The following

outline Outline or outlining may refer to: * Outline (list), a document summary, in hierarchical list format * Code folding, a method of hiding or collapsing code or text to see content in outline form * Outline drawing, a sketch depicting the outer edge ...

is provided as an overview of and topical guide to television broadcasting:

Television broadcasting A television network or television broadcaster is a telecommunications network for distribution of television program content, where a central operation provides programming to many television stations or pay television providers. Until the mid-1 ...

: form of broadcasting in which a television signal is transmitted by radio waves from a terrestrial (Earth based) transmitter of a television station to TV receivers having an antenna.

Nature of television broadcasting

Television broadcasting can be described as all of the following: *

Technology Technology is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a specifiable and reproducible way. The word ''technology'' may also mean the product of such an endeavor. The use of technology is widely prevalent in medicine, science, ...

Electronics The field of electronics is a branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the emission, behaviour and effects of electrons using electronic devices. Electronics uses active devices to control electron flow by amplification ...

technology *

Telecommunication Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that fe ...

technology *

Broadcasting Broadcasting is the distribution (business), distribution of sound, audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic medium (communication), mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio ...

technology

Types of television broadcasting

Terrestrial television Terrestrial television or over-the-air television (OTA) is a type of television broadcasting in which the signal transmission occurs via radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth-based) transmitter of a TV station to a TV receiver having an ant ...

Closed-circuit television Closed-circuit television (CCTV), also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly t ...

* Outside broadcasting *

Direct broadcast satellite Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to viewers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna comm ...

(DBS)

History of television broadcasting

History of television The concept of television was the work of many individuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first practical transmissions of moving images over a radio system used mechanical rotating perforated disks to scan a scene into a time-var ...

Television broadcasting technology

Infrastructure and broadcasting system

Television set A television set or television receiver, more commonly called the television, TV, TV set, telly, tele, or tube, is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers, for the purpose of viewing and hearing television broadcasts, or using ...

List of television manufacturers This is a list of television Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission. Television i ...

Satellite television Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to viewers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna comm ...

Microwave link Microwave transmission is the transmission of information by electromagnetic waves with wavelengths in the microwave frequency range of 300MHz to 300GHz(1 m - 1 mm wavelength) of the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwave signals are normally lim ...

* Television receive-only * Television transmitter *

Transposer In broadcasting, a transposer or translator is a device in or beyond the service area of a radio or television station transmitter that rebroadcasts signals to receivers which can’t properly receive the signals of the transmitter because of a p ...

* Transmitter station

System standards

System A CCIR System A was the 405-line analog broadcast television system adopted in the UK and Ireland. System A service started in 1936 and was discontinued in 1985. Specifications Some of the important specs are listed below. A frame is the ...

the 405 line system * 441 line system *

Broadcast television systems Broadcast television systems (or terrestrial television systems outside the US and Canada) are the encoding or formatting systems for the transmission and reception of terrestrial television signals. Analog television systems were standardized by ...

* System B * System G * System H * System I * System M *

Television signals

Video signal

Analogue television synchronization Analog television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio. In an analog television broadcast, the brightness, colors and sound are represented by amplitude, phase and frequency of an analog ...

* Back porch * Black level *

Blanking level In video technology, blanking level is the level of the composite video signal during the front and back porches of the video signal. The composite video signal is actually the video information superimposed on blanking. The total level of the com ...

Chrominance Chrominance (''chroma'' or ''C'' for short) is the signal used in video systems to convey the color information of the picture (see YUV color model), separately from the accompanying luma signal (or Y' for short). Chrominance is usually represente ...

Composite video Composite video is an analog video signal format that carries standard-definition video (typically at 525 lines or 625 lines) as a single channel. Video information is encoded on one channel, unlike the higher-quality S-Video (two channels) a ...

Frame (video) In filmmaking, video production, animation, and related fields, a frame is one of the many ''still images'' which compose the complete ''moving picture''. The term is derived from the historical development of film stock, in which the sequential ...

Front porch A porch (from Old French ''porche'', from Latin ''porticus'' "colonnade", from ''porta'' "passage") is a room or gallery located in front of an entrance of a building. A porch is placed in front of the facade of a building it commands, and form ...

