Madeira–Tapajós Moist Forests
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The Madeira–Tapajós moist forests (NT0135) is an
ecoregion An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecological and geographic area that exists on multiple different levels, defined by type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and c ...
in the
Amazon basin The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributary, tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries ...
. It is part of the
Amazon biome The Amazon biome () contains the Amazon rainforest, an area of tropical rainforest, and other ecoregions that cover most of the Amazon basin and some adjacent areas to the north and east. The biome contains blackwater river, blackwater and whitewa ...
. The ecoregion extends southwest from the Amazon River between its large
Madeira Madeira ( ; ), officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira (), is an autonomous Regions of Portugal, autonomous region of Portugal. It is an archipelago situated in the North Atlantic Ocean, in the region of Macaronesia, just under north of ...
and
Tapajós The Tapajós ( ) is a river in Brazil. It runs through the Amazon Rainforest and is a major tributary of the Amazon River. When combined with the Juruena River, the Tapajós is approximately long. Prior to a drastic increase in illegal gold mi ...
tributaries, and crosses the border into Bolivia. In the south it transitions into the
cerrado The Cerrado () is a vast ecoregion of Tropics, tropical savanna in central Brazil, being present in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Bahia, Minas Gerais, São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Paraná ...
biome of
Mato Grosso Mato Grosso ( – ) is one of the states of Brazil, the List of Brazilian states by area, third largest by area, located in the Central-West Region, Brazil, Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible ...
. In the state of
Rondônia Rondônia () is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the northern subdivision of the country (central-western part). It is bordered by Acre (state), Acre in the west, Amazonas, Brazil, Amazonas in the north, Mato Grosso in the east, and Bo ...
it contains some of the most degraded land of the Amazon basin.


Location

The Madeira–Tapajós moist forests cover an area of . They stretch in a southwest direction through Brazil from the Amazon into northeast Bolivia. The ecoregion covers parts of the states of Amazonas,
Rondônia Rondônia () is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the northern subdivision of the country (central-western part). It is bordered by Acre (state), Acre in the west, Amazonas, Brazil, Amazonas in the north, Mato Grosso in the east, and Bo ...
and
Mato Grosso Mato Grosso ( – ) is one of the states of Brazil, the List of Brazilian states by area, third largest by area, located in the Central-West Region, Brazil, Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible ...
in Brazil, and part of the
Beni Department Beni (), sometimes El Beni, is a northeastern Departments of Bolivia, department of Bolivia, in the lowlands region of the country. It is the second-largest department in the country (after Santa Cruz), covering 213,564 square kilometers (82,458 ...
in Bolivia. The ecoregion covers the interfluvial region between the
Madeira River The Madeira River ( ) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near or in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is the biggest tributary of ...
to the west and the
Tapajós The Tapajós ( ) is a river in Brazil. It runs through the Amazon Rainforest and is a major tributary of the Amazon River. When combined with the Juruena River, the Tapajós is approximately long. Prior to a drastic increase in illegal gold mi ...
rivers to the east, two large tributaries of the Amazon to the north. Above the sources of the Tapajós the ecoregion extends south to the Guaporé River basin. The large rivers prevent the spread of flora and fauna. Thus the
white-fronted capuchin White-fronted capuchin can refer to any of a number of species of gracile capuchin monkey which used to be considered as the single species ''Cebus albifrons''. White-fronted capuchins are found in seven different countries in South America: Bol ...
(''Cebus albifrons'') and hairy saki (''Pithecia hirsuta'') are found west of the Tapajós, while the
white-nosed saki The white-nosed saki (''Chiropotes albinasus'') is a species of bearded saki, a type of New World monkey, endemic to the south-central Amazon rainforest in Brazil. Both its scientific and common name were caused by the authors working from dead ...
(''Chiropotes albinasus'') is only found east of the river. In the south the bounds of the ecoregion are defined by distinct changes in vegetation, with the transition to
Mato Grosso tropical dry forests } The Mato Grosso tropical dry forests (NT0140), also called the Mato Grosso seasonal forests, is an ecoregion in central Brazil to the south of the Amazon region. It contains vegetation in the transition between the Amazon rainforest to the north ...
in the southeast and to the
Beni savanna The Llanos de Moxos, also known as the Beni savanna or Moxos plains, is a tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands, tropical savanna ecoregion of the Beni Department of northern Bolivia. Setting The Llanos de Moxos covers a ...
and later the
Chiquitano dry forests The Chiquitano dry forests is a tropical dry broadleaf forest ecoregion in Bolivia and Brazil. The ecoregion is named for the Chiquitano people who live in the region. Setting The Chiquitano dry forests cover an area of . The ecoregion lies eas ...
in the southeast. To the northwest the ecoregion is separated from the Purus-Madeira moist forests by the
Madeira River The Madeira River ( ) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near or in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is the biggest tributary of ...
, which has
Monte Alegre várzea The Monte Alegre várzea (NT0141) is an ecoregion of seasonally flooded várzea forest along the Amazon River in the Amazon biome. Location The várzea forests of this ecoregion extend along the low, seasonally flooded rivers of the central and ...
along much of its length. The várzea extends along the Amazon River on the north of the ecoregion. To the east it is separated by the
Tapajós The Tapajós ( ) is a river in Brazil. It runs through the Amazon Rainforest and is a major tributary of the Amazon River. When combined with the Juruena River, the Tapajós is approximately long. Prior to a drastic increase in illegal gold mi ...
river from the Tapajós–Xingu moist forests ecoregion. Further south along its southeast boundary it adjoins the Mato Grosso seasonal forests,
Cerrado The Cerrado () is a vast ecoregion of Tropics, tropical savanna in central Brazil, being present in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Bahia, Minas Gerais, São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Paraná ...
and Chiquitano dry forests ecoregions. In the southwest it adjoins the
Southwest Amazon moist forests The Southwest Amazon moist forests (NT0166) is an ecoregion located in the Upper Amazon basin. The forest is characterized by a relatively flat landscape with alluvial plains dissected by undulating hills or high terraces. The biota of the sou ...
and Beni savanna ecoregions.


