Maquet is a French manufacturer of luxury stationery, leather goods, and art prints, established in Paris in 1841 by the Maquet brothers, Hector and Charles. One of the most renowned Parisian luxury houses, Maison Maquet became official purveyor to
Empress Eugénie
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother (empr ...
as well as to several royal courts, winning multiple awards and medals at various
World's fair
A world's fair, also known as a universal exhibition or an expo, is a large international exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specif ...
s over the course of its history.
History of Maison Maquet
Stationery manufacturer since 1841
The Maquet brothers, Hector and Charles, established Maison Maquet in 1841. The eldest Maquet sibling was
Auguste Maquet
Auguste Maquet (; 13 September 1813 – 8 January 1888) was a French author, best known as the chief collaborator of French novelist Alexandre Dumas, père, co-writing such works as ''The Count of Monte Cristo'' and ''The Three Musketeers''.
...
,
the novelist, playwright and famous ghost-writer of
Alexandre Dumas
Alexandre Dumas (, ; ; born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (), 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas père (where '' '' is French for 'father', to distinguish him from his son Alexandre Dumas fils), was a French writer ...
, for whom he co-wrote several masterpieces such as ''
The Three Musketeers
''The Three Musketeers'' (french: Les Trois Mousquetaires, links=no, ) is a French historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. It is in the swashbuckler genre, which has heroic, chivalrous swordsmen who fight f ...
'', ''
Queen Margot'' and
''The Count of'' ''Monte-Cristo''.
The Maquet company was created to commercialize the patent for the first machine-made
envelope
An envelope is a common packaging item, usually made of thin, flat material. It is designed to contain a flat object, such as a letter or card.
Traditional envelopes are made from sheets of paper cut to one of three shapes: a rhombus, a shor ...
s, the use of which was still little known. This patent, the application for which was filed in 1841 and granted by the French Patent Office on 17 January 1842, described how to manufacture and use the "envelope-card-letter" (''enveloppe-carte-lettre'', in French), also called "a word in the Mail" (''un mot à la Poste''). The invention of the envelope was the culminating point of a variety of measures taken since the 17th century to preserve correspondence confidentiality.
In 1846, Hector and Charles Maquet separated their activities: Charles managed the envelopes factory, while Hector ran the boutique shop on
Rue de la Paix
The rue de la Paix (English: Peace Street) () is a fashionable shopping street in the center of Paris. Located in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris, running north from Place Vendôme and ending at the Opéra Garnier, it is best known for its jewe ...
. In 1864, Hector Maquet registered as a trademark an elegant monogram mixing his initials.
The house was first located at No. 20 (renumbered to No. 24)
Rue de la Paix
The rue de la Paix (English: Peace Street) () is a fashionable shopping street in the center of Paris. Located in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris, running north from Place Vendôme and ending at the Opéra Garnier, it is best known for its jewe ...
in Paris from 1841 to 1867 and then at No. 10 from 1868, where it remained for about a century.
In the early 1970s, the house moved to 45
Rue Pierre Charron, where it kept a boutique shop until 1993. Though it did not have any commercial branch in the 19th century, Maquet eventually opened one in
Nice
Nice ( , ; Niçard: , classical norm, or , nonstandard, ; it, Nizza ; lij, Nissa; grc, Νίκαια; la, Nicaea) is the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative c ...
at 16 Masséna Avenue (now Avenue de Verdun) in the early 20th century.
Official Purveyor to Empress of France and to celebrity customers
Maison Maquet soon became one of the most fashionable personal stationery houses and enjoyed great fame during the
French Second Empire
The Second French Empire (; officially the French Empire, ), was the 18-year Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 14 January 1852 to 27 October 1870, between the Second and the Third Republic of France.
Historians in the 1930s a ...
. It even obtained the warrant of "official purveyor to
Her Majesty the Empress". Empress Eugénie, wife of
Napoleon III
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first President of France (as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew ...
regularly visited the shop on Rue de la Paix, where she was served by Madame Maquet.
