand Teton National Park, in the U. S. state of Wyoming. The glacially formed lake is long and can be reached from a parking area adjacent to the lake. The Two Ocean Lake Trail is long and circles the lake passing ...

s. South of Jackson Lake,

Leigh Leigh may refer to: Places In England Pronounced : * Leigh, Greater Manchester, Borough of Wigan ** Leigh (UK Parliament constituency) * Leigh-on-Sea, Essex Pronounced : * Leigh, Dorset * Leigh, Gloucestershire * Leigh, Kent * Leigh, Staf ...

Jenny Jenny may refer to: * Jenny (given name), a popular feminine name and list of real and fictional people * Jenny (surname), a family name Animals * Jenny (donkey), a female donkey * Jenny (gorilla), the oldest gorilla in captivity at the time of ...

, Bradley, Taggart and Phelps Lakes rest at the outlets of the canyons which lead into the Teton Range. Within the Teton Range, small alpine lakes in

cirque A (; from the Latin word ') is an amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion. Alternative names for this landform are corrie (from Scottish Gaelic , meaning a pot or cauldron) and (; ). A cirque may also be a similarly shaped landform ...

s are common, and there are more than 100 scattered throughout the high country. Lake Solitude, located at an elevation of , is in a cirque at the head of the North Fork of Cascade Canyon. Other high-altitude lakes can be found at over in elevation and a few, such as Icefloe Lake, remain ice-clogged for much of the year. The park is not noted for large waterfalls; however, Hidden Falls just west of Jenny Lake is easy to reach after a short hike. A 2005 study of the water quality of the lakes in Grand Teton National Park indicated that the lakes in the park were still considered pristine and that they had not been impacted by air or water pollution.

Human history

Paleo-Indian presence along the shores of Jackson Lake is attested from 11,000 years ago in what is now Grand Teton National Park. Jackson Hole valley climate at that time was colder and more alpine than the

semi-arid climate A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of semi-ar ...

found today, and the first humans were migratory hunter-gatherers spending summer months in Jackson Hole and wintering in the valleys west of the Teton Range. Along the shores of Jackson Lake, fire pits, tools, and what are thought to have been fishing weights have been discovered. One of the tools found is of a type associated with the Clovis culture, and tools from this cultural period date back at least 11,500 years. Some of the tools are made of

obsidian Obsidian () is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava extrusive rock, extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth. It is an igneous rock. Obsidian is produced from felsic lava, rich in the lighter elements s ...

which chemical analysis indicates came from sources near present-day Teton Pass, south of Grand Teton National Park. Though obsidian was also available north of Jackson Hole, virtually all the obsidian spear points found are from a source to the south, indicating that the main seasonal migratory route for the Paleo-Indian was from this direction.

Elk The elk (''Cervus canadensis''), also known as the wapiti, is one of the largest species within the deer family, Cervidae, and one of the largest terrestrial mammals in its native range of North America and Central and East Asia. The common ...

, which winter on the National Elk Refuge at the southern end of Jackson Hole and northwest into higher altitudes during spring and summer, follow a similar migratory pattern to this day.From 11,000 to about 500 years ago, there is little evidence of change in the migratory patterns amongst the Native American groups in the region and no evidence that indicates any permanent human settlement.

Lake formation

Some 34 million years ago, the forces of the

Laramide orogeny The Laramide orogeny was a time period of mountain building in western North America, which started in the Late Cretaceous, 70 to 80 million years ago, and ended 35 to 55 million years ago. The exact duration and ages of beginning and end of the o ...

had uplifted a broad part of western

Wyoming Wyoming () is a U.S. state, state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is bordered by Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Idaho to the west, Utah to the south ...

into a continuous high

plateau In geology and physical geography, a plateau (; ; ), also called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat terrain that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side. Often one or more sides ha ...

. This region includes areas now occupied by the Teton Range,

Gros Ventre Range The Gros Ventre Range ( ) is part of the Central Rocky Mountains and is located west of the Continental Divide in U.S. state of Wyoming. The highest summit in the range is Doubletop Peak at . The Gros Ventre Range is mostly within the Gros Ventre ...

Wind River Mountains The Wind River Range (or "Winds" for short) is a mountain range of the Rocky Mountains in western Wyoming in the United States. The range runs roughly NW–SE for approximately . The Continental Divide follows the crest of the range and inclu ...

and other mountain ranges to the south and east of the Tetons. Beginning around 13 million years ago in the

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...