* Horizontal blanking interval *

Horizontal scan rate Horizontal scan rate, or horizontal frequency, usually expressed in kilohertz, is the number of times per second that a raster-scan video system transmits or displays a complete horizontal line, as opposed to vertical scan rate, the number of times ...

* Luma (video) *

Overscan Overscan is a behaviour in certain television sets, in which part of the input picture is shown outside of the visible bounds of the screen. It exists because cathode-ray tube (CRT) television sets from the 1930s through to the early 2000s were h ...

* Raster scan * Television lines *

White clipper A white clipper (or white limiter) is a circuit in professional video products that limits the maximum amplitude of the luminance part of the analogue video signal to 1 volt. It is essential for both analogue recording and transmission of video m ...

* Vertical blanking interval * VF bandwidth *

VIT signals In television broadcasting, VIT signals (vertical interval test signals) are a group of test signals inserted in the composite video signal. These signals are used to weight the transmission characteristics of the system between the test generato ...

The sound signal

* Multichannel television sound * NICAM *

Pre-emphasis Typically, prior to some process, such as transmission over cable, or recording to phonograph record or tape, the input frequency range most susceptible to noise is boosted. This is referred to as "pre-emphasis"before the process the signal will u ...

* Sound in syncs * Zweikanalton

Broadcast signal

Beam tilt Beam tilt is used in radio to aim the main lobe of the vertical plane radiation pattern of an antenna below (or above) the horizontal plane. The simplest way is mechanical beam tilt, where the antenna is physically mounted in such a manner a ...

Downlink CNR Downlink CNR (''Carrier to noise ratio'' in satellite reception) is an important figure in system TVRO design. Below are certain parameters used in CNR computation. Figure of merit Figure of merit is given as :f=\frac Where t is the temperature ...

Earth bulge Line-of-sight propagation is a characteristic of electromagnetic radiation or acoustic wave propagation which means waves travel in a direct path from the source to the receiver. Electromagnetic transmission includes light emissions travelin ...

* Frequency offset *

Field strength in free space Dipole field strength in free space, in telecommunications, is the electric field strength caused by a half wave dipole under ideal conditions. The actual field strength in terrestrial environments is calculated by empirical formulas based on this f ...

Knife-edge effect Diffraction is defined as the interference or bending of waves around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture into the region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle/aperture. The diffracting object or aperture effectively becomes a s ...

* Null fill * Output power of an analog TV transmitter * Path loss *

Radio propagation Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel, or are propagated, from one point to another in vacuum, or into various parts of the atmosphere. As a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light waves, radio waves are affecte ...

* Radiation pattern *

Skew Skew may refer to: In mathematics * Skew lines, neither parallel nor intersecting. * Skew normal distribution, a probability distribution * Skew field or division ring * Skew-Hermitian matrix * Skew lattice * Skew polygon, whose vertices do not ...

Television interference Television interference (TVI) is a particular case of electromagnetic interference which affects television reception. Many natural and man-made phenomena can disrupt the reception of television signals. These include naturally occurring and art ...

=Modulation and frequency conversion

= *

Amplitude modulation Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting messages with a radio wave. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the wave is varied in proportion to ...

* Frequency mixer *

Frequency modulation Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio broadcasting, signal processing, and Run-length limited#FM: .280. ...

* Quadrature amplitude modulation * Vestigial sideband modulation (VSBF)

=IF and RF signal

= * Differential gain *

Differential phase Differential phase is a kind of linearity distortion which affects the color hue in TV broadcasting. Composite color video signal Composite color video signal (CCVS) consists of three terms: *Monochrome (luminance) signal *Auxiliary signals ...

* Distortion *

Group delay and phase delay In signal processing, group delay and phase delay are delay times experienced by a signal's various frequency components when the signal passes through a system that is linear time-invariant (LTI), such as a microphone, coaxial cable, amplifier, l ...

Intercarrier method The intercarrier method is a system in television that reduces the cost of transmitters and receiver sets by processing audio and video signals together and minimizing the number of separate stages for audio and video signals. Transmission of au ...

Intermediate frequency In communications and electronic engineering, an intermediate frequency (IF) is a frequency to which a carrier wave is shifted as an intermediate step in transmission or reception. The intermediate frequency is created by mixing the carrier sign ...