Maquet was also favored by French aristocratic elites, and its clients included the
Princess Pauline von Metternich
Pauline Clémentine Marie Walburga, Princess of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein (''née'' Countess Pauline Sándor de Szlavnicza; 25 February 1836 – 28 September 1921) was a famous Austrian socialite, mainly active in Vienna and Paris. Known f ...
, as well as the Rohan-Chabot and Costa de Beauregard families.
Maison Maquet's products were particularly trendy among foreign royal courts. Maquet notably supplied the Russian court, including the
Great Duchess and the
Great Duke Konstantin of Russia. In fact, the French daily newspaper ''
Le Figaro
''Le Figaro'' () is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826. It is headquartered on Boulevard Haussmann in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. The oldest national newspaper in France, ''Le Figaro'' is one of three French newspapers of reco ...
'' reported in 1875 that the "stationary was adorned with the Great Duke's
coat of arms
A coat of arms is a heraldry, heraldic communication design, visual design on an escutcheon (heraldry), escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central ele ...
, embellished with gold and colors enamel; of unparalleled richness and elegance." The Prince Axel of Denmark was also a faithful client of Maquet.
Later on, with the change of political regime and the onset of the
IIIrd Republic, Maquet renewed its clientele and started to supply Republican institutions, including the Presidential Palace known as
Palais de l’Elysée, Paris City Hall – the
Hôtel de Ville de Paris – and French embassies, as well as financial institutions such as the
French National Bank.
[Commercial catalog of Maison Maquet, 1904.]
Another prestigious customer was the
Paris Opera
The Paris Opera (, ) is the primary opera and ballet company of France. It was founded in 1669 by Louis XIV as the , and shortly thereafter was placed under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Lully and officially renamed the , but continued to be ...
, for which Maquet printed several leaflets and programs.
A new era for Maquet
In 1908, Maquet changed hands: it became the property of businessman and architect Léon Tissier, who rejuvenated the company through multiple artistic collaborations.
Tissier, the son of a travel items manufacturer, also extended Maquet's range of leather goods products. Intent on making his way into the world of printing, he invested in new buildings and printing machinery located rue de Langhouat in the
Goutte d’Or neighborhood in Paris, which he eventually yielded to the Établissements Gérault-Fouqueray in 1936.
In 1990, Maison Maquet was acquired by stationery manufacturer and engraver Cassegrain, only to cease its operations in 1994.
Twenty years later, in 2014, Maquet was taken over by
Luvanis Luvanis S.A. is a private investment company headquartered in Luxembourg and specialized in the incubation and revival of long-dormant luxury brands, also coined as “sleeping beauties”.
History
Luvanis was founded in 2009 by Guy de Lummen ...
, a private investment company specializing in reviving sleeping beauty brands, which was notably behind the revival of trunk maker
Moynat
Moynat is one of the oldest Parisian trunkmakers. Their first studio was opened in Paris in 1849 founded by Octavie and François Coulembier. They joined forces with a specialist in travel goods named Pauline Moynat, to open the first store of ...
, and of couture house
Paul Poiret
Paul Poiret (20 April 1879 – 30 April 1944, Paris, France) was a French fashion designer, a master couturier during the first two decades of the 20th century. He was the founder of his namesake haute couture house.
Early life and care ...
.
Products and services
Maison Maquet was long regarded as the finest luxury personal stationery in Paris.
At first, the house specialized in envelopes and luxury stationery, creating custom-made papers with coats of arms and monograms, heraldic paintings on parchment, business cards, wedding invitations, birth announcements, dinner invitations, and dance cards.
[Commercial catalogs of Maison Maquet, non-dated and 1904.] It then extended its expertise to manufacture luxury leather goods, metalwork, and watches, before branching out to engraving and art printing.
Maquet advertized through witty commercial catalogs, theatre programs, and fashion magazines such as the luxury magazine ''Les Modes''.