Physical

Most of the ecoregion is below in elevation. At its northern boundary on the Amazon river the elevation is above sea level. The ecoregion south of the river covers part of the low, flat Amazon basin, and rises gradually to the south and east to uplifted parts of the old Brazilian Shield. The southern part of the ecoregion contains the mountainous Parecis plateau (Chapada dos Parecis). The land rises to at the tallest peak of the Parecis plateau. The terrain here consists of table mountains with rocky meadows and semi-deciduous open submontane forest and woodland savanna. The Madeira River is a sediment-rich whitewater river. The clearwater Tapajós, which rises in the ancient and well-weathered Brazilian Shield and follows a fixed course, does not carry sediment. Other large rivers in the region are the Maués Açu,
Aripuanã Aripuanã is a municipality in the state of Mato Grosso in the Central-West Region of Brazil. It is located on the banks of the Aripuanã River. The city is served by Aripuanã Airport. The municipality contains the Rio Flor do Prado Ecolog ...
and Canumã. The Parecis plateau's main rivers are the
Ji-Paraná Ji-Paraná is the second most populous municipality in the Brazilian state of Rondônia, with a population of 130,009, and the 16th most populous city of the Brazilian North Region, the 210th most populous city of Brazil, and the 113th of the Brazi ...
, Juruena,
Papagaio Papagaio () is a Brazilian steakhouse (''churrascaria'') restaurant, with two locations in Israel: one in Herzliya and one in Jerusalem. Papagaio, which opened their first location in Tel Aviv in 1997, is a Brazilian steakhouse with kosher menus ...
, do Sangue and Guaporé.


Ecology

The ecoregion is in the
Neotropical realm The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropics, tropical Ecoregion#Terrestrial, terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperat ...
and the
tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF), also known as tropical moist forest, is a subtropical and tropical forest habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Description TSMF is generally found in la ...
biome.