Noise (electronics) In electronics, noise is an unwanted disturbance in an electrical signal. Noise generated by electronic devices varies greatly as it is produced by several different effects. In particular, noise is inherent in physics, and central to the ...

Radio frequency Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around to around . This is roughly between the upp ...

* Residual carrier * Split sound system * Superheterodyne transmitter *

Television channel frequencies The following tables show the frequencies assigned to broadcast television channels in various regions of the world, along with the ITU letter designator for the system used. The frequencies shown are for the analogue video and audio carriers. ...

Ultra high frequency Ultra high frequency (UHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequency, radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one ten ...

Very high frequency Very high frequency (VHF) is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves ( radio waves) from 30 to 300 megahertz (MHz), with corresponding wavelengths of ten meters to one meter. Frequencies immediately below VHF ...

Zero reference pulse Zero reference pulse or Zero pulse is an artificially produced pulse in a professional television receiver imitating no radio frequency case for modulation index measurements in analogue TV transmitters. Video signal The composite monochrome vi ...

Color TV

Colorburst Colorburst is an analog video, composite video signal generated by a video-signal generator used to keep the chrominance subcarrier synchronized in a color television signal. By synchronizing an oscillator with the colorburst at the back porc ...

Color killer The color killer is an electronic stage in color TV receiver sets which acts as a cutting circuit to cut off color processing when the TV set receives a monochrome signal. Monochromatic transmission When a receiver is tuned to a monochrome tran ...

Color television Color television or Colour television is a television transmission technology that includes color information for the picture, so the video image can be displayed in color on the television set. It improves on the monochrome or black-and-white t ...

* Dot crawl * Hanover bars *

NTSC The first American standard for analog television broadcast was developed by National Television System Committee (NTSC)National Television System Committee (1951–1953), Report and Reports of Panel No. 11, 11-A, 12–19, with Some supplement ...

* PAL *

PAL-M PAL-M is the analogue TV system used in Brazil since 19 February 1972. At that time, Brazil was the first South American country to broadcast in colour. Colour TV broadcast began on 19 February 1972, when the TV networks Globo and Bandeirantes t ...

* PALplus *

PAL-S PAL-S is the system of television receiver sets in the early days of the PAL system. Here PAL stands for ''Phase alternating at line rate'' and S stands for ''simple''. PAL system The color hue modulates the phase of a subcarrier named colo ...

SECAM SECAM, also written SÉCAM (, ''Séquentiel de couleur à mémoire'', French for ''color sequential with memory''), is an analog color television system that was used in France, some parts of Europe and Africa, and Russia. It was one of th ...

Stages and output equipment

Amplifiers An amplifier, electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that can increase the magnitude of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current). It may increase the power significantly, or its main effect may be to boost the v ...

Antenna (radio) In radio engineering, an antenna or aerial is the interface between radio waves propagating through space and electric currents moving in metal conductors, used with a transmitter or receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies a ...

* Cavity amplifier *

Diplexer A diplexer is a passive device that implements frequency-domain multiplexing. Two ports (e.g., L and H) are multiplexed onto a third port (e.g., S). The signals on ports L and H occupy disjoint frequency bands. Consequently, the signals on L and ...

Dipole antenna In radio and telecommunications a dipole antenna or doublet is the simplest and most widely used class of antenna. The dipole is any one of a class of antennas producing a radiation pattern approximating that of an elementary electric dipole w ...

Dummy load A dummy load is a device used to simulate an electrical load, usually for testing purposes. In radio a dummy antenna is connected to the output of a radio transmitter and electrically simulates an antenna, to allow the transmitter to be adjuste ...

Electronic filter Electronic filters are a type of signal processing filter in the form of electrical circuits. This article covers those filters consisting of lumped electronic components, as opposed to distributed-element filters. That is, using components ...

* Tetrode * Klystron

Measuring instruments

Distortionmeter Distortionmeter (or more precisely distortion factor meter) is an electronic measuring instrument which displays the amount of distortion added to the original signal by an electronic circuit. Harmonic distortion Harmonic distortion is equival ...

Field strength meter In telecommunications, a field strength meter is an instrument that measures the electric field strength emanating from a transmitter. The relation between the electric field and the transmitted power In ideal free space, the electric field stre ...

Oscilloscope An oscilloscope (informally a scope) is a type of electronic test instrument that graphically displays varying electrical voltages as a two-dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time. The main purposes are to display repetiti ...