Luxury stationery
Maison Maquet originally produced envelopes and various items of fine stationery. Its most famous in-house paper was known as the "empress paper" (''papier impératrice''), in an elegant shade of pearly grey between white and azure paper.
Maquet also manufactured travel diaries and notebooks. The French author
Prosper Mérimée
Prosper Mérimée (; 28 September 1803 – 23 September 1870) was a French writer in the movement of Romanticism, and one of the pioneers of the novella, a short novel or long short story. He was also a noted archaeologist and historian, and a ...
notably wrote the short novel ''La Chambre Bleue'' in 1866, dedicated to
Empress Eugénie
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother (empr ...
, on a Maquet notebook bound with dark green Morocco leather, discreetly hand-tooled in gold leaf.
At Maquet's, one could find all manners of writing accessories, from inkpots to blotting paper, including notepads, pencils, dip pens, and even paper knives and letter openers made of chiselled silver.
Luxury leather goods
While still producing envelopes and stationery, Maison Maquet became a leading luxury leather goods manufacturer. In addition to her personal stationery,
Empress Eugénie
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother (empr ...
also purchased her leather goods at Maquet.
Maquet's luxury leather goods department catered to a clientele of artists such as the French comedian Jane Sabrier, who matched one of her fashionable outfits with a Maquet bag in reindeer leather in 1909.
Maison Maquet proposed a wide range of leather goods, including handbags and travel bags, as well as vanity cases, wallets, cardholders and purses. Maquet also sold lawyers’ satchels (''serviettes d’avocats'') and garnished tourist blotters ("''buvards-touriste garnis''").
The house developed a whole line of travel items. Inkpots, paper trays, as well as small leather goods, both sturdy and beautiful, were featured in the house's commercial catalogs.
In 1938, Maquet was selected to contribute pieces to the trousseau of the two dolls gifted to
Princess Elizabeth and
Princess Margaret
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, (Margaret Rose; 21 August 1930 – 9 February 2002) was the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the younger sister and only sibling of Queen Elizabeth ...
during the official visit of their parents,
King George VI
George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was also the last Emperor of Ind ...
and
Queen Elizabeth. The gift, intended to reinforce the ''
Entente Cordiale
The Entente Cordiale (; ) comprised a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom and the French Republic which saw a significant improvement in Anglo-French relations. Beyond the immediate concerns of colonial de ...
'' between France and the United Kingdom, displayed French craftsmanship through a 360-piece trousseau in the tradition of Parisian haute couture. Maquet's contributions consisted in leather goods and accessories: two writing cases, one in blue, the other in red, each with its notepaper monogrammed to the dolls’ initials, and a miniature gold pen.
In the 1960s,
Audrey Hepburn
Audrey Hepburn (born Audrey Kathleen Ruston; 4 May 1929 – 20 January 1993) was a British actress and humanitarian. Recognised as both a film and fashion icon, she was ranked by the American Film Institute as the AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars, t ...
,
Hubert de Givenchy
Count Hubert James Marcel Taffin de Givenchy (; 21 February 1927 – 10 March 2018) was a French aristocrat and fashion designer who founded the luxury fashion and perfume house of Givenchy in 1952. He is famous for having designed much of the p ...
's muse, shopped at Maquet's for her leather goods. She notably possessed five Maquet-branded wallets, all made of black leather.
Watches and silverware
Maquet added watchmaking to its activities, selling bracelet watches and clocks for
phaetons and automobiles.
Applying the same craftsmanship to tobacco articles, the house commercialized lighters, cigar and cigarette boxes.
In the early 20th century, it made many lighters from Chinese snuff boxes. Maquet became famous for combining old components into new objects in the
orientalist fashion typical of
decorative arts
]
The decorative arts are arts or crafts whose object is the design and manufacture of objects that are both beautiful and functional. It includes most of the arts making objects for the interiors of buildings, and interior design, but not usual ...
at the time.