Climate

The
Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (te ...
is "Am" equatorial, monsoonal. Annual rainfall is in most of the region, with less than along the north and south boundaries. Along the middle Madeira rainfall increases to . In the center of the region temperatures are relatively constant year round. They range from and average . In the humid lowland areas temperatures average , while in the mountains they average .


Flora

Vegetation includes dense lowland rainforest, dense submontane rainforest, open submontane rainforest and woodland savanna. There is seasonally flooded
várzea forest A várzea forest is a seasonal floodplain forest inundated by whitewater rivers that occurs in the Amazon biome. Until the late 1970s, the definition was less clear and várzea was often used for all periodically flooded Amazonian forests. Althoug ...
in the Monte Alegre Várzea ecoregion along Madeira. There is white sand flooded
igapó (, from Tupi language, Old Tupi: "root forest") is a word used in Brazil for Blackwater river, blackwater-flooded forests in the Amazon biome. These forests and similar swamp forests are seasonally inundated with freshwater. They typically occur ...
forest along the clearwater Tapajós and Aripuanã rivers, with large trees such as '' Triplaris surinamensis'', '' Piranhea trifoliata'', '' Copaifera martii'' and ''
Alchornea castaneifolia ''Alchornea castaneifolia'' (iporuru, iporoni, iporuro, ipururo, ipurosa, macochihua, niando, pajaro; syn. ''Hermesia castaneifolia'' Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) is a medicinal plant native to Amazon Rainforest vegetation in Brazil. Traditional ...
''. The flooded forest is somewhat more open than the surrounding terra firme forest. On the upper Madeira and Tapajós there are large areas of campina, white sand grasslands. The canopy in the dense lowland rainforest is around high, with emergent trees reaching . Common trees include the legumes '' Eperua oleifera'', '' Eperua campestris'', '' Palovea brasiliensis'', '' Elizabetha paraensis'', '' Elizabetha bicolor'', '' Elizabetha durissima'' and '' Coumarouna speciosa'', as well as trees from other families such as '' Lophanthera lactescens'', '' Polygala scleroxylon'', '' Joannesia heveoides'', '' Manilkara excelsa'' and '' Duckeodendron cestroides''. At one time the endemic tree '' Polygonanthus amazonicus'' grew near
Maués Maués is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. Its population was 65,040 (2020) and its area is 39,988 km2. Geography Maués is known as the "Land of Guaraná". There are sandy beaches, and Maues summer festival and G ...
, the western limit for the emergent ''
Dinizia excelsa ''Dinizia excelsa'' is a South American Canopy (biology), canopy-Rainforest#Emergent layer, emergent tropical rainforest tree species in the family Fabaceae, native to primarily Brazil and Guyana. In Portuguese it is known as Angelim Vermelho, An ...
'' and the eastern limit for the ''
Theobroma cacao ''Theobroma cacao'' (cacao tree or cocoa tree) is a small ( tall) evergreen tree in the Malvaceae family. Its seedscocoa beansare used to make chocolate liquor, cocoa solids, cocoa butter and chocolate. Although the tree is native to the tropi ...
''. The Tapajós basin is the eastern limit of '' Theobroma microcarpum''. The '' Physocalymma scaberrima'' has red hardwood used by furniture makers. The montane forests of the upper Marmelos and middle Tapajós hold '' Hevea camporum'', ''
Euterpe longibracteata Euterpe (; , from + ) was one of the Muses in Greek mythology, presiding over music. In late Classical times, she was named muse of lyric poetry. She has been called "Giver of delight" by ancient poets. Mythology Euterpe was born as one of th ...
'', '' Huberodendron ingens'' and '' Brachynema ramiflorum''. Further south in Mato Grosso there are forests in the transition between the Amazon and
cerrado The Cerrado () is a vast ecoregion of Tropics, tropical savanna in central Brazil, being present in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Maranhão, Piauí, Bahia, Minas Gerais, São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Paraná ...
biomes.