Multimeter A multimeter is a measuring instrument that can measure multiple electrical properties. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, resistance, and current, in which case it is also known as a volt-ohm-milliammeter (VOM), as the unit is equipped w ...

* Network analyzer *

Psophometer In telecommunications, a psophometer is an instrument that measures the perceptible noise of a telephone circuit. The core of the meter is based on a true RMS voltmeter, which measures the level of the noise signal. This was used for the first ps ...

Vectorscope A vectorscope is a special type of oscilloscope used in both audio and video applications. Whereas an oscilloscope or waveform monitor normally displays a plot of signal vs. time, a vectorscope displays an X-Y plot of two signals, which can r ...

Television broadcasting by country

, * Television in Afghanistan *

Television in Albania Television in Albania was first Timeline of the introduction of television in countries, introduced in 1960. RTSH dominated the Albanian broadcasting field up to the mid-1990s, a period when privately owned radio and Television, TV stations start ...

Television in Andorra The first legal television broadcasts in Andorra date back to the 1970s. The Andorran television scene is the direct result of the country's complex history, which can be explained by the balanced cultural, political and social relations of the Eur ...

Television in Angola Television in Angola was introduced in 1973. The following is a list of television channels broadcast in Angola. Main channels Other channels See also * Lists of television channels {{Africa topic, Television in Television ...

Television in Argentina Television is one of the major mass media of Argentina. As of 2019, household ownership of television sets in the country is 99%, with the majority of households usually having two sets. Cable television has become the most used type of delivering ...

Television in Australia Television in Australia began experimentally as early as 1929 in Melbourne with radio stations 3DB and 3UZ, and 2UE in Sydney, using the ''Radiovision'' system by Gilbert Miles and Donald McDonald, and later from other locations, such as Bris ...

Television in Austria Television in Austria was introduced in 1955. The country uses DVB-T for broadcasting. Analog television was completely shut down on 7 June 2011. Austrian television was monopolised by government-owned television stations until 1996. The first p ...

Television in Azerbaijan Television in Azerbaijan was Timeline of the introduction of television in countries, introduced in 1956, when Azerbaijan was still known as the Azerbaijani SSR. Azerbaijan has a total of 47 television channels, of which 4 are public television ch ...

Television in Bangladesh Television is one of the most popular forms of media and information in Bangladesh. It was one of the first countries in South Asia to introduce television on 25 December 1964, in the then East Pakistan under the state-owned television network Pa ...

Television in Barbados This is a brief listing of television channels in the Caribbean region. Note: All channels broadcast in the NTSC standard, unless otherwise stated. Anguilla * ZJF-TV 3 (Anguilla TV) Anguilla * KCNTV4 – Channel 141 Antigua and Barbuda * ...

Television in Belarus Television in Belarus was introduced in 1956, when Belarus was still known as the Byelorussian SSR. This is a list of television stations broadcasting in Belarus. Television channels See also *Eastern Bloc information dissemination Tele ...

* Television in Belgium *

Television in Bermuda Television in Bermuda was introduced in 1958. All broadcast television stations serving the islands of Bermuda operate from the city of Hamilton, Bermuda. The current television stations in Bermuda include: * ZFB-TV, an ABC affiliate owned by Be ...

Television in Bosnia and Herzegovina Television in Bosnia and Herzegovina was first introduced in 1961. Out of 94 TV stations, 71 are commercial, 20 are public (regional, local or municipal ownership), while 3 public services are funded through subscription. History First broa ...

* Television in Brazil *

Television in Bulgaria Television in Bulgaria was introduced in 1959. Global players such as News Corporation, Modern Times Group, Central European Media Enterprises, Fox Broadcasting Company and others operate the biggest and most popular media outlets in the country. ...

Television in Burma Television broadcasting in Myanmar began in 1979 as a test trial in Yangon. The first television service BBS was launched on 3 June 1980, followed by regular service in 1981. Most television networks in the country are broadcast from Yangon. MRTV a ...

* Television in Burundi *

Television in Canada Television in Canada officially began with the sign-on of the nation's first television stations in Montreal and Toronto in 1952. As with most media in Canada, the television industry, and the television programming available in that country, a ...