Furthermore, Maquet boxes, renowned for their refinement, were used to store letters as much as jewels.
Photographs
Hector Maquet notably shot the portrait of his brother
Auguste Maquet, Auguste.
Soon he sold works of other photographers in the Paris boutique, including those of Polish photographer
Boleslaw Matuszewski. Frames and photo albums were now also on the shelves of Maison Maquet.
Engraving and art printing
In the early 20th century, Maison Maquet diversified into engraving, and art printing.
Artistic menus
Maquet thus made artistic menus for:
* The Paris
Hôtel de Ville, such as the lunch offered to
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), often referred to as Teddy or by his initials, T. R., was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26t ...
on 25 April 1910; and the menu for the opening of the Pavilion of the City of Paris at the
in presence of
Gaston Doumergue
Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue (; 1 August 1863 in Aigues-Vives, Gard18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives) was a French politician of the Third Republic. He served as President of France from 13 June 1924 to 13 June 1931.
Biography
Doumergue ca ...
on 14 May 1925;
* The
Élysée Palace
The Élysée Palace (french: Palais de l'Élysée; ) is the official residence of the President of the French Republic. Completed in 1722, it was built for nobleman and army officer Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, who had been appointed Gover ...
, like the menu for the dinner offered to
King Peter I of Serbia on 16 November 1911, illustrated by
Octave Denis Victor Guillonet;
* The French embassies, like the menu for the dinner offered for the reception in honor of
King George V
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.
Born during the reign of his grandmother Que ...
by French President
Raymond Poincaré
Raymond Nicolas Landry Poincaré (, ; 20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served as President of France from 1913 to 1920, and three times as Prime Minister of France.
Trained in law, Poincaré was elected deputy in 1 ...
at the French Embassy in London, on 25 June 1913, and illustrated by
George Barbier;
* The opening of the French section at the
Brussels World Fair in 1910;
* The
Compagnie Générale Transatlantique
The Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT, and commonly named "Transat"), typically known overseas as the French Line, was a French shipping company. Established in 1855 by the Péreire brothers, brothers Émile and Issac Péreire under the ...
, also known as "Transat" or "French Line", and, in particular, the menus for the France Liner.
*
Drouant restaurant in Paris, which hosts both the
Prix Goncourt
The Prix Goncourt (french: Le prix Goncourt, , ''The Goncourt Prize'') is a prize in French literature, given by the académie Goncourt to the author of "the best and most imaginative prose work of the year". The prize carries a symbolic reward o ...
and the
Prix Renaudot
The Prix Théophraste-Renaudot or Prix Renaudot () is a French literary award.
History
The prize was created in 1926 by ten art critics awaiting the results of deliberation of the jury of the Prix Goncourt. While not officially related to the ...
committee members’ monthly lunches since 1914 and 1926 respectively.
Posters
Maison Maquet printed, among others, a poster for the third French National Defense Loan, which was conceived by
Albert Besnard
Paul-Albert Besnard (2 June 1849 – 4 December 1934) was a French painter and printmaker.
Biography
Besnard was born in Paris and studied at the École des Beaux-Arts, studied with Jean Bremond and was influenced by Alexandre Cabanel. He wo ...
in 1917, and that for the Peace Loan, illustrated by
Henri Lebasque
Henri Lebasque (25 September 1865 – 7 August 1937) was a French post-impressionist painter. He was born at Champigné ( Maine-et-Loire). His work is represented in French museums, notably Angers, Geneva (Petit Palais), Lille ( Musée des Be ...
in 1920.
Maquet created posters for
Ocean liner
An ocean liner is a passenger ship primarily used as a form of transportation across seas or oceans. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes (such as for pleasure cruises or as hospital ships).
Ca ...
s, including for the Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique and for the
Compagnie Générale Transatlantique
The Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT, and commonly named "Transat"), typically known overseas as the French Line, was a French shipping company. Established in 1855 by the Péreire brothers, brothers Émile and Issac Péreire under the ...