Fauna

183 species of mammals have been reported, including 90 bat species and many primates. The ecoregion is the eastern limit of the brown woolly monkey (''Lagothrix lagotricha''). The Santarem marmoset (''Mico humeralifer'') is endemic to the north of the ecoregion. Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset (''Callibella humilis'') lives along the east bank of the Madeira and the western bank of the lower Aripuana. The bare-eared squirrel monkey (''Saimiri ustus'') and red-bellied titi (''Callicebus moloch'') are found only in the south-central Amazon. Other mammals include
white-lipped peccary The white-lipped peccary (''Tayassu pecari'') is a species of peccary found in Central and South America and the only member of the genus ''Tayassu''. Multiple subspecies have been identified. White-lipped peccaries are similar in appearance ...
(''Tayassu pecari''),
collared peccary The collared peccary (''Dicotyles tajacu'') is a peccary, a species of artiodactyl (even-toed) mammal in the family Peccary, Tayassuidae found in North America, North, Central America, Central, and South America. It is the only member of the gen ...
(''Pecari tajacu''),
cougar The cougar (''Puma concolor'') (, ''Help:Pronunciation respelling key, KOO-gər''), also called puma, mountain lion, catamount and panther is a large small cat native to the Americas. It inhabits North America, North, Central America, Cent ...
(''Puma concolor''),
jaguar The jaguar (''Panthera onca'') is a large felidae, cat species and the only extant taxon, living member of the genus ''Panthera'' that is native to the Americas. With a body length of up to and a weight of up to , it is the biggest cat spe ...
(''Panthera onca''),
South American tapir The South American tapir (''Tapirus terrestris''), also commonly called the Brazilian tapir (from the Tupi ), the Amazonian tapir, the maned tapir, the lowland tapir, (Brazilian Portuguese), and ''la sachavaca'' (literally "bushcow", in mixed ...
(''Tapirus terrestris'') and
brocket deer Brockets or brocket deer are the species of deer in the genus ''Mazama''. They are medium to small in size, and are found in the Yucatán Peninsula, Central and South America, and the island of Trinidad. Most species are primarily found in fores ...
(Mazama genus). Endangered mammals include the
white-cheeked spider monkey The white-cheeked spider monkey (''Ateles marginatus'') is a species of spider monkey, a type of New World monkey, Endemism, endemic to Brazil. It moves around the forest canopy in small family groups of two to four, part of larger groups of a fe ...
(''Ateles marginatus''),
white-nosed saki The white-nosed saki (''Chiropotes albinasus'') is a species of bearded saki, a type of New World monkey, endemic to the south-central Amazon rainforest in Brazil. Both its scientific and common name were caused by the authors working from dead ...
(''Chiropotes albinasus'') and
giant otter The giant otter or giant river otter (''Pteronura brasiliensis'') is a South American carnivorous mammal. It is the longest member of the weasel family, Mustelidae, a globally successful group of predators, reaching up to . Atypical of mustel ...
(''Pteronura brasiliensis''). 621 species of birds have been reported. These include several tinamous (
Crypturellus ''Crypturellus'' is a genus of tinamous containing mostly forest species. However, there are the odd few that are grassland or steppe tinamous. The genus contains 21 species. Taxonomy The genus ''Crypturellus'' was introduced in 1914 by the Brit ...
and
Tinamus ''Tinamus'' is a genus of birds in the tinamou family Tinamidae. This genus comprises some of the larger members of this South American family. Taxonomy The genus ''Tinamus'' was introduced in 1783 by the French naturalist Johann Hermann. The ...
genera), six macaws (
Ara Ara may refer to: Biology * ''Ara'' (bird), a genus of parrots * Ara (fish) (''Niphon spinosus''), a species of fish * L-arabinose operon, also known as ara Places * Ara (mountain), a mountain in Armenia * Ara, Armenia, a village in Armenia ...
genus), many parakeets (
Aratinga ''Aratinga'' is a genus of South American conures. Most are predominantly green, although a few are predominantly yellow or orange. They are social and commonly seen in groups in the wild. In Brazil, the popular name of several species usually i ...
,
Pyrrhura ''Pyrrhura'' (Greek Red/Fire Tail) is a genus of parrots in the Arini tribe. They occur in tropical and subtropical South America and southern Central America (Panama and Costa Rica). Most are restricted to humid forest and adjacent habitats, ...
and