Television in Chile Television is one of the major mass media of Chile. It was introduced in 1957. There are 63 broadcast stations throughout the country (plus 121 repeaters) (1997). The broadcast television system used is NTSC. The primary regulator of television ...

Television in the People's Republic of China The television industry in China includes high-tech program production, transmission and coverage. China Central Television is China's largest and most powerful national television station. By 1987, two-thirds of people in China had access to t ...

* Television in the Republic of China * Television in Colombia *

Television in Croatia Television in Croatia was first Timeline of the introduction of television in countries, introduced in 1956. As of 2012, there are 10 nationwide and 21 regional DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial) television channels, and there are ...

Television in Cuba Cuba was the first Latin American country to begin television testing in December 1946 when station CM-21P conducted an experimental multi-point live broadcast. The first regular commercial broadcasting began in October 1950 by the small radio st ...

Television in Cyprus Television in Cyprus was introduced in 1956. In 1957, CyBC was created. Private TV was introduced on 26 April 1992, by ''Logos TV'' which started its transmissions in stereo and Teletext from day one. The first private TV station of Cyprus was own ...

Television in the Czech Republic Television was introduced in Czechoslovakia in 1953. Experimental projects with DVB-T started in 2000. Finally on 21 October 2005, multiplex A (DVB-T) was launched with three channels of Česká televize and one of TV Nova and radio channels of � ...

Television in Denmark Television in Denmark was established in the 1950s and was run by a monopoly with only one channel available until the 1980s. Danish programming Universal Channel * '' Bates Motel'' * '' The Border'' * '' Burn Notice'' * '' Chicago Fire'' * ''C ...

Television in Ecuador Television in Ecuador is most important among the country's mass media. Television programming is dominated by telenovelas, series, and news programming. Private and government-run channels coexist at the national, regional, and local levels. Cable ...

* Television in Egypt * Television in England (''see

Television in the United Kingdom Regular television broadcasts in the United Kingdom started in 1936 as a public service which was free of advertising, which followed the Mechanical television#Television demonstrations, first demonstration of a transmitted moving image in 1926 ...

'') *

Television in Estonia Television in Estonia was introduced in 1955, following the Soviet government's decision to establish a television station in 1953. The National TV Channel ETV has maintained an archive since 1955 in which broadcasts of unique aspects of Estoni ...

Television in Finland Television was introduced in Finland in 1955. Color television started in 1969 and was introduced gradually, with most programs in color by the late 1970s. All terrestrial analogue stations stopped broadcasting on 1 September 2007 after the int ...

* Television in France * Television in the Faroe Islands * Television in Georgia * Television in Germany * Television in Greece * Television in Honduras * Television in Hong Kong * Television in Hungary * Television in Iceland *

Television in India The television industry in India is very diverse and produces thousands of programs in many of the Indian languages. More than half of all Indian households own a television. As of 2016, the country had over 857 channels of which 184 were pay ...

* Television in Indonesia *

Television in Iraq Iraq was home to the first television station in the Middle East, which began during the 1950s. As part of a plan to help Iraq modernize, English telecommunications company Pye Limited built and commissioned a television broadcast station in the ...

Television in Ireland Television in the Republic of Ireland is available through a variety of platforms. The digital terrestrial television service is known as Saorview and is the primary source of broadcast television since analogue transmissions ended on 24 October ...

Television in Israel Television in Israel refers to television broadcasting Broadcasting is the distribution (business), distribution of sound, audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic medium (communication), mass communications medium, but ...

* Television in Italy * Television in Jamaica *

Television in Japan Television in Japan was introduced in 1939. However, experiments date back to the 1920s, with Kenjiro Takayanagi's pioneering experiments in electronic television. Television broadcasting was halted by World War II, after which regular television ...

Television in Kyrgyzstan Television in Kyrgyzstan was introduced in 1958, when Kyrgyzstan was still known as the Kirghiz SSR. ''KTR'' launched that year and broadcast in Russian language. List of channels This is a list of television channels that broadcast in Kyrgyzst ...

, *

Television in Latvia Television in Latvia was first tested in 1937 and introduced in 1954. Latvia was the first country in the Baltic States which started broadcasting. Initial research into television broadcasting in Latvia started in 1932, and the first experimental ...