, a 40-mile (64-km) long steeply east dipping geological fault system called the

Teton Fault The Teton fault is a normal fault located in northwestern Wyoming. The fault has a length of 44 miles (70 km) and runs along the eastern base of the Teton Range. Vertical movement on the fault has caused the dramatic topography of the Teton R ...

began to vertically move two adjacent blocks. One block, the Jackson Hole basin, moved downwards while the other block, containing the westward-tilting eastern part of the Teton Range, moved up, creating the Teton massif. This very recent event in geological time created some of the youngest mountains in North America. In the most recent glaciation, known as the Pinedale glaciation in the Rocky Mountains (from 30,000 - 10,000 years ago), the greater Teton and Yellowstone region contained one of the largest mountain glacier ice complexes in the western US. The previous rapid uplift of the Precambrain bedrock of the region and glacial erosion created a dramatic landscape that was carved out by the Pinedale glaciation, leaving significant glacial deposits behind when the ice retreated. The deposits are in the form of moraines, till and outwash. Sediment fill created a region of lakes, creating the natural dams that formed the lakes and also marked the glacial maxima, and marking the glacial retreat.

Recreation

Hiking

Although some lakes are readily accessible, most can only be reached on foot and some are rarely visited owing to their inaccessibility. The park has of hiking trails, ranging in difficulty from easy to strenuous. The

Two Ocean Lake Trail The Two Ocean Lake Trail is a long hiking trail in Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The trail is accessed from the Two Ocean Lake trailhead and loops completely around Two Ocean Lake, providing views of the lake and the T ...

is considered to be a relatively easy lake hike in the Jackson Lake Lodge area. Other easy lake hikes include the

Valley Trail A valley is an elongated low area often running between hills or mountains, which will typically contain a river or stream running from one end to the other. Most valleys are formed by erosion of the land surface by rivers or streams over ...

which runs from Trapper Lake in the north to the south park boundary near Teton Village and the

Jenny Lake Trail The Jenny Lake Trail is a long hiking trail which circles Jenny Lake located in Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The trail begins at the Jenny Lake campground or can be accessed at several other trailheads. One of the most ...

which circles the lake.

Boating and fishing

Grand Teton National Park allows boating on all the lakes in Jackson Hole, but motorized boats can only be used on Jackson and Jenny Lakes. While there is no maximum horsepower limit on Jackson Lake (though there is a noise restriction), Jenny Lake is restricted to 10 horsepower. Only non-motorized boats are permitted on Bearpaw, Bradley, Emma Matilda, Leigh, Phelps, String, Taggart and Two Ocean Lakes. There are four designated boat launches located on Jackson Lake and one on Jenny Lake. Additionally, sailboats, windsurfers, and water skiing are only allowed on Jackson Lake and no jet skis are permitted on any of the park waterways. All boats are required to comply with various safety regulations including personal flotation devices for each passenger. Only non-motorized watercraft are permitted on the Snake River. All other waterways in the park are off limits to boating, and this includes all alpine lakes and tributary streams of the Snake River. In 2010, Grand Teton National Park started requiring all boats to display an Aquatic Invasive Species decal issued by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department or a Yellowstone National Park boat permit. In an effort to keep the park waterways free of various invasive species such as the Zebra mussel and

whirling disease ''Myxobolus cerebralis'' is a myxosporean parasite of salmonids (salmon and trout species) that causes whirling disease in farmed salmon and trout and also in wild fish populations. It was first described in rainbow trout in Germany in 1893, b ...

, boaters are expected to abide by certain regulations including displaying a self-certification of compliance on the dashboard of any vehicle attached to an empty boat trailer. Grand Teton National Park fisheries are managed by the Wyoming Fish and Game Department and a Wyoming state fishing license is required to fish all waterways in Grand Teton National Park. The creel limit for trout is restricted to six per day, including no more than three cutthroat trout with none longer than , while the maximum length of other trout species may not exceed , except those taken from Jackson Lake, where the maximum allowable length is . There are also restrictions as to the seasonal accessibility to certain areas as well as the types of bait and

fishing tackle Fishing tackle is the equipment used by anglers when fishing. Almost any equipment or gear used in fishing can be called fishing tackle, examples being hooks, lines, baits/ lures, rods, reels, floats, sinkers/ feeders, nets, stringers/ k ...

permitted.