Brotogeris ''Brotogeris'' is a genus of small parrots endemic to Central and South America. Their closest relatives are the monk parakeet and the cliff parakeet in the genus ''Myiopsitta''. They eat seeds and fruit. The word ''brotogeris'' means "having th ...
genera), parrots (
Amazona Amazon parrots are parrots in the genus ''Amazona''. They are medium-sized, short-tailed parrots native to the Americas, with their range extending from South America to Mexico and the Caribbean. ''Amazona'' is one of the 92 genera of parrots t ...
and
Pionus ''Pionus'' is a genus of medium-sized parrots native to Mexico, and Central and South America. Characteristic of the genus are the chunky body, bare eye ring (which can vary in color), and short square tail. They are superficially similar to Am ...
genera) and
hoatzin The hoatzin ( ) or hoactzin ( ) (''Opisthocomus hoazin'') is a species of tropical bird found in swamps, riparian forests, and mangroves of the Amazon and the Orinoco basins in South America. It is the only extant species in the genus ''Opisthoco ...
(''Opisthocomus hoazin''). Endangered birds include the
red-necked aracari The red-necked aracari or red-necked araçari (''Pteroglossus bitorquatus'') is a near-passerine bird in the toucan family Ramphastidae. It is found in Bolivia and Brazil. Taxonomy and systematics The International Ornithological Committee (I ...
(''Pteroglossus bitorquatus''). The rivers are home to
black caiman The black caiman (''Melanosuchus niger'') is a crocodilian reptile endemic to South America. With a maximum length of around and a mass of over , it is the largest living species of the family Alligatoridae, and the third-largest crocodilian in ...
(''Melanosuchus niger''),
yellow-spotted river turtle The yellow-spotted Amazon river turtle (''Podocnemis unifilis''), also known commonly as the yellow-headed sideneck turtle and the yellow-spotted river turtle, and locally as the taricaya, is one of the largest South American river turtles. '' ...
(''Podocnemis unifilis''),
Amazonian manatee The Amazonian manatee (''Trichechus inunguis'') is a species of manatee that lives in the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador. It has thin, wrinkled brownish or gray colored skin, with fine hairs scattered over its body and a white ...
(''Trichechus inunguis''),
Amazon river dolphin The Amazon river dolphin (''Inia geoffrensis''), also known as the boto, bufeo or pink river dolphin, is a species of toothed whale Endemism, endemic to South America and is classified in the family Iniidae. Three subspecies are currently recogni ...
(''Inia geoffrensis'') and
tucuxi The tucuxi (''Sotalia fluviatilis''), alternatively known in Peru ''bufeo gris'' or ''bufeo negro'', is a species of freshwater dolphin found in the rivers of the Amazon basin. The word ''tucuxi'' is derived from the Tupi language word ''tuchuc ...
(''Sotalia fluviatilis''). Snakes include fer-de-lance (''
Bothrops asper The terciopelo (''Bothrops asper'') is a species of pit vipers, found from north-east Mexico to northern South America. At low to moderate elevations, its habitat ranges from northeastern Mexico to Colombian and Ecuadorian Andes, as well as Venez ...
''), palm pit-vipers (
Bothriechis ''Bothriechis'' is a genus of pit vipers, commonly called palm vipersJohn M. Mehrtens, Mehrtens JM (1987). ''Living Snakes of the World in Color''. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. . or palm-pit vipersCampbell JA, species:William W. Lamar, ...
genus), coral snakes (
Micrurus ''Micrurus'' is a genus of venomous coral snakes of the family Elapidae. Geographic range Species in the genus ''Micrurus'' are endemic to the Americas. Species The following 82 species are recognized as being valid. *'' Micrurus albicinctus' ...
genus), bushmasters (''
Lachesis muta ''Lachesis muta'', also known as the Southern American bushmaster or Atlantic bushmaster, is a pit viper species found in South America, as well as the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean. Two subspecies are currently recognized, including the no ...
'') and
boa constrictor The boa constrictor (scientific name also ''Boa constrictor''), also known as the common boa, is a species of large, non-venomous, heavy-bodied snake that is frequently kept and bred in captivity. The boa constrictor is a member of the Family (b ...
(''Boa constrictor''). The neotropical rattlesnake (''
Crotalus durissus ''Crotalus durissus'', known as the South American rattlesnake, tropical rattlesnake,Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. and by #Common names, other names, is a highly venomous snake, ve ...
'') is found in the dry uplands.