* Television in Lebanon *

Television in Liechtenstein This article concerns the systems of communications in Liechtenstein. Liechtenstein possesses a number of modern communications systems, some of which are shared with the neighbouring country of Switzerland. The country code and top-level domain ...

Television in Lithuania Television in Lithuania was introduced in 1957. The following is a list of television channels broadcast in Lithuania. Main channels Regional channels Others Former channels See also * Media of Lithuania * Lists of television cha ...

* Television in the Isle of Man *

Television in Malaysia Malaysian television broadcasting was introduced on 28 December 1963. Colour television was introduced on 28 December 1978. Full-time colour transmissions were officially inaugurated on New Year's Day 1982. There are currently 16 national free ...

Television in Mali Television in Mali was introduced in 1983. The following is a list of television channels broadcast in Mali. Main channels See also * Television in Mali (in French) * Media of Mali * Telecommunications in Mali * Lists of television channels ...

Television in Malta Television in Malta was first introduced in 1957. The first person to sell televisions in Malta was The Most Noble Count Consiglio D'Amato. History The first television that could be watched were RAI broadcasts from Sicily. In 1962, TVM was laun ...

Television in Mexico Television is a popular form of entertainment in Mexico, with mass entertainment playing an important role in creating a national, unified culture. The ''telenovelas'' are very traditional in Mexico and are translated to many languages and seen al ...

Television in Moldova Television in Moldova was introduced in 1958. The following is a list of television channels broadcast in Moldova. National * Moldova 1 (state owned) – 1st national network * Moldova 2 (state owned) – 2nd national network * Canal 2 retran ...

* Television in Monaco *

Television in Montenegro Television in Montenegro was first introduced in 1956.O RTCG, TELEVIZIJA
Radio i Televizija Crne Gore] This is a list ...

* Television in Nauru *

Television in the Netherlands Television in the Netherlands was officially introduced in 1951. In the Netherlands, the television market is divided between a number of commercial networks, such as RTL Nederland, and a system of public broadcasters sharing three channels, NPO 1 ...

* Television in New Zealand *

Television in North Korea Television in North Korea is subject to the Korean Central Broadcasting Committee and controlled by the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers' Party of Korea. A study in 2017 found that 98% of households had a television set. As of 20 ...

Television in North Macedonia Television in North Macedonia was first introduced in 1964; it remains the most popular news medium. The public broadcaster is the Macedonian Radio Television, founded in 1993. TEKO TV (1989) from Štip is the first private television channel in t ...

Television in Norway Television in Norway was introduced in 1954, but the first television program was only shown in 1958, and regular broadcasts did not start until 1960. Like Denmark, Norway had only one television channel until the 1980s. Some 40% of the populatio ...

* Television in Pakistan * Television in Peru *

Television in the Philippines Television in the Philippines was introduced in October 1953 upon the first commercial broadcast made by Alto Broadcasting System (now ABS-CBN), making the Philippines the first Southeast Asian country and the second in Asia to do so. Even b ...

Television in Poland Television in Poland was introduced in 1937. It was state owned, and was interrupted by the Second World War in 1939. Television returned to Poland in 1952 and for several decades was controlled by the communist government. Colour television was ...

Television in Portugal Television in Portugal was introduced in 1956 (test broadcasts) by Radiotelevisão Portuguesa (now named Rádio e Televisão de Portugal), which held the nationwide television monopoly until late 1992. Regular broadcasting was introduced on March ...

Television in Romania Television in Romania started in August 1955. State television started to broadcast on December 31, 1956. The second television channel followed in 1968, but between 1985 and 1990, there was only one Romanian channel before the return of the second ...

Television in Russia Television is the most popular medium in Russia, with 74% of the population watching national television channels routinely and 59% routinely watching regional channels. There are 3300 television channels in total.Television in San Marino Radiotelevisione della Repubblica di San Marino, commonly known as San Marino RTV (abbreviated SMRTV), is the public service broadcaster of San Marino. On 13 June 2011, San Marino RTV changed its name to SMtv San Marino. In November 2013, the n ...

Television in Saudi Arabia Television in Saudi Arabia was introduced in 1965, but is now dominated by just five major companies: Middle East Broadcasting Center, SM Enterprise TV, Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation, Rotana and Saudi TV. Together, they control 80% of the p ...