The Major Lakes

Six glacial piedmont lakes that lie at the foot of the major peaks of the Tetons were included in the original 1929 boundary of the national park. These were Jenny, Leigh, Bradley, Taggart and Phelps Lakes, along with String Lake although it is not named on the maps. The largest lake, Jackson, was not within the original park boundary. :

Jackson Lake

Jackson Lake is the largest lake in the national park. Although not within the original park boundary, the lake was incorporated with the Jackson Hole National Monument into the park in 1943. It is a reservoir although it was originally a natural glacial lake. The

extends the size of the lake which provides storage of water for irrigation. The lake is fed by the

Snake River The Snake River is a major river of the greater Pacific Northwest region in the United States. At long, it is the largest tributary of the Columbia River, in turn, the largest North American river that empties into the Pacific Ocean. The Snake ...

. The Snake River then flows from there southward through Jackson Hole, exiting the park just west of the Jackson Hole Airport. The largest lakes in the park all drain either directly or by tributary streams into the Snake River. Jackson Lake is one of the largest high altitude lakes in the United States, at an elevation of above sea level. The lake is up to long, wide and deep. The water of the lake averages below , even during the summer.

Jenny Lake

Jenny Lake is one of the most visited places in Grand Teton National Park, and home to the Jenny Lake Visitor Centre. The lake is named after a Shoshone Indian woman who married an Englishman, Richard "Beaver Dick" Leigh. Jenny, and their 6 children, died of Smallpox in 1876. Boating is permitted on this lake, and a shuttle boat crosses it to access the Hidden Falls and other sights. Two lake is fed by inflows from Cascade Creek, and a stream that emanates from String Lake which lies to the north. The catchment areas of lake's inflows span the full elevation gradient of the major peaks. Jenny Lake is at an elevation of and is long, wide and deep.

Leigh Lake

Leigh Lake was named for Richard "Beaver Dick" Leigh, husband of Jenny Leigh for whom Jenny Lake is named. Leigh was a mountain guide. The

Leigh Lake Ranger Patrol Cabin Leigh Lake Ranger Patrol Cabin was designed and built by the U.S. Forest Service in the 1920s. The cabin is located northwest of Leigh Lake in Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The cabin was built to a standardized design, s ...

is located on the northeast shore of the lake and is on the

National Register of Historic Places The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States federal government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance or "great artistic v ...

. Leigh Lake has an elevation of and is long, wide and deep.

Bradley and Taggart Lakes

Bradley and Taggart lakes are two of the original six lakes enclosed in the 1929 bark boundary, lying close together. Bradley Lake is located near the terminus of

Garnet Canyon Garnet Canyon is located in Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The canyon was formed by retreating glaciers which reached their last glacial maximum around 15,000 years ago. While Garnet Canyon is a less popular destination ...

. Bradley Lake can be accessed by the

Bradley Lake Trail The Bradley Lake Trail is a long round-trip hiking trail in Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The trail is accessed from the Taggart Lake trailhead and provides access to Bradley Lake, with views of the lake and the Teton Ran ...

, a roundtrip hike commencing from the Taggart Lake trailhead parking area. The lake is less than north of Taggart Lake. The lake was named for Frank Bradley. It has an elevation of , is long and wide. Nearby Taggart Lake is located at the terminus of

Avalanche Canyon Avalanche Canyon is located in Grand Teton National Park, in the U. S. state of Wyoming. The canyon was formed by glaciers which retreated at the end of the last glacial maximum approximately 15,000 years ago, leaving behind a U-shaped valley. To t ...

. A number of

hiking Hiking is a long, vigorous walk, usually on trails or footpaths in the countryside. Walking for pleasure developed in Europe during the eighteenth century.AMATO, JOSEPH A. "Mind over Foot: Romantic Walking and Rambling." In ''On Foot: A Histor ...

trails can be found near the lake including a roundtrip hike commencing from the

Taggart Lake Trail The Taggart Lake Trail is a long round-trip hiking trail in Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The trail is accessed from the Taggart Lake trailhead and provides access to Taggart Lake, with views of the lake and the Teton Ran ...

head parking area. Taggart lake was named after William Rush Taggart, an assistant surveyor to Frank Bradley as part of the Snake River division of the Hayden expedition of 1872 to document the geology and topography of the Yellowstone area. It is a touch lower than Bradley lake, at an elevation of . The lake is long and wide with a maximum depth of .

Phelps Lake

Phelps Lake was mostly included within the original park boundaries, and the remainder of the lake was incorporated with the inclusion of the Jackson Hole National Monument into the park in 1943. It is located at the entrance to Death Canyon in the southern section of the park. A number of

trails can be found near the lake, the most popular being a 1.8 mile (2.9 km) roundtrip hike to the Phelps Lake overlook. The lake lies at an elevation of , and is and wide.