, commonly known as the "French Line.”
Bookplates
Maquet, with its experience in stationery, engraving, and printing, as well as its ties to literary men, quite naturally started to develop exclusive
bookplate
An ''Ex Libris'' (from ''ex-librīs'', ), also known as a bookplate (or book-plate, as it was commonly styled until the early 20th century), is a printed or decorative label pasted into a book, often on the front endpaper, to indicate ownership. ...
s. The Prince of Hohenlohe, who was the Chancellor of the German Empire from 1894 to 1900, had his bookplate engraved by Maquet, as did
André Kostolany,
Raoul Warocqué
Raoul Warocqué (Brussels, 4 February 1870 – Brussels, 28 May 1917), was a Belgian industrialist from Wallonia.
Biography
Raoul was the great-grandson of Nicolas Warocqué, the founder of the prominent Warocqué family. His father was Arthur ...
(who ordered no less than 10,000 ex-libris from Maquet), and Thyra Seillière.
Commercial catalogues, fans, and packaging
Maison Maquet developed tight commercial links to other Parisian luxury houses for which it created commercial catalogues. Specifically, Maquet devised the commercial catalogues of perfumers Rigaud,
L.T. Piver, and
Guerlain
Guerlain () is a French perfume, cosmetics and skincare house, which is among the oldest in the world. Many traditional Guerlain fragrances are characterized by a common olfactory accord known as the "Guerlinade" (fr). The house was founded in P ...
.
Additionally, Maquet conceived ephemerals and various advertising materials for champagne houses such as
Moët & Chandon
Moët & Chandon (), also known simply as Moët, is a French fine winery and co-owner of the luxury goods company LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE. Moët et Chandon is one of the world's largest champagne producers and a prominent champag ...
. In 1910, it notably printed a commercial for
Charles Heidsieck
Charles Camille Heidsieck (1822–1893) was a French Champagne merchant who founded the Champagne firm '' Charles Heidsieck'' in 1851. He is credited with popularizing Champagne in the United States and was known as "Champagne Charlie" during his ...
.
The house conceived and printed many commercial fans, some of which are kept in the collections of the
Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris. In particular, Maquet printed many illustrations on advertising fans of
Maison Duvelleroy.
More importantly, Maison Maquet built fruitful partnerships with Paris haute couture houses, such as
Paul Poiret
Paul Poiret (20 April 1879 – 30 April 1944, Paris, France) was a French fashion designer, a master couturier during the first two decades of the 20th century. He was the founder of his namesake haute couture house.
Early life and care ...
, for which it created heading paper, and
Jeanne Paquin
Jeanne Paquin () (1869–1936) was a leading French fashion designer, known for her resolutely modern and innovative designs. She was the first major female couturier and one of the pioneers of the modern fashion business.
Early life
Jeanne ...
, for which it created a luxury commercial catalog for "Fans and fur at Paquin" in 1911.
''Les Choses de Paul Poiret vues par George Lepape,'' 1911
Maquet printed the volume ''Les Choses de Paul Poiret vues par George Lepape'' in 1911, whose enduring success mirrors its great influence on the renewal of fashion illustration. Poiret collaborated with drawing artists, including
Paul Iribe
Paul Iribe (8 June 1883 – 21 September 1935) was a French illustrator and designer in the decorative arts. He worked in Hollywood during the 1920s and was Coco Chanel's lover from 1931 to his death.
Early life and career
Joseph Paul Iribe was b ...
and Georges Lepape. This 1911 volume broke away from traditional fashion plates and gives both a graphic and a stylized representation of fashion.
The ''Modes et manières d’aujourd’hui'' magazine, 1912–1914
Following the example set by ''Les Choses de Paul Poiret vues par George Lepape'' (1911), Maison Maquet began publishing an annual luxury magazine, ''Modes et manières d’aujourd’hui,'' each issue of which was beautifully illustrated by a different artist. The first issue, out in 1912, relied once again on Georges Lepape who created 12 colored plates printed on Japanese paper. In 1913, the magazine commissioned Martin, and in 1914
George Barbier.