Television in Scotland Television in Scotland mostly consists of UK-wide broadcasts, with regional variations at different times which are specific to Scotland. The BBC and ITV networks both began broadcasting in the country during the 1950s. There were further expansion ...

Television in Senegal Television in Senegal was introduced in 1965. The following is a list of television channels broadcast in Senegal. Main channels See also * List of television stations in Africa: Senegal *Khar Bii * Media of Senegal * List of newspapers ...

Television in Serbia Television in Serbia was introduced in 1958. It remains the most popular of the media in Serbia—according to 2009 survey, Serbian people watch on average 6 hours of television per day, making it the highest average in Europe. Free-to-air terrest ...

* Television in Singapore *

Television in Slovakia Television stations in Slovakia broadcast in both DVB-T format (MUX-2 and MUX-3) and DVB-T2 format (MUX-1 and MUX-4). Broadcasting is mostly in the Slovak, state-owned channels have some dedicated broadcasting for ethnic minorities (always subtitled ...

* Television in Slovenia * Television in South Africa *

Television in South Korea In South Korea, there are a number of national television networks, the three largest of which are KBS, MBC, and SBS. Most of the major television studios are located on Yeouido and Sangam-dong, Seoul. South Korea became the fourth adopter i ...

* Television in Spain * Television in Sri Lanka *

Television in Sweden Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertising, e ...

Television in Switzerland Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication Media (communication), medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of Transmission (telecommunications), television tra ...

* Television in Republic of China * Television in Thailand *

Television in Trinidad and Tobago Television in Trinidad and Tobago was introduced in 1962 beginning with Trinidad & Tobago Television. TTT was the sole television station for 29 years being operated by the state until the first independently operated television station, the Car ...

Television in Turkey The television industry in Turkey includes high-tech program production, transmission and coverage. Turkish Radio and Television Corporation is Turkey's largest and most powerful national television station. As of 1 August 2019, RTÜK states that ...

Television in Ukraine Television has a long history in Ukraine, where regular television broadcasting started during the Soviet years in 1951. However the first ever TV broadcast took place on 1 February 1939 in Kyiv. Since then TV broadcasting has expanded, particula ...

Television in the United States Television is one of the major mass media outlets in the United States. , household ownership of television sets in the country is 96.7%, with approximately 114,200,000 American households owning at least one television set as of August 2013. ...

Television in Uruguay Analog television in Uruguay had a history of more than 50 years since it began in 1956, with the first television channel, Channel 10. Since then Uruguay counts with three other channels, Channel 12 Teledoce, Channel 4 Monte Carlo TV and Tele ...

Television in Venezuela Television in Venezuela began in 1952, when the president Marcos Pérez Jiménez launched the state channel Televisora Nacional, making Venezuela the ninth country in the world to have a public television network. By 1963, a quarter of Venezuelan h ...

* Television in Vietnam *Television in Wales (''see

'') * Television in Western Sahara *

Television in Yemen Local television is the most significant media platform in Yemen. Given the low literacy rate in the country, television is the main source of news for Yemenis. There are six free-to-air channels currently headquartered in Yemen, of which four are ...

External links

TVRadioWorld TV stations directoryW9WI.com
(Terrestrial repeater and TV hobbyist information)
TV Coverage maps and Signal Analysis

A History of Television
at the

Canada Science and Technology Museum The Canada Science and Technology Museum (abbreviated as CSTM; french: Musée des sciences et de la technologie du Canada) is a national museum of science and technology in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The museum has a mandate to preserve and promote ...

The Encyclopedia of Television
at the

Museum of Broadcast Communications The Museum of Broadcast Communications (MBC) is an American museum, the stated mission of which is "to collect, preserve, and present historic and contemporary radio and television content as well as educate, inform and entertain through our archi ...

The Evolution of TV, A Brief History of TV Technology in Japan
NHK
Television's History – The First 75 Years

Worldwide Television Standards

''Television in Color'', April 1944
one of the earliest magazine articles detailing the new technology of color television *Littleton, Cynthia
"Happy 70th Birthday, TV Commercial broadcasts bow on July 1, 1941; Variety calls it 'corney'"
'' Variety'', July 1, 2011
WebCitation archive
{{Outline footer This is a list of topics related to television broadcasting.

Television Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertisin ...

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