String Lake

Although not specifically named, String Lake was the sixth piedmont lake at the base of the main peaks that was included in the original 1929 park boundary. The lake is located at the outflow of Leigh Lake. A small

wetland A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded or saturated by water, either permanently (for years or decades) or seasonally (for weeks or months). Flooding results in oxygen-free (anoxic) processes prevailing, especially in the soils. The ...

area is on the northwest side of the lake and is prime

moose The moose (in North America) or elk (in Eurasia) (''Alces alces'') is a member of the New World deer subfamily and is the only species in the genus ''Alces''. It is the largest and heaviest extant species in the deer family. Most adult mal ...

habitat. A short half mile (.8 km) long creek connects String Lake to Jenny Lake to the south. The lake can easily be accessed by vehicle and a number of trails commence from the String Lake trailhead parking area. String Lake has an elevation of and is long and wide.

Other Lakes

Greater Lake District named lakes

Bearpaw Lake

Bearpaw Lake lies to the north of Leigh Lake at the eastern base of

Mount Moran Mount Moran () is a mountain in Grand Teton National Park of western Wyoming, USA. The mountain is named for Thomas Moran, an American western frontier landscape artist. Mount Moran dominates the northern section of the Teton Range rising above ...

and snow and glacier meltwaters off

Skillet Glacier Skillet Glacier is in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, United States. The glacier is situated on the eastern cliffs of Mount Moran and is easily seen from Jackson Hole. The shape of the glacier led to the naming as the uppermost section of the ...

eventually feed into the lake. There are three backcountry camping sites with designated tent pads at the lake and a backcountry permit is required to use these sites.{{sfn, NPS 2018 Bearpaw Lake lies at an elevation of {{convert, 6848, ft, abbr=on and is {{convert, .20, mi, abbr=on long and {{convert, .10, mi, abbr=on across.{{cn, date=February 2023

Amphitheater Lake

Christian Pond

Cirque Lake

Cow Lake

Coyote Lake

Delta Lake

Dudley Lake

The lake was discovered in 1932 by park ranger Dudley Hayden. Following his death in 1969,{{cite web , title=Yellowstone: A Brief History of the Park , publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior , url=http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/Yell257.pdf , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414040117/http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/Yell257.pdf , archive-date=April 14, 2008 the Jackson Hole Historical Society passed a resolution to rename Hanging Lake to Dudley Lake in his honor. Support for the name change came from then Governor Stan Hathaway, US Senators

Gale McGee Gale William McGee (March 17, 1915April 9, 1992) was a United States Senate, United States Senator of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, and United States Ambassador to the Organization of American States (OAS). He represente ...

and

Clifford Hansen Clifford Peter Hansen (October 16, 1912October 20, 2009) was an American politician from the state of Wyoming. A Republican, he served as the 26th Governor of Wyoming (January 7, 1963 – January 2, 1967) and subsequently as a United States sen ...

, and US Congressman John S. Wold.{{Cite news , date=23 July 1970 , title=Historical Society Plans Koops Visit , pages=1 , work=The Jackson Hole Guide , url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/legacy/317537658/ The lake was officially renamed Dudley Lake by the

Department of the Interior The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is one of the executive departments of the U.S. federal government headquartered at the Main Interior Building, located at 1849 C Street NW in Washington, D.C. It is responsible for the mana ...

in 1970.{{efn, Renamed in decision list 7004 by the

US Board of Geographic Names The United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) is a federal body operating under the United States Secretary of the Interior. The purpose of the board is to establish and maintain uniform usage of geographic names throughout the federal governm ...

{{sfn, Jackson Hole Guide 1970

Elk Ranch Reservoir

Emma Matilda Lake

Forget-me-not Lakes

Grizzly Bear Lake

Holly Lake

Icefloe Lake

Indian Lake

Kit Lake

Lake of the Crags

Laurel Lake

Marion Lake

Mica Lake

Mink Lake

Ramshead Lake

Rimrock Lake

Snowdrift Lake

Lake Solitude

Surprise Lake

Talus Lake

Lake Taminah

Timberline Lake

Trapper Lake

Two Ocean Lake

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Notes

{{notelist

References

{{Reflist, 4

Sources

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65
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External links

Grand Teton Association
* {{curlie, Regional/North_America/United_States/Wyoming/Travel_and_Tourism/Parks/National_Parks_and_Monuments/Grand_Teton_National_Park/ {{National parks of the United States {{Wyoming {{Authority control Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem National parks in Wyoming National parks of the Rocky Mountains Protected areas established in 1929 Teton County, Wyoming Tourist attractions in Teton County, Wyoming