Artistic collaborations
Maison Maquet collaborated with drawing artists, lithographers, poster makers, and engravers,
including:
* Guy Arnoux
*
George Barbier
*
Albert Besnard
Paul-Albert Besnard (2 June 1849 – 4 December 1934) was a French painter and printmaker.
Biography
Besnard was born in Paris and studied at the École des Beaux-Arts, studied with Jean Bremond and was influenced by Alexandre Cabanel. He wo ...
*
Umberto Brunelleschi
*
Octave Denis Victor Guillonnet
*
Henri Lebasque
Henri Lebasque (25 September 1865 – 7 August 1937) was a French post-impressionist painter. He was born at Champigné ( Maine-et-Loire). His work is represented in French museums, notably Angers, Geneva (Petit Palais), Lille ( Musée des Be ...
* Georges Lepape
* Valdo-Barbey
*
Adolphe Willette
Adolphe Léon Willette (30 July 1857, Châlons-sur-Marne4 February 1926, Paris) was a French Painting, painter, illustrator, caricaturist, and lithographer, as well as an architect of the famous Moulin Rouge cabaret. Willette ran as an "antisem ...
Patent and awards
Patent
1842 – Patent for a machine manufacturing envelopes (application filed on 16 August 1841, and granted on 17 January 1842).
1849 – Patent for a machine folding envelopes (application filed on 30 August 1848, and granted on 27 October 1849).
1850 – Patent for a machine allowing to simultaneously write and hide what one is writing so as to protect confidentiality (application filed on 9 September 1850, and granted on 2 November 1850).
1853 – Patent for improving envelopes (application filed on 19 July 1853, and granted on 24 August 1853).
[Patent, filed by Maquet in 1853, granted in 1853, on ''Database of 19th-century French patents: http://bases-brevets19e.inpi.fr/'']
Awards at World’s Fairs
1855 –
Paris World's Fair: Bronze Medal. In December 1855, ''Le Magasin Pittoresque'' reviewed the Fair, and focused on the inkpot exhibited by Maquet, which was designed by Riester and sculpted in wood by Gayonnet. This inkpot, described as a "charming luxury piece of furniture,"
combined medieval inspirations and fabulous creatures, fighting an imaginary struggle.
This object reminds of
Antoine-Louis Barye
Antoine-Louis Barye (24 September 179525 June 1875) was a Romantic French sculptor most famous for his work as an ''animalier'', a sculptor of animals. His son and student was the known sculptor Alfred Barye.
Biography
Born in Paris, France, B ...
’s animal sculptures in the romantic style, especially through its expressiveness and violence.
1867 –
Paris World's Fair: Silver Medal.
1913 –
Ghent World's Fair: Great Prize (Class 92, Stationery).
1925 –
International Exhibition of Decorative and Modern Industrial Arts: exhibited (Class 23, Perfumery).
See also
*
Smythson
Frank Smythson Limited, commonly known as Smythson (), is a British manufacturer and retailer of luxury stationery, leather goods, diaries, and fashion products based in London, England. The company's founder, Frank John Smythson, was born in 1 ...
*
Moleskine
Moleskine (Italian pronunciation: ) is an Italian manufacturer, papermaker, and product designer founded in 1997 by Francesco Franceschi, based in Milan, Italy. It produces and designs luxury notebooks, as well as planners, sketchbooks, leathe ...
References
{{Portal bar, France, Companies, Fashion, Writing
French companies established in 1841
Luxury brands
French brands
French engravers
1841 establishments in France
High fashion brands
Bags (fashion)
Fashion accessory brands
Luggage brands
Luggage manufacturers
Watch manufacturing companies of France
Engraving
Printmaking groups and organizations
Artistic techniques
Manufacturing companies established in 1841