Status

The
World Wildlife Fund The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is a Swiss-based international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment. It was formerly named the ...
classes the ecoregion as Vulnerable. The main threats come from deforestation and colonization along the main rivers and the highways. During the period from 2004 to 2011 the ecoregion experienced an annual rate of habitat loss of 0.61%. Part of the ecoregion in central
Rondônia Rondônia () is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the northern subdivision of the country (central-western part). It is bordered by Acre (state), Acre in the west, Amazonas, Brazil, Amazonas in the north, Mato Grosso in the east, and Bo ...
is one of the most degraded areas of the central Amazon basin, with the forests cut down and the land degraded. This is worst along the
BR-364 BR-364 is an inter-state highway in Brazil connecting the southeast state of São Paulo (state), São Paulo to the western state of Acre (state), Acre. The highway was opened in the 1960s and paved in the 1980s. It has brought economic development ...
highway from
Cuiabá Cuiabá () is the capital city and the largest city of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso. It is located near the geographical centre of South America and also forms the metropolitan area of Mato Grosso, along with the neighbouring town of Várz ...
to
Porto Velho Porto Velho (, ''Old Port'') is the capital (political), capital of the Brazilian States of Brazil, state of Rondônia, in the upper Amazon River basin. The population is 460,434 people (as of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, ...
and the
BR-319 BR-319 is an federal highway that links Manaus, Amazonas to Porto Velho, Rondônia. The highway runs through a pristine part of the Amazon rainforest. It was opened by the military government in 1973 but soon deteriorated, and by 1988 was imp ...
from there to
Humaitá Humaitá is a List of cities and towns in Paraguay, town and Districts of Paraguay, district on the Paraguay River in southern Paraguay. During the Paraguayan War, it served as the main Paraguayan stronghold from 1866 until its fall in August 186 ...
and also occurs along the BR-230
Trans-Amazonian Highway The Trans-Amazonian Highway (official designation BR-230, official name Rodovia Transamazônica ) was introduced on September 27, 1972. It is 4,000 km long, making it the third longest highway in Brazil. It runs through the Amazon forest and ...
from Humaitá to the middle Tapajós. The banks of the Tapajós and Madeira have large areas that are scarred by large-scale illegal mining. Conservation units such as the
Amazônia National Park The Amazônia National Park () was created in 1974, as a national park comprising 1,070,737 ha. It is situated in Itaituba and Trairão municipalities, Pará state, in the north region of Brazil. It is located in the watershed of the Tapajós Riv ...
and
Pacaás Novos National Park Pacaás Novos National Park () is a National park (Brazil), national park in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. The park contains a mountain range by the same name. Location The park is in the Amazon biome. It covers an area of . It was establis ...
are underfunded and poorly protected.


Notes


Sources

* * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Madeira-Tapajos moist forests Ecoregions of Bolivia Ecoregions of Brazil Amazon biome Neotropical tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests