This is a list of fossil primates—extinct

primate Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians (monkeys and apes, the latter including huma ...

s for which a

fossil record A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in ...

exists. Primates are generally thought to have evolved from a small, unspecialized

mammal Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur or ...

, which probably fed on insects and fruits. However, the precise source of the primates remains controversial and even their arboreal origin has recently been questioned. As it has been suggested, many other mammal orders are arboreal too, but they have not developed the same characteristics as primates. Nowadays, some well known genera, such as ''

Purgatorius ''Purgatorius'' is a genus of seven extinct eutherian species typically believed to be the earliest example of a primate or a proto-primate, a primatomorph precursor to the Plesiadapiformes, dating to as old as 66 million years ago. The first rem ...

'' and ''

Plesiadapis ''Plesiadapis'' is one of the oldest known primate-like mammal genera which existed about 58–55 million years ago in North America and Europe. ''Plesiadapis'' means "near-Adapis", which is a reference to the adapiform primate of the Eocene per ...

'', thought to be the most ancient primates for a long time, are not usually considered as such by recent authors, who tend to include them in the new order

Plesiadapiformes Plesiadapiformes (" Adapid-like" or "near Adapiformes") is a group of Primates, a sister of the Dermoptera. While none of the groups normally directly assigned to this group survived, the group appears actually not to be literally extinct (in t ...

, within superorder

Euarchontoglires Euarchontoglires (synonymous with Supraprimates) is a clade and a superorder of mammals, the living members of which belong to one of the five following groups: rodents, lagomorphs, treeshrews, colugos, and primates. Evolutionary affinities wit ...

. Some, to avoid confusions, employ the unranked term

Euprimates Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians ( monkeys and apes, the latter including hu ...

, which excludes Plesiadapiformes. That denomination is not used here. There is an academic debate on the time the first primates appeared. One of the earliest probable primate fossils is the problematic '' Altiatlasius koulchii'', perhaps an

Omomyid Omomyidae is a group of early primates that radiated during the Eocene epoch between about (mya). Fossil omomyids are found in North America, Europe & Asia making it one of two groups of Eocene primates with a geographic distribution spanning h ...

, but perhaps a non-Primate

Plesiadapiform Plesiadapiformes (" Adapid-like" or "near Adapiformes") is a group of Primates, a sister of the Dermoptera. While none of the groups normally directly assigned to this group survived, the group appears actually not to be literally extinct (in ...

, which lived in Morocco, during the

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), E ...

, around 60 Ma. However, other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of th ...

period, around 85 Ma, that is to say, in the time previous to the extinction of dinosaurs and the successful mammal radiation. Nevertheless, there seems to be a consensus about the monophyletic origin of the order, although the evidence is not clear. The order Primates, established by

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...

, includes humans and their immediate ancestors. However, contrarily to the common opinion, most primates do not have especially large brains. Brain size is a derived character, which only appeared with genus ''

Homo ''Homo'' () is the genus that emerged in the (otherwise extinct) genus ''Australopithecus'' that encompasses the extant species ''Homo sapiens'' ( modern humans), plus several extinct species classified as either ancestral to or closely relate ...

'', and was lacking in the first

hominid The Hominidae (), whose members are known as the great apes or hominids (), are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: '' Pongo'' (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); ''Gorilla'' (the east ...

. In fact, hominid

encephalization quotient Encephalization quotient (EQ), encephalization level (EL), or just encephalization is a relative brain size measure that is defined as the ratio between observed to predicted brain mass for an animal of a given size, based on nonlinear regressi ...

is only 1.5 Ma more recent than that of some dolphin species. The encephalization quotient of some

cetacean Cetacea (; , ) is an infraorder of aquatic mammals that includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Key characteristics are their fully aquatic lifestyle, streamlined body shape, often large size and exclusively carnivorous diet. They propel them ...

s is therefore higher than that of most primates, including the nearest relatives of humans, such as ''

Australopithecus ''Australopithecus'' (, ; ) is a genus of early hominins that existed in Africa during the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. The genus ''Homo'' (which includes modern humans) emerged within ''Australopithecus'', as sister to e.g. ''Australopi ...

''. This list follows partly from Walter Carl Hartwig's 2002 book ''

The Fossil Primate Record ''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the m ...

'' and John G. Fleagle's 2013 book ''Primate Adaptation and Evolution'' (3rd edition). Parentheses around authors' names (and dates) indicates a change in generic name for the fossil, as stated in the

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the ...

(ICZN). Since the publication of the book as well as the creation of this article, new fossil taxon have been discovered that has helped improved the taxonomy among primates in general.

Strepsirrhini Strepsirrhini or Strepsirhini (; ) is a Order (biology), suborder of primates that includes the Lemuriformes, lemuriform primates, which consist of the lemurs of Fauna of Madagascar, Madagascar, galagos ("bushbabies") and pottos from Fauna of A ...

Infraorder
Adapiformes Adapiformes is a group of early primates. Adapiforms radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass (now Europe, Asia and North America), reaching as far south as northern Africa and tropical Asia. They existed from the Eocene to the M ...

Adapiformes Adapiformes is a group of early primates. Adapiforms radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass (now Europe, Asia and North America), reaching as far south as northern Africa and tropical Asia. They existed from the Eocene to the M ...
, ''incertae sedis''

:* '' Sulaimanius'' Gunnell ''et al''., 2012 ::* ''Sulaimanius arifi'' (Gunnell ''et al''., 2008)

Adapoidea

* Ekgmowechashalidae Szalay, 1976 ** ''

Bugtilemur ''Bugtilemur'' is an extinct genus of Strepsirhine primate belonging to the adapiform family Ekgmowechashalidae.It is represented by only one species, ''B. mathesoni'', which was found in the Chitarwata Formation of Pakistan. When first describ ...

'' Marivaux ''et al''., 2001 *** ''Bugtilemur mathesoni'' Marivaux ''et al''., 2001 ** ''

Ekgmowechashala ( Sioux: "little cat man") is an extinct genus of primate belonging to Adapiformes. Description and significance With a weight of approximately five pounds, around a foot tall and resembling a lemur, ''Ekgmowechashala'' is the only known North ...

'' Macdonald, 1963 *** ''Ekgmowechashala philotau'' Macdonald, 1963 *** ''Ekgmowechashala zancanellai'' Samuels, Albright & Fremd, 2015 ** '' Gatanthropus'' Ni ''et al.'', 2016 *** ''Gatanthropus micros'' Ni ''et al.'', 2016 ** ''

Muangthanhinius ''Muangthanhinius'' is a genus of adapiform primate that lived in Asia during the late Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Per ...

'' Marivaux ''et al.'', 2006 *** ''Muangthanhinius siami'' Marivaux ''et al.'', 2006 * Notharctidae Trouessart, 1879 **

Notharctinae Notharctinae is an extinct subfamily of primates that were common in North America during the early and middle Eocene (55-34 million years ago). The six genera that make up the group ('' Cantius'', '' Pelycodus'', '' Copelemur'', '' Hesperolemur ...

Trouessart, 1879 *** ''

Cantius ''Cantius'' is a genus of adapiform primates from the early Eocene of North America and Europe. It is extremely well represented in the fossil record in North America and has been hypothesized to be the direct ancestor of Notharctus in North Amer ...

'' Simons, 1962 **** ''Cantius abditus'' Gingerich & Simmons, 1977 **** ''Cantius angulatus'' Cope, 1875 **** ''Cantius antediluvius'' Kihm, 1992 **** ''Cantius eppsi'' Cooper, 1932 **** ''

Cantius frugivorus ''Cantius frugivorus'' is a species of adapiform primate that lived in North America during the early Eocene. Morphology This species had a dental formula of . The incisors are small and vertical in ''Cantius frugivorus'', and the canines ar ...

'' Cope, 1875 **** ''Cantius lohseorum'' Robinson, 2016 **** ''Cantius mckennai'' Gingerich & Simons, 1977 **** ''Cantius nuniensis'' Cope, 1881 **** ''Cantius ralstoni'' Matthew, 1915 **** ''Cantius savagei'' Gingerich, 1977 **** ''Cantius torresi'' Gingerich, 1986 *** ''

Copelemur ''Copelemur'' is a genus of adapiform primate that lived in North America during the early Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene ...

'' Gingerich & Simons, 1977 **** ''Copelemur australotutus'' Beard, 1988 **** ''Copelemur praetutus'' Gazin, 1962 **** ''Copelemur tutus'' Cope, 1877 *** '' Hesperolemur'' Gunnell, 1995 **** ''Hesperolemur actius'' Gunnell, 1995 *** '' Megaceralemur'' Robinson, 2016 **** ''Megaceralemur trigonodus'' (Matthew, 1915) **** ''Megaceralemur matthewi'' Robinson, 2016 *** '' Notharctus'' Leidy, 1870 **** ''Notharctus pugnax'' Granger & Gregory, 1917 **** ''Notharctus robustior'' Leidy, 1870 **** '' Notharctus tenebrosus'' Leidy, 1870 **** ''Notharctus venticolus'' Osborn, 1902 *** '' Pelycodus'' Cope, 1875 **** ''Pelycodus danielsae'' Froehlich & Lucas, 1991 **** ''Pelycodus jarrovii'' Cope, 1874 *** '' Pinolophus'' Robinson, 2016 **** ''Pinolophus meikei'' Robinson, 2016 *** '' Smilodectes'' Wortman, 1903 **** ''Smilodectes gingerichi'' Beard, 1988 **** ''Smilodectes gracilis'' Marsh, 1871 **** ''Smilodectes mcgrewi'' Gingerich, 1979 **

Cercamoniinae Cercamoniinae is a subfamily within the extinct primate family Notharctidae primarily found in Europe, although a few genera have been found in North America and Africa. Classification *Family Notharctidae Notharctidae is an extinct family ...

Gingerich, 1975 *** '' Agerinia'' Crusafont-Pairo & Golpe-Posse, 1973 **** ''Agerinia marandati'' Femenias-Gual, Minwer-Barakat, Marigó, Poyatos-Moré, and Moyà-Solà, 2017 **** ''Agerinia roselli'' Crusafont-Pairo & Golpe-Posse, 1973 **** ''Agerinia smithorum'' Femenias-Gual, Minwer-Barakat, Marigó, and Moyà-Solà, 2016 *** '' Anchomomys'' Stehlin, 1916 **** ''Anchomomys crocheti'' Godinot, 1988 **** ''Anchomomys gaillardi'' Stehlin, 1916 **** ''Anchomomys pygmaeus'' Rütimeyer, 1890 **** ''Anchomomys quercy'' Stehlin, 1916 *** '' Barnesia'' Thalmann, 1994 **** ''Barnesia hauboldi'' Thalmann, 1994 *** '' Buxella'' Godinot, 1988 **** ''Buxella magna'' Godinot, 1988 **** ''Buxella prisca'' Godinot, 1988 *** ''

Donrussellia ''Donrussellia'' is a genus of adapiform primate that lived in Europe during the early Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Per ...

'' Szalay, 1976 **** ''Donrussellia gallica'' Russell, Louis & Savage, 1967 **** ''Donrussellia louisi'' **** ''Donrussellia magna'' **** ''Donrussellia provincialis'' **** ''Donrussellia russelli'' *** '' Mazateronodon'' Marigó, Minwer-Barakat, & Moyà-Solà, 2010 **** ''Mazateronodon endemicus'' Marigó, Minwer-Barakat, & Moyà-Solà, 2010 *** '' Panobius'' Russell & Gingerich, 1987 **** ''Panobius afridi'' Russell & Gingerich, 1987 *** '' Periconodon'' Stehlin, 1916 **** ''Periconodon helleri'' Schwartz et al., 1983 **** ''Periconodon helveticus'' Rütimeyer, 1891 **** ''Periconodon huerzeleri'' Gingerich, 1977 **** ''Periconodon jaegeri'' Godinot, 1988 **** ''Periconodon lemoinei'' Gingerich, 1977 *** '' Protoadapis'' Lemoine, 1878 **** ''Protoadapis angustidens'' Filhol, 1888 **** ''Protoadapis brachyrhynchus'' Stehlin, 1912 **** ''Protoadapis curvicuspidens'' Lemoine, 1878 **** ''Protoadapis ignoratus'' Thalmann, 1994 **** ''Protoadapis muechelnensis'' Thalmann, 1994 **** ''Protoadapis recticuspidens'' Lemoine, 1878 **** ''Protoadapis weigelti'' Gingerich, 1977 *** '' Pronycticebus'' Grandidier, 1904 **** ''Pronycticebus gaudryi'' Grandidier, 1904 **** ''Pronycticebus neglectus'' Thalmann ''et al.'', 1989 * Asiadapidae Rose ''et al''., 2009 ** ''

Anthrasimias ''Marcgodinotius'' is a genus of adapiform primate that lived in Asia during the early Eocene. It is a monotypic genus, the only species being ''Marcgodinotius indicus''. Another adapiform primate ''Suratius robustus'' was found in the same hori ...

'' Bajpai ''et al.'', 2008 *** ''Anthrasimias gujaratensis'' Bajpai ''et al.'', 2008 ** '' Asiadapis'' Rose ''et al''., 2007 *** ''Asiadapis cambayensis'' Rose ''et al''., 2007 *** ''Asiadapis tapiensis'' Rose ''et al.'', 2018 ** '' Marcgodinotius'' Bajpai ''et al''., 2005 *** ''Marcgodinotius indicus'' Bajpai ''et al''., 2005 *

Adapidae Adapidae is a family of extinct primates that primarily radiated during the Eocene epoch between about 55 and 34 million years ago. Adapid systematics and evolutionary relationships are controversial, but there is fairly good evidence from the ...

Trouessart, 1879 ** Adapinae Trouesart, 1879 *** ''

Adapis ''Adapis'' is an extinct adapiform primate from the Eocene of Europe. While this genus has traditionally contained five species (''A. magnus, A. bruni, A. collinsonae, A. parisiensis,'' and ''A. sudrei''), recent research has recognized at least ...

'' Cuvier, 1821 **** ''Adapis bruni'' **** ''Adapis collinsonae'' Hooker, 1986 **** ''Adapis parisiensis'' de Blainville, 1841 **** ''Adapis sudrei'' Gingerich, 1977 *** '' Cryptadapis'' Godinot, 1984 **** ''Cryptadapis laharpei'' Godinot, 1984 **** ''Cryptadapis tertius'' Godinot, 1984 *** '' Leptadapis'' Gervais, 1876 **** ''Leptadapis assolicus'' **** ''Leptadapis filholi'' Godinot & Couette, 2008 **** ''Leptadapis capellae'' Crusafont-Pairo, 1967 **** ''Leptadapis leenhardti'' Stehlin, 1912 **** ''Leptadapis magnus'' Filhol, 1874 **** ''Leptadapis ruetimeyeri'' Stehlin, 1912 *** '' Magnadapis'' Godinot & Couette, 2008 **** ''Magnadapis quercyi'' Godinot & Couette, 2008 **** ''Magnadapis fredi'' Godinot & Couette, 2008 **** ''Magnadapis laurenceae'' Godinot & Couette, 2008 **** ''Magnadapis intermedius'' Godinot & Couette, 2008 *** '' Microadapis'' Szalay, 1974 **** ''Microadapis lynnae'' **** ''Microadapis sciureus'' Stehlin, 1916 *** '' Palaeolemur'' Delfortrie, 1873 **** ''Palaeolemur betillei'' Delfortrie, 1873 *** '' Paradapis'' Tattersall & Schwartz 1983 **** ''Paradapis ruetimeyeri'' Stehlin 1912 **** ''Paradapis priscus'' Stehlin, 1916 ** Caenopithecinae Szalay & Delson 1979 *** '' Adapoides'' Beard ''et al.'', 1994 **** ''Adapoides troglodytes'' Beard ''et al.'', 1994 *** '' Afradapis'' Seiffert ''et al''., 2009 **** ''Afradapis longicristatus'' Seiffert ''et al''., 2009 *** ''

Aframonius ''Aframonius'' is a genus of adapiform primate that lived in Africa during the late Eocene or early Oligocene. Fossils of the genus were found in the Jebel Qatrani Formation The Jebel Qatrani Formation (also Gebel Qatrani) is a palaeontologi ...

'' Simons ''et al.'', 1995 **** ''Aframonius diedes'' Simons ''et al.'', 1995 *** '' Caenopithecus'' Rütimeyer, 1862 **** ''Caenopithecus lemuroides'' Rütimeyer, 1862 *** ''

Darwinius ''Darwinius'' is a genus within the infraorder Adapiformes, a group of basal strepsirrhine primates from the middle Eocene epoch. Its only known species, ''Darwinius masillae'', lived approximately 47 million years ago (Lutetian stage) based on ...

'' Franzen ''et al.'', 2009 **** ''Darwinius masillae'' Franzen ''et al.'', 2009 *** '' Europolemur'' Weigelt, 1933 **** ''Europolemur dunaifi'' Tattersall & Schwartz, 1983 **** '' Europolemur klatti'' Weigelt, 1933 **** ''Europolemur koenigswald'' Franzen, 1987 *** ''

Godinotia ''Godinotia'' is an extinct genus of strepsirrhine primate belonging to the Adapidae family. It lived during the Eocene epoch (49 million years ago), and its fossils have been found in the Messel Pit, Germany. Size ''Godinotia'' were about 30&nb ...

'' Franzen, 2000 **** ''Godinotia neglecta'' Thalmann, Haubold & Martin, 1989 *** '' Mahgarita'' Wilson & Szalay, 1976 **** ''Mahgarita stevensi'' Wilson & Szalay, 1976 *** '' Masradapis'' Seiffert, Boyer, Fleagle, Gunnell, Heesy, Perry, Sallam, 2017 **** ''Masradapis tahai'' Seiffert, Boyer, Fleagle, Gunnell, Heesy, Perry, and Sallam, 2017 *** '' Mescalerolemur'' Kirk & Williams, 2011 **** ''Mescalerolemur horneri'' Kirk & Williams, 2011 * Sivaladapidae Thomas & Verma, 1979 ** '' Ramadapis'' Gilbert, Patel, Singh, Campisano, Fleagle, Rust, and Patnaik, 2017 *** ''Ramadapis sahnii'' Gilbert, Patel, Singh, Campisano, Fleagle, Rust, and Patnaik, 2017 ** Sivaladapinae Thomas & Verma, 1979 *** '' Indraloris'' Lewis, 1933 **** ''Indraloris himalayensis'' Pilgrim, 1932 **** ''Indraloris kamlialensis'' Flynn and Morgan, 2005 *** '' Sinoadapis'' Wu & Pan, 1985 **** ''Sinoadapis carnosus'' Wu & Pan, 1985 *** '' Sivaladapis'' Gingerich & Sahni, 1979 **** ''Sivaladapis nagrii'' Prasad, 1970 **** ''Sivaladapis palaendicus'' Pilgrim, 1932 ** Hoanghoniinae Gingerich ''et al''., 1994 *** '' Hoanghonius'' Zdansky, 1930 **** ''Hoanghonius stehlini'' Zdansky, 1930 *** '' Lushius'' Chow, 1961 **** ''Lushius qinlinensis'' Chow, 1961 *** '' Rencunius'' Gingerich ''et al.'', 1994 **** ''Rencunius zhoui'' Gingerich ''et al.'', 1994 *** '' Wailekia'' Ducrocq ''et al.'', 1995 **** ''Wailekia orientale'' Ducrocq ''et al.'', 1995 ** ''incertae sedis'' *** '' Guangxilemur'' Qi & Beard, 1998 **** ''Guangxilemur tongi'' Qi & Beard, 1998 *** '' Kyitchaungia'' Beard ''et al''. 2007 **** ''Kyitchaungia takaii'' Beard ''et al''. 2007 *** '' Laomaki'' Ni ''et al.'' 2016 **** ''Laomaki yunnanensis'' Ni ''et al.'' 2016 *** '' Paukkaungia'' Beard ''et al.'' 2007 **** ''Paukkaungia parva'' Beard ''et al.'' 2007 *** '' Siamoadapis'' Chaimanee ''et al.'', 2007 **** ''Siamoadapis maemohensis'' Chaimanee ''et al.'', 2007 *** '' Yunnanadapis'' Ni ''et al.'' 2016 **** ''Yunnanadapis folivorus'' Ni ''et al.'' 2016 **** ''Yunnanadapis imperator'' Ni ''et al.'' 2016

Infraorder Chiromyiformes

Daubentoniidae ''Daubentonia'' is the sole genus of the Daubentoniidae, a family of lemuroid primate native to much of Madagascar. The aye-aye ''(Daubentonia madagascariensis)'' is the only extant member. However, a second species known as the giant aye-aye ...

Gray, 1863 ::* ''

Daubentonia ''Daubentonia'' is the sole genus of the Daubentoniidae, a family of lemuroid primate native to much of Madagascar. The aye-aye ''(Daubentonia madagascariensis)'' is the only extant member. However, a second species known as the giant aye-aye ...

'' É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1795 :::* ''

Daubentonia robusta The giant aye-aye (''Daubentonia robusta'') is an extinct relative of the aye-aye, the only other species in the genus ''Daubentonia''. It lived in Madagascar, appears to have disappeared less than 1,000 years ago, is entirely unknown in life, a ...

'' Lamberton, 1934 :* Plesiopithecidae Simons and Rasmussen, 1994 ::* ''

Plesiopithecus ''Plesiopithecus '' is an extinct genus of early strepsirrhine primate from the late Eocene. Anatomy Originally described from the right mandible (lower jaw), its confusing anatomy resulted in it being classified as an ape—its name translate ...

'' Simons, 1992 :::* ''Plesiopithecus teras'' Simons, 1992 :* Propottidae Butler, 1984 ::* ''

Propotto ''Propotto'' is an extinct, monotypic genus of early strepsirrhine primate from the early Miocene of Kenya. It contains one described species, ''Propotto leakeyi''. Although long considered a pteropodid fruit-eating bat after spending a brief soj ...

'' Simpson, 1967 :::* ''Propotto leakeyi'' Simpson, 1967

Infraorder
Lemuriformes Lemuriformes is an infraorder of primate that falls under the suborder Strepsirrhini. It includes the lemurs of Madagascar, as well as the galagos and lorisids of Africa and Asia, although a popular alternative taxonomy places the lorisoids i ...

Basal stem group Lemuriformes

:*Family

Azibiidae Azibiidae is an extinct family of fossil primate from the late early or early middle Eocene from the Glib Zegdou Formation in the Gour Lazib area of Algeria. They are thought to be related to the living toothcombed primates, the lemurs and lor ...

Gingerich, 1976 ::* ''

Algeripithecus ''Algeripithecus'' is an extinct genus of early fossil primate, weighing approximately . Fossils have been found in Algeria dating from 50 to 46 million years ago. It was once commonly thought to be one of the oldest simian primates (a group t ...

'' Godinot & Mahboubi, 1992 :::* ''Algeripithecus minutus'' Godinot & Mahboubi, 1992 ::* '' Azibius'' Sudre, 1975 :::* ''Azibius trerki'' Sudre, 1975 :*

Djebelemuridae Djebelemuridae is an extinct family of early strepsirrhine primates from Africa. It consists of five genera. The organisms in this family were exceptionally small, and were insectivores. This family dates to the early to late Eocene. Although the ...

Hartenberger and Marandat, 1992 ::* unnamed ('Anchomomys') :::* '' 'Anchomomys' milleri'' Simons, 1997 ::* ''

Djebelemur ''Djebelemur'' is an extinct genus of early strepsirrhine primate from the late early or early middle Eocene period from the Chambi locality in Tunisia. Although they probably lacked a toothcomb, a specialized dental structure found in living ...

'' Hartenberger and Marandat, 1992 :::* ''Djebelemur martinezi'' Hartenberger & Marandat, 1992 ::* '' Namaia'' Pickford ''et al''., 2008 :::* ''Namaia bogenfelsi'' Pickford ''et al''., 2008 ::* '' Omanodon'' Gheerbrant ''et al.'', 1993 :::* ''Omanodon minor'' Gheerbrant ''et al.'', 1993 ::* '' Shizarodon'' Gheerbrant ''et al.'', 1993 :::* ''Shizarodon dhofarensis'' Gheerbrant ''et al.'', 1993 :* Plesiopithecidae Simons and Rasmussen, 1994 ::* ''

'' Simons, 1992 :::* ''Plesiopithecus teras'' Simons, 1992

Lemur Lemurs ( ) (from Latin ''lemures'' – ghosts or spirits) are Strepsirrhini, wet-nosed primates of the Superfamily (biology), superfamily Lemuroidea (), divided into 8 Family (biology), families and consisting of 15 genera and around 100 exist ...
oidea

Subfossil lemurs: Babakotia radofilai

:* Archaeolemuridae G. Grandier, 1905 ::* ''

Archaeolemur ''Archaeolemur'' ("ancient lemur" from Ancient Greek From Ancient Greek ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos), "Ancient" + Modern Latin lemur, "lemur") is an extinct genus of subfossil lemurs known from the Holocene epoch of Madagascar. ''Archaeolemur'' i ...

'' Filhol, 1895 :::* ''Archaeolemur edwardsi'' Filhol, 1895 :::* ''Archaeolemur majori'' Filhol, 1895 ::* ''

Hadropithecus ''Hadropithecus'' ("bulky ape" from Greek ἁδρός (hadros), "bulky, large" + πίθηκος (pithekos), "ape") is a medium-sized, extinct genus of lemur, or strepsirrhine primate, from Madagascar that includes a single species, ''Hadrop ...

'' Lorenz von Liburnau, 1899 :::* ''Hadropithecus stenognathus'' Lorenz von Liburnau, 1899 :* Palaeopropithecidae Tattersall, 1973 ::* ''

Mesopropithecus ''Mesopropithecus'' is an extinct genus of small to medium-sized lemur, or strepsirrhine primate, from Madagascar that includes three species, ''M. dolichobrachion'', ''M. globiceps'', and ''M. pithecoides''. Together with '' Pal ...

'' Standing, 1905 :::* ''Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion'' Simons ''et al.'', 1995 :::* ''Mesopropithecus globiceps'' Lamberton, 1936 :::* ''Mesopropithecus pithecoides'' Standing, 1905 ::* ''

Babakotia ''Babakotia'' is an extinct genus of medium-sized lemur, or strepsirrhine primate, from Madagascar that contains a single species, ''Babakotia radofilai''. Together with '' Palaeopropithecus'', '' Archaeoindris'', and '' Mesopropithecus'', it fo ...

'' Godfrey ''et al.'', 1990 :::* ''Babakotia radofilai'' Godfrey ''et al.'', 1990 ::* ''

Palaeopropithecus ''Palaeopropithecus'' ("old sifaka" from Ancient Greek παλαιός (palaiós), “old” + Modern Latin propithecus, "sifaka") is a recently extinct genus of large sloth lemurs from Madagascar related to living lemur species found there toda ...

'' G. Grandidier, 1899 :::* ''Palaeopropithecus ingens'' G. Grandidier, 1899 :::* ''Palaeopropithecus kelyus'' Gommery et al., 2010 :::* ''Palaeopropithecus maximus'' Standing, 1903 ::* ''

Archaeoindris ''Archaeoindris fontoynontii'' is an extinct giant lemur and the largest primate known to have evolved on Madagascar, comparable in size to a male gorilla. It belonged to a family of extinct lemurs known as "sloth lemurs" (Palaeopropithecidae) ...

'' Standing, 1909 :::* ''Archaeoindris fontoynontii'' Standing, 1909 :* Megaladapidae Forsyth-Major, 1894 ::* ''

Megaladapis ''Megaladapis'' ("Great ''Adapis''" from Ancient Greek μεγαλος (megalos), "great, big" + Modern Latin ''Adapis'', "'' Adapis''"), informally known as the koala lemur, was a genus belonging to the family Megaladapidae, consisting of thre ...

'' Forsyth-Major, 1894 :::* Subgenus: ''Megaladapis'' ::::* ''Megaladapis (Megaladapis) grandidieri'' Standing, 1903 ::::* ''Megaladapis (Megaladapis) madagascariensis'' Forsyth-Major, 1894 :::* Subgenus: ''Peloriadapis'' ::::* ''Megaladapis (Peloriadapis) edwardsi'' Grandidier, 1899 :*

Lemuridae Lemuridae is a family of strepsirrhine primates native to Madagascar and the Comoros. They are represented by the Lemuriformes in Madagascar with one of the highest concentration of the lemurs. One of five families commonly known as lemurs. Thes ...

Gray, 1821 ::* ''

Pachylemur ''Pachylemur'' is an extinct, giant lemur most closely related to the ruffed lemurs of genus ''Varecia''. Two species are known, ''Pachylemur insignis'' and ''Pachylemur jullyi'', although there is some doubt as to whether or not they may actua ...

'' Lamberton, 1946 :::* ''Pachylemur insignis'' Filhol, 1895 :::* ''Pachylemur jullyi'' Lamberton, 1948

Lorisiformes

Lorisidae Lorisidae (or sometimes Loridae) is a family of strepsirrhine primates. The lorisids are all slim arboreal animals and comprise the lorises, pottos and angwantibos. Lorisids live in tropical, central Africa as well as in south and southeast Asia. ...

Gray, 1821 :::* ''

Karanisia ''Karanisia'' is an extinct genus of strepsirrhine primate from middle Eocene deposits in Egypt. Classification Two species are known, ''K. clarki'' and ''K. arenula''. Originally considered a crown lorisid, more comprehensive phylogenetic a ...

'' Seiffert et al., 2003 ::::* ''Karanisia clarki'' Seiffert et al., 2003 :::* '' Mioeuoticus'' Leakey, 1962 ::::* ''Mioeuoticus bishopi'' Leakey, 1962 ::::* ''Mioeuoticus kichotoi'' Kunimatsu, Tsujikawa, Nakatsukasa, Shimizu, Ogihara, Kikuchi, Nakano, Takano, Morimoto, and Ishida, 2017 ::::* ''Mioeuoticus shipmani'' Phillips & Walker, 2000 :::* '' Nycticeboides'' Jacobs, 1981 ::::* ''Nycticeboides simpsoni'' Jacobs, 1981 :*

Galagidae Galagos , also known as bush babies, or ''nagapies'' (meaning "night monkeys" in Afrikaans), are small nocturnal primates native to continental, sub-Sahara Africa, and make up the family Galagidae (also sometimes called Galagonidae). They are ...

Gray, 1825 :::* ''

Galago Galagos , also known as bush babies, or ''nagapies'' (meaning "night monkeys" in Afrikaans), are small nocturnal primates native to continental, sub-Sahara Africa, and make up the family Galagidae (also sometimes called Galagonidae). They ar ...

'' Geoffroy, 1796 ::::* '' Galago farafraensis'' Pickford, Wanas & Soliman, 2006 ::::* '' Galago howelli'' Wesselman, 1984 ::::* '' Galago sadimanensis'' Walker, 1987 :::* ''

Komba Komba is a given name. Notable people with the name include: * Komba Claudius Gbamanja, Sierra Leonean politician from the opposition Sierra Leone People's Party * Samuel Komba Kambo, retired captain in the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces * K ...

'' Simspon, 1967 ::::* ''Komba minor'' Le Gros Clark & Thomas, 1952 ::::* ''Komba robustus'' Le Gros Clark & Thomas, 1952 ::::* ''Komba winamensis'' McCrossin, 1992 :::* '' Progalago'' MacInnes, 1943 ::::* ''Progalago dorae'' MacInnes, 1943 ::::* ''Progalago songhorensis'' Simpson, 1967 :::* '' Saharagalago'' Seiffert ''et al''., 2003 ::::* ''Saharagalago misrensis'' Seiffert ''et al''., 2003 :::* '' Wadilemur'' Simons, 1997 ::::* ''Wadilemur elegans'' Simons, 1997

Haplorhini Haplorhini (), the haplorhines (Greek for "simple-nosed") or the "dry-nosed" primates, is a suborder of primates containing the tarsiers and the simians (Simiiformes or anthropoids), as sister of the Strepsirrhini ("moist-nosed"). The name is some ...

::* '' Teilhardina'' Simpson, 1940 :::* ''Teilhardina asiatica'' Ni ''et al.'', 2004 :::* ''Teilhardina belgica'' (Teilhard de Chardin, 1927)

Tarsiiformes Tarsiiformes are a group of primates that once ranged across Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and North America, but whose extant species are all found in the islands of Southeast Asia. Tarsiers (family Tarsiidae) are the only living members o ...

Tarsiiformes Tarsiiformes are a group of primates that once ranged across Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and North America, but whose extant species are all found in the islands of Southeast Asia. Tarsiers (family Tarsiidae) are the only living members o ...
, ''incertae sedis''

::* '' Altanius'' Dashzeveg & McKenna, 1977 :::* ''Altanius orlovi'' Dashzeveg & McKenna, 1977 ::* ''

Altiatlasius ''Altiatlasius'' ("High Atlas" from Latin altus, "high" + Atlas, "Atlas") is an extinct genus of mammal Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands wh ...

'' Sigé ''et al.'', 1990 :::* ''Altiatlasius koulchii'' Sigé ''et al.'', 1990

Archicebidae

:* '' Archicebus'' Ni et al., 2013 ::* ''Archicebus achilles'' Ni et al., 2013

Omomyoidea

Omomyidae Omomyidae is a group of early primates that radiated during the Eocene epoch between about (mya). Fossil omomyids are found in North America, Europe & Asia making it one of two groups of Eocene primates with a geographic distribution spanning h ...

Trouessart, 1879 ::* '' Baataromomys'' Ni, Beard, Meng, Wang, and Gebo, 2007 :::* ''Baataromomys ulaanus'' Ni, Beard, Meng, Wang, and Gebo, 2007 ::* '' Kohatius'' Russell & Gingerich, 1980 :::* ''Kohatius coppensi'' Russell & Gingerich, 1980 ::* Microchoerinae Lydekker, 1887 :::* '' Melaneremia'' Hooker, 2007 ::::* ''Melaneremia bryanti'' Hooker, 2007 :::* '' Microchoerus'' Wood, 1846 ::::* ''Microchoerus creechbarrowensis'' Hooker, 1986 ::::* ''Microchoerus edwardsi'' Filhol, 1880 ::::* ''Microchoerus erinaceus'' Wood, 1846 ::::* ''Microchoerus hookeri'' Minwer-Barakat, Marigó, Femenias-Gual, Costeur, Esteban-Trivigno, and Moyà-Solà, 2017 ::::* ''Microchoerus ornatus'' Stehlin, 1916 ::::* ''Microchoerus wardi'' Hooker, 1986 :::* ''

Necrolemur ''Necrolemur'' is a small bodied omomyid with body mass estimations ranging from 114 grams to 346 grams. ''Necrolemur''’s teeth feature broad basins and blunt cusps, suggesting their diet consisted of mostly soft fruit A berry is a small, p ...

'' Filhol, 1873 ::::* ''Necrolemur anadoni'' Minwer-Barakat, Marigó & Moyà-Solà, 2015 ::::* ''Necrolemur antiquus'' Filhol, 1873 ::::* ''Necrolemur zitteli'' Schlosser, 1887 :::* '' Nannopithex'' Stehlin, 1916 ::::* ''Nannopithex filholi'' Chantre & Gaillard, 1897 ::::* ''Nannopithex humilidens'' Thalmann, 1994 ::::* ''Nannopithex quaylei'' Hooker, 1986 ::::* ''Nannopithex raabi'' Heller, 1930 ::::* ''Nannopithex zuccolae'' Godinot ''et al.'', 1992 :::* '' Pseudoloris'' Stehlin, 1916 ::::* ''Pseudoloris crusafonti'' Louis & Sudre, 1975 ::::* ''Pseudoloris godinoti'' Köhler & Moyà-Solà, 1999 ::::* ''Pseudoloris isabenae'' Crusafont-Pairo, 1967 ::::* ''Pseudoloris parvulus'' Filhol, 1890 ::* Anaptomorphinae Cope, 1883 :::* Tribe: Anaptomorphini ::::* '' Anaptomorphus'' Cope, 1872 :::::* ''Anaptomorphus aemulus'' Cope, 1872 :::::* ''Anaptomorphus westi'' Szalay, 1976 ::::* '' Tetonius'' Matthew, 1915 :::::* ''Tetonius homunculus'' Cope, 1882 :::::* ''Tetonius matthewi'' Bown & Rose, 1987 :::::* ''Tetonius mckennai'' Bown & Rose, 1987 ::::* '' Absarokius'' Matthew, 1915 :::::* ''Absarokius abbotti'' Loomis, 1906 :::::* ''Absarokius australis'' Bown & Rose, 1987 :::::* ''Absarokius nocerai'' Robinson, 1966 :::::* ''Absarokius metoecus'' Bown & Rose, 1987 :::::* ''Absarokius witteri'' Morris, 1954 ::::* ''" Teilhardina"'' Simpson, 1940 :::::* ''Teilhardina brandti'' Gingerich, 1993 :::::* ''"Teilhardina" demissa'' Rose, 1995 :::::* ''"Teilhardina" gingerichi'' Rose, Chew, Dunn, Kraus, Fricke, and Zack, 2012 :::::* ''"Teilhardina" tenuicula'' Jepsen, 1930 ::::* '' Bownomomys'' Morse et al., 2018 :::::* ''Bownomomys americanus'' (Bown, 1976) :::::* ''Bownomomys crassidens'' )Bown & Rose, 1987) ::::* '' Anemorhysis'' Gazin, 1958 :::::* ''Anemorhysis natronensis'' Beard ''et al.'', 1992 :::::* ''Anemorhysis pattersoni'' Bown & Rose, 1984 :::::* ''Anemorhysis pearcei'' Gazin, 1962 :::::* ''Anemorhysis savagei'' Williams & Covert, 1994 :::::* ''Anemorhysis sublettensis'' Gazin, 1952 :::::* ''Anemorhysis wortmani'' Bown & Rose, 1984 ::::* '' Chlororhysis'' Gazin, 1958 :::::* ''Chlororhysis incomptus'' Bown & Rose, 1984 :::::* ''Chlororhysis knightensis'' Gazin, 1958 ::::* '' Pseudotetonius'' Bown, 1974 :::::* ''Pseudotetonius ambiguus'' Bown, 1974 ::::* '' Arapahovius'' Savage & Waters, 1978 :::::* ''Arapahovius advena'' Bown & Rose, 1991 :::::* ''Arapahovius gazini'' Savage & Waters, 1978 ::::* '' Aycrossia'' Bown, 1979 :::::* ''Aycrossia lovei'' Bown, 1979 ::::* '' Strigorhysis'' Bown, 1979 :::::* ''Strigorhysis bridgerensis'' Bown, 1979 :::::* ''Strigorhysis huerfanensis'' Bown & Rose, 1987 :::::* ''Strigorhysis rugosus'' Bown, 1979 ::::* '' Gazinius'' Bown, 1979 :::::* ''Gazinius amplus'' Bown, 1979 :::::* ''Gazinius bowni'' Gunnell, 1995 ::::* '' Tatmanius'' Bown & Rose, 1991 :::::* ''Tatmanius szalayi'' Bown & Rose, 1991 :::* Tribe: Trogolemurini ::::* '' Trogolemur'' Matthew, 1909 :::::* ''Trogolemur amplior'' Beard ''et al.'', 1992 :::::* ''Trogolemur fragilis'' Beard ''et al.'', 1992 :::::* ''Trogolemur myodes'' Matthew, 1909 ::::* '' Sphacorhysis'' Gunnell, 1995 :::::* ''Sphacorhysis burntforkensis'' Gunnell, 1995 ::::* '' Walshina'' López-Torres, Silcox, and Holroyd, 2018 :::::* ''Walshina esmaraldensis'' López-Torres, Silcox, and Holroyd, 2018 :::::* ''Walshina mcgrewi'' (Robinson, 1968) :::::* ''Walshina shifrae'' (Krishtalka, 1978) ::* Omomyinae Trouessart, 1879 :::* '' Brontomomys'' Atwater and Kirk, 2018 ::::* ''Brontomomys cerutti'' Atwater and Kirk, 2018 :::* '' Diablomomys'' Williams and Kirk, 2008 ::::* ''Diablomomys dalquesti'' Williams and Kirk, 2008 :::* '' Ekwiiyemakius'' Atwater and Kirk, 2018 ::::* ''Ekwiiyemakius walshi'' Atwater and Kirk, 2018 :::* '' Gunnelltarsius'' Atwater and Kirk, 2018 ::::* ''Gunnelltarsius randalli'' Atwater and Kirk, 2018 :::* Tribe: Omomyiini ::::* '' Omomys'' Leidy, 1869 :::::* ''Omomys carteri'' Leidy, 1869 :::::* ''Omomys lloydi'' Gazin, 1958 ::::* '' Steinius'' Bown & Rose, 1984 :::::* ''Steinius annectens'' Bown & Rose, 1991 :::::* ''Steinius vespertinus'' Matthew, 1915 ::::* '' Chumashius'' Stock, 1933 :::::* ''Chumashius balchi'' Stock, 1933 :::* Tribe: Washakiini ::::* '' Washakius'' Leidy, 1873 :::::* ''Washakius insignis'' Leidy, 1873 :::::* ''Washakius izetti'' Honey, 1990 :::::* ''Washakius laurae'' Simpson, 1959 :::::* ''Washakius woodringi'' Stock, 1938 ::::* ''

Shoshonius ''Shoshonius'' (named after the Shoshone tribe) is an extinct genus of omomyid primate that lived during the Eocene (~56-34 million years ago). Specimens identified as ''Shoshonius'' have been found exclusively in central Wyoming and the genus c ...

'' Granger, 1910 :::::* ''Shoshonius bowni'' Honey, 1990 :::::* ''Shoshonius cooperi'' Granger, 1910 ::::* '' Dyseolemur'' Stock, 1934 :::::* ''Dyseolemur pacificus'' Stock, 1934 ::::* '' Loveina'' Simpson, 1940 :::::* ''Loveina minuta'' Loomis, 1906 :::::* ''Loveina wapitiensis'' Gunnell ''et al.'', 1992 :::::* ''Loveina zephyri'' Simspon, 1940 :::* Tribe: Utahiini ::::* '' Utahia'' Gazin, 1958 :::::* ''Utahia carina'' Muldoon and Gunnell, 2002 :::::* ''Utahia kayi'' Gazin, 1958 ::::* '' Stockia'' Gazin, 1958 :::::* ''Stockia powayensis'' Gazin, 1958 ::::* '' Chipetaia'' Rasmussen, 1996 :::::* ''Chipetaia lamporea'' Rasmussen, 1996 ::::* '' Asiomomys'' Wang & Li, 1990 :::::* ''Asiomomys changbaicus'' Wang & Li, 1990 :::* Tribe: Ourayiini ::::* '' Wyomomys'' Gunnell, 1995 :::::* ''Wyomomys bridgeri'' Gunnell, 1995 ::::* '' Ageitodendron'' Gunnell, 1995 :::::* ''Ageitodendron matthewi'' Gunnell, 1995 ::::* '' Ourayia'' Gazin, 1958 :::::* ''Ourayia hopsoni'' Robinson, 1968 :::::* ''Ourayia uintensis'' Osborn, 1895 :::* Tribe: Macrotarsiini ::::* '' Macrotarsius'' Clark, 1941 :::::* ''Macrotarsius jepseni'' Robinson, 1968 :::::* ''Macrotarsius macrorhysis'' Beard ''et al.'', 1994 :::::* ''Macrotarsius montanus'' Clark, 1941 :::::* ''Macrotarsius roederi'' Kelly, 1990 :::::* ''Macrotarsius siegerti'' Robinson, 1968 ::::* '' Hemiacodon'' Marsh, 1872 :::::* ''Hemiacodon casamissus'' Beard ''et al.'', 1992 :::::* ''Hemiacodon gracilis'' Marsh, 1872 ::::* '' Yaquius'' Mason, 1990 :::::* ''Yaquius travisi'' Mason, 1990 :::* Tribe: Uintaniini ::::* '' Uintanius'' Matthew, 1915 :::::* ''Uintanius ameghini'' Wortman, 1904 :::::* ''Uintanius rutherfurdi'' Robinson, 1966 ::::* '' Jemezius'' Beard, 1987 :::::* ''Jemezius szalayi'' Beard, 1987 :::* Tribus:

Rooneyini ''Rooneyia viejaensis'' is a relatively small primate belonging to the extinct monotypic genus ''Rooneyia''. ''Rooneyia viejaensis'' is known from the North American Eocene of the Sierra Vieja of West Texas; the species is only known from the typ ...

::::* ''

Rooneyia ''Rooneyia viejaensis'' is a relatively small primate belonging to the extinct monotypic genus ''Rooneyia''. ''Rooneyia viejaensis'' is known from the North American Eocene of the Sierra Vieja of West Texas; the species is only known from the typ ...

'' Wilson, 1966 :::::* ''Rooneyia viejaensis'' Wilson, 1966 :* Tarsiidae Gray, 1825 ::* '' Hesperotarsius'' Zijlstra, Flynn, and Wessels, 2013 :::* ''Hesperotarsius sindhensis'' Zijlstra, Flynn, and Wessels, 2013 :::* ''Hesperotarsius thailandicus'' (Ginsburg & Mein, 1987) ::* '' Oligotarsius'' Ni ''et al.'', 2016 :::* ''Oligotarsius rarus'' Ni ''et al.'', 2016 ::* ''

Tarsius ''Tarsius'' is a genus of tarsiers, small primates native to islands of Southeast Asia. Until 2010, all tarsier species were typically assigned to this genus, but a revision of the family Tarsiidae restored the generic status of ''Cephalopach ...

'' Storr, 1780 :::* ''"Tarsius" eocaenus'' Beard ''et al.'', 1994 :::* ''"Tarsius" sirindhornae'' Chaimanee ''et al.'', 2011 ::* '' Xanthorhysis'' Beard, 1998 :::* ''Xanthorhysis tabrumi'' Beard, 1998

Eosimiiformes

Afrotarsiidae

:*'' Afrasia'' Chaimanee et al. 2012 ::*''Afrasia djijidae'' Chaimanee et al. 2012 :* ''

Afrotarsius ''Afrotarsius'' is a primate found in the Paleogene of Africa. The first species to be named, ''Afrotarsius chatrathi'', was named in 1985 on the basis of a single lower jaw from the Oligocene of Fayum, Egypt, and tentatively referred to the ...

'' Simons & Bown, 1985 ::* ''Afrotarsius chatrathi'' Simons & Bown, 1985 ::* ''Afrotarsius libycus'' Jaeger ''et al''., 2010

Eosimiidae Eosimiidae is the possible family of extinct primates believed to be the earliest simians. Taxonomy When they were discovered the possibility that Eosimians were outside and ancestral to Simians was considered (Culotta 1992), but subsequent ...

:* ''

Eosimias ''Eosimias'' is a genus of early primates, first discovered and identified in 1999 from fossils collected in the Shanghuang fissure-fillings of Liyang, the southern city of Jiangsu Province, China. It is a part of the family Eosimiidae, and in ...

'' Beard ''et al.'', 1994 ::* ''Eosimias centennicus'' Beard ''et al.'', 1996 ::* ''Eosimias sinensis'' Beard ''et al.'', 1994 :* '' Bahinia'' Jaeger ''et al.'', 1999 ::* ''Bahinia banyueae'' Li ''et al.'', 2016 ::* ''Bahinia pondaungensis'' Jaeger ''et al.'', 1999 :* ''

Phileosimias ''Phileosimias'' ("'' Eosimias'' ally") is an extinct genus of primates with two species, ''P. kamli'' and ''P. bahuiorum'', that are believed to be amongst the early simians. Marivaux ''et al.'' announced in 2005 their discovery of fossils ...

'' Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005 ::* ''Phileosimias brahuiorum'' Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005 ::* ''Phileosimias kamali'' Marivaux, Antoine, Baqri, Benammi, and Chaimanee, 2005 :* '' Phenacopithecus'' Beard and Wang, 2004 ::* ''Phenacopithecus krishtalkai'' Beard and Wang, 2004 ::* ''Phenacopithecus xueshii'' Beard and Wang, 2004

Simiiformes The simians, anthropoids, or higher primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes ) of primates containing all animals traditionally called monkeys and apes. More precisely, they consist of the parvorders New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) and Catarrhi ...

Simiiformes The simians, anthropoids, or higher primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes ) of primates containing all animals traditionally called monkeys and apes. More precisely, they consist of the parvorders New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) and Catarrhi ...
, ''incertae sedis''

Amphipithecidae The Amphipithecidae were simian primates that lived in Late Eocene and Early Oligocene. Fossils have been found in Myanmar, Thailand, and Pakistan. The limited fossil evidence is consistent with, but not exclusive to, arboreal quadrupedalism. In ...

Godinot, 1994 ::* '' Pondaungia'' Pilgrim, 1927 :::* ''Pondaungia cotteri'' Pilgrim, 1927 ::* '' Amphipithecus'' Colbert, 1937 :::* ''Amphipithecus mogaungensis'' Colbert, 1937 ::* '' Krabia'' Chaimanee ''et al.'', 2013 :::* ''Krabia minuta'' Chaimanee ''et al.'', 2013 ::* '' Siamopithecus'' Chaimanee ''et al.'', 1997 :::* ''Siamopithecus eocaenus'' Chaimanee ''et al.'', 1997 *

Proteopithecidae Proteopithecidae is an extinct family of primates which lived in the Priabonian (late Eocene) and probably early Oligocene periods. Fossils that have been found are in the Jebel Qatrani Formation in Egypt. Currently two genera are recognised, eac ...

Simons, 1997 ::* '' Proteopithecus'' Simons, 1989 :::* ''Proteopithecus sylviae'' Simons, 1989 ::* ''

Serapia The Serapia or Sarapia was a Roman Imperial religious festival devoted to the Greco-Egyptian god Serapis. It is found as an official holiday on 25 April as late as the Calendar of Filocalus in 354 AD. In farmers' almanacs ''( menologia rustica)' ...

'' Simons, 1992 :::* ''Serapia eocaena'' Simons, 1992 *

Parapithecidae Parapithecidae is an extinct family of primates which lived in the Eocene and Oligocene periods in Egypt. Eocene fossils from Myanmar are sometimes included in the family in addition. They showed certain similarities in dentition to Condylarthra, ...

Schlosser, 1911 ::* '' Arsinoea'' Simons, 1992 :::* ''Arsinoea kallimos'' Simons, 1992 ::* ''

Apidium The genus ''Apidium'' (from Latin, a diminutive of the Egyptian bull god, Apis, as the first fossils were thought to be from a type of a cow) is that of at least three extinct primates living in the early Oligocene, from 30 to 28 million years ...

'' Osborn, 1908 :::* ''Apidium bowni'' Simons, 1995 :::* ''Apidium moustafai'' Simons, 1962 :::* ''Apidium phiomense'' Osborn, 1908 ::* ''

Parapithecus ''Parapithecus'' is an extinct genus of primate that lived during the Late Eocene- Earliest Oligocene in what is now Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northea ...

'' Schlosser, 1910 :::* ''Parapithecus fraasi'' Schlosser, 1910 :::* ''Parapithecus grangeri'' Simons, 1974 ::* ''

Qatrania Qatrania is an extinct genus of primate Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simia ...

'' Simons & Kay, 1983 :::* ''Qatrania fleaglei'' Simons & Kay, 1988 :::* ''Qatrania wingi'' Simons & kay, 1983 ::* ''

Biretia ''Biretia'' is an extinct genus of Old World monkey belonging to the extinct family Parapithecidae. Fossils are found from Late Eocene strata in Egypt. The first discovery of ''Biretia'' was a single tooth dated to approximately 37 mya, which w ...

'' Bonis ''et al.'', 1988 :::* ''Biretia piveteaui'' Bonis ''et al.'', 1988 :::* ''Biretia fayumensis'' Seiffert ''et al.'', 2005 :::* ''Biretia megalopsis'' Seiffert ''et al.'', 2005

Platyrrhini

* Platyrrhini, ''incertae sedis'' ** ''

Branisella ''Branisella'' is an extinct genus of New World monkey from the Salla Formation of what is now Bolivia during the Late Oligocene, approximately 26 million years ago (Deseadan), comprising only the species ''Branisella boliviana''.Atelidae The Atelidae are one of the five family (biology), families of New World monkeys now recognised. It was formerly included in the family Cebidae. Atelids are generally larger monkeys; the family includes the howler monkey, howler, spider monkey, ...

Gray, 1825 ** Pitheciinae Mivart, 1865 ** Tribus: Callicebini *** '' Xenothrix'' Williams & Koopman, 1952 **** ''Xenothrix mcgregori'' Williams & Koopman, 1952 *** '' Antillothrix'' MacPhee ''et al.'', 1995 **** ''Antillothrix bernensis'' Rímoli, 1977 *** ''

Paralouatta ''Paralouatta'' is a platyrrhine genus that currently contains two extinct species of small primates that lived on the island of Cuba. Description ''Paralouatta varonai'' was described from a nearly complete cranium from the late Quaternary ...

'' Rivero & Arredondo, 1991 **** ''Paralouatta varonai'' Rivero & Arredondo, 1991 **** ''Paralouatta marianae'' ** Tribus: Pitheciini *** '' Soriacebus'' Fleagle ''et al.'', 1987 **** ''Soriacebus adrianae'' Fleagle, 1990 **** ''Soriacebus ameghinorum'' Fleagle ''et al.'', 1987 *** '' Proteropithecia'' Kay ''et al.'', 1999 **** ''Proteropithecia neuquenensis'' Kay ''et al.'', 1998 *** ''

Cebupithecia ''Cebupithecia'' is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Middle Miocene (Laventan in the South American land mammal ages; 13.8 to 11.8 Ma). Its remains have been found at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group of ...

'' Stirton & Savage, 1951 **** ''Cebupithecia sarmientoi'' Stirton & Savage, 1951 *** '' Nuciruptor'' Meldrum & Kay, 1997 **** ''Nuciruptor rubricae'' Meldrum & Kay, 1997 ** Tribus: Homunculini *** ''

Homunculus A homunculus ( , , ; "little person") is a representation of a small human being, originally depicted as small statues made out of clay. Popularized in sixteenth-century alchemy and nineteenth-century fiction, it has historically referred to the ...

'' Ameghino, 1891 **** ''Homunculus patagonicus'' Ameghino, 1891 *** '' Carlocebus'' Fleagle, 1990 **** ''Carlocebus carmenensis'' Fleagle, 1990 **** ''Carlocebus intermedius'' Fleagle, 1990 **

Atelinae The Atelinae are a subfamily of New World monkeys in the family Atelidae, and includes the various spider and woolly monkeys. The primary distinguishing feature of the atelines is their long prehensile tails, which can support their entire body w ...

Gray, 1825 ** Tribus: Alouattini *** '' Stirtonia'' Hershkovitz, 1970 **** ''Stirtonia tatacoensis'' Stirton, 1951 **** ''Stirtonia victoriae'' Kay ''et al.'', 1987 ** Tribus: Atelini *** ''

Caipora Caipora is an entity of the Tupi- Guarani mythology in Brazil. The word "Caipora" comes from tupi and means "inhabitant of the forest". It is represented as a dark-skinned, small Native American, naked with a very long red mane, smoking a ciga ...

'' Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996 **** ''Caipora bambuiorum'' Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996 **

, ''incertae sedis'' *** ''

Protopithecus ''Protopithecus'' is an extinct genus of large New World monkey that lived during the Pleistocene. Fossils have been found in the Toca da Boa Vista cave of Brazil, as well as other locales in the country. Fossils of another large, but less robu ...

'' Lund, 1838 **** ''Protopithecus brasiliensis'' Lund, 1838 * Cebidae Bonaparte, 1831 ** Cebinae Bonaparte, 1831 ** Tribus: Saimiriini *** '' Neosaimiri'' Stirton, 1951 **** ''Neosaimiri fieldsi'' Stirton, 1951 *** '' Laventiana'' Rosenberger ''et al.'', 1991 **** ''Laventiana annectens'' Rosenberger ''et al.'', 1991 *** ''

Dolichocebus ''Dolichocebus'' is an extinct New World monkey genus that lived in Argentine Patagonia (Sarmiento Formation) from about 21 to 17.5 million years ago during the Early Miocene (Colhuehuapian in the SALMA classification).

'' Kraglievich, 1951 **** ''Dolichocebus gaimanensis'' Kraglievich, 1951 ** Cebinae, ''incertae sedis'' *** '' Chilecebus'' Flynn & al, 1995 **** ''Chilecebus carrascoensis'' Flynn & al, 1995 *** ''

Killikaike ''Killikaike'' is an extinct genus of New World monkey. The genus includes one species, ''Killikaike blakei'', that lived in Argentina during the Early Miocene. ''Killikaike blakei'' was collected in southern-most Argentina in January, 2005 and t ...

'' Tejedor et al., 2006 **** ''Killikaike blakei'' Tejedor et al., 2006 ** Aotinae Elliot, 1913 *** '' Aotus'' Illiger, 1811 **** ''Aotus dindensis'' Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1987 ** Aotinae, ''incertae sedis'' *** '' Tremacebus'' Hershkovitz, 1974 **** ''Tremacebus harringtoni'' Rusconi, 1933 **

Callitrichinae The Callitrichidae (also called Arctopitheci or Hapalidae) are a family of New World monkeys, including marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the fa ...

Thomas, 1903 ** Tribus: Callimiconi *** ''

Mohanamico ''Mohanamico'' is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Middle Miocene (Laventan in the South American land mammal ages; 13.8 to 11.8 Ma). Its remains have been found at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group of Co ...

'' Luchterhand ''et al.'', 1986 **** ''Mohanamico hershkovitzi'' Luchterhand ''et al.'', 1986 **

, ''incertae sedis'' *** ''

Patasola The Patasola or "one leg" is one of many legends in South American folklore about female monsters from the jungle, appearing to male hunters or loggers in the middle of the wilderness when they think about women. The Patasola appears in the form ...

'' Kay & Meldrum, 1997 **** ''Patasola magdalenae'' Kay & Meldrum, 1997 *** ''

Lagonimico ''Lagonimico'' is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Middle Miocene (Laventan in the South American land mammal ages; 13.8 to 11.8 Ma). Its remains have been found at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group of Co ...

'' Kay, 1994 **** ''Lagonimico conclutatus'' Kay, 1994 *** ''

Micodon ''Micodon'' is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Middle Miocene (Laventan in the South American land mammal ages; 13.8 to 11.8 Ma). Its remains have been found at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group of Colomb ...

'' Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1985 **** ''Micodon kiotensis'' Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1985

Catarrhini The parvorder Catarrhini , catarrhine monkeys, Old World anthropoids, or Old World monkeys, consisting of the Cercopithecoidea and apes (Hominoidea). In 1812, Geoffroy grouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old ...

=
Catarrhini The parvorder Catarrhini , catarrhine monkeys, Old World anthropoids, or Old World monkeys, consisting of the Cercopithecoidea and apes (Hominoidea). In 1812, Geoffroy grouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old ...
, ''incertae sedis''

= :*'' Limnopithecus'' Hopwood, 1933 ::* ''Limnopithecus evansi'' MacInnes, 1943 ::* ''Limnopithecus legetet'' Hopwood, 1933 :* '' Kalepithecus'' Harrison, 1988 ::*''Kalepithecus songhorensis'' Andrews, 1978 ::*''Kalepithecus kogolensis'' Pickford ''et al.'', 2017 :* '' Kamoyapithecus'' Leakey ''et al.'', 1995 ::* ''Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni'' Madden, 1980 :* '' Kogolepithecus'' Pickford ''et al.'', 2003 ::* ''Kogolepithecus morotoensis'' Pickford ''et al.'', 2003

= Propliothecoidea

= *

Oligopithecidae Oligopithecidae is an extinct basal Catarrhine family from the late Eocene of Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa ...

Kay & Williams, 1994 ::* '' Catopithecus'' Simons, 1989 :::* ''Catopithecus browni'' Simons, 1989 ::* '' Oligopithecus'' Simons, 1962 :::* ''Oligopithecus rogeri'' Gheerbrant ''et al.'', 1995 :::* ''Oligopithecus savagei'' Simons, 1962 ::* '' Talahpithecus'' Jaeger et al., 2010 :::* ''Talahpithecus parvus'' Jaeger et al., 2010 * Propliopithecidae Straus, 1961 ::* '' Moeripithecus'' Schlosser, 1910 :::* ''Moeripithecus markgrafi'' Schlosser, 1910 ::* ''

Propliopithecus ''Propliopithecus'' is an extinct genus of primate. The 40 cm (1 ft 4 in) long creature resembled today's gibbons. Its eyes faced forwards, giving it stereoscopical vision. ''Propliopithecus'' was most likely an omnivore. It is pos ...

'' Schlosser, 1910 :::* ''Propliopithecus ankeli'' Simons ''et al.'', 1987 :::* ''Propliopithecus chirobates'' Simons, 1965 :::* ''Propliopithecus haeckeli'' Schlosser, 1910 ::* ''

Aegyptopithecus ''Aegyptopithecus'' ("Egyptian ape", from Greek ''Αίγυπτος'' "Egypt" and ''πίθηκος'' "ape") is an early fossil catarrhine that predates the divergence between hominoids ( apes) and cercopithecids (Old World monkeys). It is kno ...

'' Simons, 1965 :::* ''Aegyptopithecus zeuxis'' Simons, 1965

=
Pliopithecoidea Pliopithecoidea is an extinct superfamily of catarrhine primates that inhabited Asia and Europe during the Miocene. Although they were once a widespread and diverse group of primates, the pliopithecoids have no living descendants. History of d ...

= * Pliopithecidae Zapfe, 1960 ** '' Lomorupithecus'' Rossie and MacLatchy, 2006 *** '' Lomorupithecus harrisoni'' Rossie and MacLatchy, 2006 ** Dionysopithecinae *** '' Dionysopithecus'' Li, 1978 **** ''Dionysopithecus orientalis'' Suteethorn ''et al.'', 1990 **** ''Dionysopithecus shuangouensis'' Li, 1978 *** '' Platodontopithecus'' Li, 1978 **** ''Platodontopithecus jianghuaiensis'' Li, 1978 ** Pliopitheciinae *** '' Epipliopithecus'' Zapfe & Hurzeler, 1957 **** '' Epipliopithecus vindobonensis'' Zapfe & Hurzeler, 1957 *** ''

Pliopithecus ''Pliopithecus'' {meaning "more ape") is a genus of extinct primates of the Miocene. It was discovered in 1837 by Édouard Lartet (1801–1871) in France, with fossils subsequently discovered in Switzerland, Slovakia and Spain. ''Pliopithecus'' ...

'' Gervais, 1849 **** ''Pliopithecus antiquus'' Gervais, 1849 **** ''Pliopithecus piveteaui'' Hürzeler, 1954 **** ''Pliopithecus platyodon'' Bidermann, 1863 **** ''Pliopithecus zhanxiangi'' Harrison ''et al.'', 1991 *** '' Egarapithecus'' Moyà-Solà ''et al.'', 2001 **** ''Egarapithecus narcisoi'' Moyà-Solà ''et al.'', 2001 ** Crouzeliinae Ginsburg & Mein, 1980 *** '' Plesiopliopithecus'' Zapfe, 1961 **** ''Plesiopliopithecus auscitanensis'' Bergounioux & Crouzel, 1965 **** ''Plesiopliopithecus lockeri'' Zapfe, 1961 **** ''Plesiopliopithecus priensis'' Welcomme ''et al.'', 1991 **** ''Plesiopliopithecus rhodanica'' Ginsburg & Mein, 1980 *** '' Anapithecus'' Kretzoi, 1975 **** ''Anapithecus hernyaki'' Kretzoi, 1975 *** '' Laccopithecus'' Wu & Pan, 1984 **** ''Laccopithecus robustus'' Wu & Pan, 1984 :*

Pliopithecoidea Pliopithecoidea is an extinct superfamily of catarrhine primates that inhabited Asia and Europe during the Miocene. Although they were once a widespread and diverse group of primates, the pliopithecoids have no living descendants. History of d ...

, ''incertae sedis'' ::* '' Paidopithex'' Pohlig, 1895 :::* ''Paidopithex rhenanus'' Pohlig, 1895

= Dendropithecoidea

= *

Dendropithecidae The family Dendropithecidae is an extinct family of catarrhine monkeys. They date from the Early Miocene, around 20 - 12 million years ago. Fossils of the two ''Dendropithecus'' species, ''Dendropithecus macinnesi'' and ''Dendropithecus ugandens ...

Harrison, 2002 ::* ''

Dendropithecus ''Dendropithecus'' is an extinct genus of apes native to East Africa between 20 and 15 million years ago. ''Dendropithecus'' was originally suggested to be related to modern gibbons, based primarily on similarities in size, dentition, and skelet ...

'' Andrews & Simons, 1977 :::* ''Dendropithecus macinnesi'' Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950 :::* ''Dendropithecus ugandensis'' Pickford ''et al.'', 2010 ::* ''

Micropithecus ''Micropithecus'' is an extinct genus of primates that lived in East Africa about 19 to 15 million years ago, during the early Miocene. The genus and its type species, ''Micropithecus clarki'', were first scientifically described in 1978. Joh ...

'' Fleagle & Simons, 1978 :::* ''Micropithecus clarki'' Fleagle & Simons, 1978 :::* ''Micropithecus leakeyorum'' Harrison, 1989 ::* '' Simiolus'' Leakey & Leakey, 1987 :::* ''Simiolus andrewsi'' Harrison, 2010 :::* ''Simiolus cheptumoae'' Pickford & Kunimatsu, 2005 :::* ''Simiolus enjiessi'' Leakey & Leakey, 1987 :::* ''Simiolus minutus'' Rossie & Hill, 2018

= Saadanioidea

= *

Saadaniidae ''Saadanius'' is a genus of fossil primate dating to the Oligocene that is closely related to the common ancestor of the Old World monkeys and apes, collectively known as catarrhines. It is represented by a single species, ''Saadanius hijazensi ...

Zalmout et al., 2010 ::* '' Saadanius'' Zalmout et al., 2010 :::* '' Saadanius hijazensis'' Zalmout et al. 2010

=
Cercopithecoidea Old World monkey is the common English name for a family of primates known taxonomically as the Cercopithecidae (). Twenty-four genera and 138 species are recognized, making it the largest primate family. Old World monkey genera include baboons ...

= * '' Nsungwepithecus'' Stevens et al., 2013 ** '' Nsungwepithecus gunnelli'' Stevens et al., 2013 * Victoriapithecidae von Koenigswald, 1969 ::* ''

Victoriapithecus ''Victoriapithecus macinnesi'' was a primate Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the s ...

'' von Koenigswald, 1969 :::* '' Victoriapithecus macinnesi'' von Koenigswald, 1969 ::* '' Prohylobates'' Fourtau, 1918 :::* '' Prohylobates tandyi'' Fourtau, 1918 :::* '' Prohylobates simonsi'' Delson, 1979 ::* '' Noropithecus'' Miller ''et al.'' 2009 :::* '' Noropithecus bulukensis'' Miller ''et al.'' 2009 *

Cercopithecidae Old World monkey is the common English name for a family of primates known taxonomically as the Cercopithecidae (). Twenty-four genera and 138 species are recognized, making it the largest primate family. Old World monkey genera include baboons ...

Gray, 1821 **

Colobinae The Colobinae or leaf-eating monkeys are a subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 61 species in 11 genera, including the black-and-white colobus, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the gray langurs. Some classifications s ...

Jernon, 1867 ** Tribus: Colobini *** ''

Microcolobus ''Microcolobus'' is an extinct genus of Old world monkey that lived in eastern Africa during the Late Miocene and is regarded as the first known member of the Colobinae. Taxonomy ''Microcolobus'' was described in 1986 from remains that were found ...

'' Benefit & Pickford, 1986 **** '' Microcolobus tugenensis'' Benefit & Pickford, 1986 *** '' Rhinocolobus'' M.G. Leakey, 1982 **** '' Rhinocolobus turkanaensis'' M.G. Leakey, 1982 **

, ''incertae sedis'' *** ''

Mesopithecus ''Mesopithecus'' ("middle monkey" for being between '' Hylobates'' and ''Semnopithecus'' in build) is an extinct genus of Old World monkey that lived in Europe and Asia 7 to 5 million years ago. ''Mesopithecus'' resembled a modern macaque, with ...

'' Wagner, 1839 **** '' Mesopithecus pentelicus'' Wagner, 1839 **** '' Mesopithecus monspessulanus'' Gervais, 1849 **** '' Mesopithecus sivalensis'' (Lydekker, 1878) *** '' Myanmarcolobus'' Takai et al., 2015 **** '' Myanmarcolobus yawensis'' Takai et al., 2015 *** ''

Rhinopithecus __NOTOC__ Snub-nosed monkeys are a group of Old World monkeys and make up the entirety of the genus ''Rhinopithecus''. The genus is rare and not fully researched. Some taxonomists group snub-nosed monkeys together with the genus '' Pygathrix''. ...

'' É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 **** Subgenus: ''Rhinopithecus'' É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 **** '' Rhinopithecus (Rhinopithecus) lantianensis'' Hu & Qi, 1978 *** ''

Dolichopithecus ''Dolichopithecus'' is an extinct genus of Old World monkey that lived in Europe during the Late Miocene and Pliocene. Taxonomy The type species ''Dolichopithecus ruscinensis'' was first described in 1889 by Charles Depéret, based on fossil re ...

'' Depéret, 1889 **** '' Dolichopithecus ruscinensis'' Depéret, 1889 *** '' Libypithecus'' Stromer, 1913 **** '' Libypithecus markgrafi'' Stromer, 1913 *** ''

Semnopithecus Gray langurs, also called Hanuman langurs and Hanuman monkeys, are Old World monkeys native to the Indian subcontinent constituting the genus ''Semnopithecus''. Traditionally only one species ''Semnopithecus entellus'' was recognized, but since a ...

'' Desmarest, 1822 **** '' Semnopithecus gwebinnensis'' Takai et al., 2016 *** ''

Parapresbytis ''Parapresbytis'' is an extinct genus of colobine monkey that lived in northeast Asia during the Mid-Late Pliocene. It is represented by single species known as ''Parapresbytis eohanuman'', whose remains have been found throughout the Transbaikal ...

'' Kalmykov & Maschenko, 1992 **** '' Parapresbytis eohanuman'' (Borissoglebskaya, 1981) *** ''

Cercopithecoides ''Cercopithecoides'' is an extinct genus of colobine monkey from Africa which lived during the latest Miocene to the Pleistocene period. There are several recognized species, with the smallest close in size to some of the larger extant colobines, ...

'' Mollett, 1947 **** ''

Cercopithecoides kimeui ''Cercopithecoides'' is an extinct genus of colobine monkey from Africa which lived during the latest Miocene to the Pleistocene period. There are several recognized species, with the smallest close in size to some of the larger extant colobines, ...

'' M.G. Leakey, 1982 **** '' Cercopithecoides williamsi'' Mollett, 1947 *** '' Paracolobus'' R.E.F. Leakey, 1969 **** '' Paracolobus chemeroni'' R.E.F. Leakey, 1969 **** '' Paracolobus mutiwa'' M.G. Leakey, 1969 **

Cercopithecinae The Cercopithecinae are a subfamily of the Old World monkeys, which comprises roughly 71 species, including the baboons, the macaques, and the vervet monkeys. Most cercopithecine monkeys are limited to sub-Saharan Africa, although the macaques ...

Gray, 1821 ** Tribus:

Papionini Papionini is a tribe of Old World monkeys that includes several large monkey species, which include the macaques of North Africa and Asia, as well as the baboons, geladas, mangabeys, kipunji, drills, and mandrills, which are essentially from sub- ...

** Subtribus: Macanina *** '' Macaca'' Lacépède, 1799 **** '' Macaca anderssoni'' Schlosser, 1924 **** '' Macaca florentina'' Cocchi, 1872 **** '' Macaca jiangchuanensis'' Pan et al., 1992 **** ''

Macaca libyca ''Macaca libyca'' is a prehistoric macaque from the Late Miocene of Wadi Natrun, Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest c ...

'' Stromer, 1920 **** ''

Macaca majori ''Macaca majori'', commonly known as the dwarf macaque, is a prehistoric macaque from the Early Pleistocene of Sardinia, Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern E ...

'' Schaub & Azzaroli in Comaschi Caria, 1969 (sometimes included in '' M. sylvanus'') **** ?'' Macaca palaeindicus'' (Lydekker, 1884) *** '' Procynocephalus'' Schlosser, 1924 **** '' Procynocephalus subhimalayanus'' von Meyer, 1848 **** '' Procynocephalus wimani'' Schlosser, 1924 *** ''

Paradolichopithecus ''Paradolichopithecus'' is an extinct genus of cercopithecine monkey once found throughout Eurasia. The type species, ''P. arvernensis'', was a very large monkey, comparable in size to a mandrill. The genus was most closely related to macaques, ...

'' Necrasov ''et al.'', 1961 **** '' Paradolichopithecus arvernensis'' (Depéret, 1929) ** Subtribus: Papionina *** ''

Parapapio ''Parapapio'' ("beside baboon" from Ancient Greek παρά (pará), “beside" + Modern Latin papio, “baboon") is a genus of prehistoric baboons closely resembling the forest dwelling mangabeys. ''Parapapio'' is distinguished from other '' Pap ...

'' Jones, 1937 **** '' Parapapio ado'' Hopwood, 1936 **** '' Parapapio broomi'' Jones, 1937 **** '' Parapapio jonesi'' Broom, 1940 **** '' Parapapio whitei'' Broom, 1940 **** '' Parapapio lothagamensis'' Leakey, Teaford, and Ward, 2003 *** ''

Procercocebus ''Procercocebus'' is a genus of prehistoric baboons closely resembling the forest dwelling mangabey Mangabeys are West-African Old World monkeys, with species in three of the six genera of tribe Papionini. The more typical representatives o ...

'' Gilbert, 2007 **** '' Procercocebus antiquus'' (Haughton, 1925) *** ''

Dinopithecus ''Dinopithecus'' ("terrible ape") is an extinct genus of very large primate closely related to the baboon that lived during the Pliocene to the Pleistocene epoch of South Africa and Ethiopia. It was named by British paleontologist Robert Broom i ...

'' Broom, 1937 **** '' Dinopithecus ingens'' Broom, 1937 *** ''

Gorgopithecus ''Gorgopithecus'' ("fierce ape" from Ancient Greek γοργος (gorgos), "fierce" + πίθηκος (píthēkos), "ape") is an extinct genus of primate, in the old word monkey family Cercopithecidae, closely related to the baboons. There is only o ...

'' Broom & Robinson, 1946 **** '' Gorgopithecus major'' Broom, 1940 *** ''

Theropithecus ''Theropithecus'' is a genus of primates in the family Cercopithecidae. It contains a single living species, the gelada (''Theropithecus gelada''), native to the Ethiopian Highlands The Ethiopian Highlands is a rugged mass of mountains in Et ...

'' I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1843 **** Subgenus: ''

'' Delson, 1993 **** '' Theropithecus (Theropithecus) darti'' Broom & Jensen, 1946 **** '' Theropithecus (Theropithecus) oswaldi'' Andrews, 1916 **** Subgenus: '' Omopithecus'' Delson, 1993 **** '' Theropithecus (Omopithecus) baringensis'' R.E.F. Leakey, 1969 **** '' Theropithecus (Omopithecus) brumpti'' Arambourg, 1947 *** '' Soromandrillus'' Gilbert, 2013 **** '' Soromandrillus quadratirostris'' (Iwamoto, 1982) *** '' Papio'' Erxleben, 1777 **** '' Papio izodi'' Gear, 1926 **** '' Papio robinsoni'' Freedman, 1957

=
Hominoidea Apes (collectively Hominoidea ) are a clade of Old World simians native to sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (though they were more widespread in Africa, most of Asia, and as well as Europe in prehistory), which together with its sister g ...

= *

Hominoidea Apes (collectively Hominoidea ) are a clade of Old World simians native to sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (though they were more widespread in Africa, most of Asia, and as well as Europe in prehistory), which together with its sister g ...

, ''incertae sedis'' :* ''

Otavipithecus ''Otavipithecus namibiensis'' is an extinct species of ape from the Miocene of Namibia. The fossils were discovered at the Berg Aukas mines in the foothills of the Otavi mountains, hence the generic name. The species was described in 1992 by G ...

'' Conroy ''et al.'', 1992 ::* '' Otavipithecus namibiensis'' Conroy ''et al.'', 1992 Proconsul skeleton reconstitution (University of Zurich)

Proconsulidae Proconsulidae is an early family of primates that lived during the Miocene epoch in Kenya, and was restricted to Africa. Members of the family have a mixture of Old World monkey and ape characteristics, so the placement in the ape superfamily Hom ...

Leakey, 1963 :* Proconsulinae Leakey, 1963 ::* '' Ekembo'' McNulty ''et al.'', 2015 :::* '' Ekembo heseloni'' (Walker ''et al.'', 1993) :::* '' Ekembo nyanzae'' (Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950) ::* ''

Proconsul A proconsul was an official of ancient Rome who acted on behalf of a consul. A proconsul was typically a former consul. The term is also used in recent history for officials with delegated authority. In the Roman Republic, military command, or ' ...

'' Hopwood, 1933 :::* '' Proconsul africanus'' Hopwood, 1933 :::* '' Proconsul gitongai'' (Pickford and Kunimatsu, 2005) :::* ''

Proconsul major file:ProconsulZICA.png, Proconsu lZICA. ''Proconsul major'', an extinct primate of the genus Proconsul (mammal), ''Proconsul'', was possibly the ancestor of ''Afropithecus'' and showed hominid characteristics. It occurred during the early Miocen ...

'' Le Gros Clark & Leakey, 1950 :::* '' Proconsul meswae'' Harrison and Andrews, 2009 :* Nyanzapithecinae Harrison, 2002 ::* '' Nyanzapithecus'' Harrison, 1986 :::* '' Nyanzapithecus alesi'' Nengo, Tafforeau, Gilbert, Fleagle, Miller, Feibel, Fox, Feinberg, Pugh, Berruyer, Mana, Engle, Spoor, 2017 :::* '' Nyanzapithecus harrisoni'' Kunimatsu, 1997 :::* ''

Nyanzapithecus pickfordi ''Nyanzapithecus pickfordi'' is an extinct species of primate from the Middle Miocene of Maboko Island, Nyanza Province, Kenya. It had an average body mass of around . Taxonomy Fifteen cranio-dental specimens of this species were collected fro ...

'' Harrison, 1986 :::* '' Nyanzapithecus vancouveringorum'' Andrews, 1974 ::* '' Mabokopithecus'' von Koenigswald, 1969 Rangwapithecus gordoni jaw

:::* '' Mabokopithecus clarki'' von Koenigswald, 1969 ::* ''

Oreopithecus ''Oreopithecus'' (from the Greek , and , , meaning "hill-ape") is an extinct genus of hominoid primate from the Miocene epoch whose fossils have been found in today's Tuscany and Sardinia in Italy. It existed nine to seven million years ago in ...

'' Gervais, 1872 :::* '' Oreopithecus bamboli'' Gervais, 1872 ::* '' Rukwapithecus'' Stevens ''et al.'', 2013 :::* '' Rukwapithecus fleaglei'' Stevens ''et al.'', 2013 ::* ''

Rangwapithecus ''Rangwapithecus'' is an extinct genus of ape from the Early Miocene of Kenya. Late Miocene phalanges from Hungary have also been assigned to this genus, but were later reclassified as ''Dryopithecus''. Description ''Rangwapithecus'' weighed app ...

'' Andrews, 1974 :::* '' Rangwapithecus gordoni'' Andrews, 1974 ::* '' Turkanapithecus'' Leakey & Leakey, 1986 :::* '' Turkanapithecus kalakolensis'' Leakey & Leakey, 1986 Homo habilis

* Pliobatidae Alba ''et al.'', 2015 ** ''

Pliobates ''Pliobates cataloniae'' is a species of stem-ape that was found to be the sister taxon to gibbons and great apes like humans. Its anatomy is gibbon-like; prior to this discovery, it was assumed that the ancestral ape bauplan was robust like '' ...

'' Alba ''et al.'', 2015 *** ''

Pliobates cataloniae ''Pliobates cataloniae'' is a species of stem-ape that was found to be the sister taxon to gibbons and great apes like humans. Its anatomy is gibbon-like; prior to this discovery, it was assumed that the ancestral ape bauplan was robust like ''P ...

'' Alba ''et al.'', 2015 * Afropithecidae Begun, 2002 ** Griphopithecinae Begun, 2002 *** ''

Griphopithecus ''Griphopithecus'' is a prehistoric ape from the Miocene of Turkey and Central Europe. Description ''Griphopithecus'' has been consistently grouped with stem hominoids. The material therefore indicates the range of hominoid locomotor anatomy i ...

'' Abel, 1902 **** ''Griphopithecus alpani'' Tekkaya, 1974 **** ''Griphopithecus suessi'' Abel, 1902 ** Afropithecinae Andrews, 1992 *** ''

Afropithecus ''Afropithecus'' is a genus of Miocene hominoid with the sole species ''Afropithecus turkanensis'', it was excavated from a small site near Lake Turkana called Kalodirr in northern Kenya in 1986 and named by Richard Leakey and Meave Leakey. ...

'' Leakey & Leakey, 1986 **** '' Afropithecus turkanensis'' Leakey & Leakey, 1986 *** ''Heliopithecus'' Andrews & Martin, 1987 **** '' Heliopithecus leakeyi'' Andrews & Martin, 1987 *** ''

Nacholapithecus ''Nacholapithecus kerioi'' was an ape that lived 14-15 million years ago during the Middle Miocene. Fossils have been found in the Nachola formation in northern Kenya. The only member of the genus ''Nacholapithecus'', it is thought to be a key g ...

'' Ishida ''et al.'', 1999 **** '' Nacholapithecus kerioi'' Ishida ''et al.'', 1999 *** ''

Equatorius ''Equatorius'' is an extinct genus of kenyapithecine primate found in central Kenya at the Tugen Hills. Thirty-eight large teeth belonging to this middle Miocene hominid in addition to a mandibular and partially complete skeleton dated 15.58 M ...

'' Ward ''et al.'', 1999 **** '' Equatorius africanus'' (Le Gros Clark and Leaky, 1950) *

Hominidae The Hominidae (), whose members are known as the great apes or hominids (), are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: '' Pongo'' (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); ''Gorilla'' (the ea ...

Gray, 1825 ** Kenyapithecinae Leakey, 1962 *** ''

Kenyapithecus ''Kenyapithecus wickeri'' is a fossil ape discovered by Louis Leakey in 1961 at a site called Fort Ternan in Kenya. The upper jaw and teeth were dated to 14 million years ago. One theory states that ''Kenyapithecus'' may be the common ances ...

'' Leakey, 1962 **** '' Kenyapithecus wickeri'' Leakey, 1962 **

Ponginae Ponginae , also known as the Asian hominids, is a subfamily in the family Hominidae. Once a diverse lineage of Eurasian apes, the subfamily has only one extant genus, '' Pongo'' (orangutans), which contains three extant species; the Sumatran oran ...

Elliot, 1913 ***

Sivapithecini Ponginae , also known as the Asian hominids, is a subfamily in the family Hominidae. Once a diverse lineage of Eurasian apes, the subfamily has only one extant genus, '' Pongo'' (orangutans), which contains three extant species; the Sumatran o ...

**** ''

Sivapithecus ''Sivapithecus'' () (syn: ''Ramapithecus)'' is a genus of extinct apes. Fossil remains of animals now assigned to this genus, dated from 12.2 million years old in the Miocene, have been found since the 19th century in the Siwalik Hills The Si ...

'' Pilgrim, 1910 ***** ''

Sivapithecus indicus ''Sivapithecus'' () (syn: ''Ramapithecus)'' is a genus of extinct apes. Fossil remains of animals now assigned to this genus, dated from 12.2 million years old in the Miocene, have been found since the 19th century in the Siwalik Hills of the In ...

'' Pilgrim, 1910 ***** '' Sivapithecus parvada'' Kelley, 1988 ***** '' Sivapithecus sivalensis'' Lydekker, 1879 **** ''

Gigantopithecus ''Gigantopithecus'' ( ; ) is an extinct genus of ape from roughly 2 million to 350,000 years ago during the Early Pleistocene, Early to Middle Pleistocene of southern China, represented by one species, ''Gigantopithecus blacki''. Potential identi ...

'' von Koenigswald, 1935 ***** ''

Gigantopithecus blacki ''Gigantopithecus'' ( ; ) is an extinct genus of ape from roughly 2 million to 350,000 years ago during the Early to Middle Pleistocene of southern China, represented by one species, ''Gigantopithecus blacki''. Potential identifications have als ...

'' von Koenigswald, 1935 ***** '' Gigantopithecus giganteus'' Pilgrim, 1915 **** ''

Ankarapithecus ''Ankarapithecus'' is a genus of extinct ape. It was probably frugivorous, and would have weighed about . Its remains were found close to Ankara in central Turkey beginning in the 1950s. It lived during the Late MioceneBegun, David R. and Gül ...

'' Ozansoy, 1965 ***** '' Ankarapithecus meteai'' Ozansoy, 1965 *** Lufengpithecini **** ''

Lufengpithecus ''Lufengpithecus'' () is an extinct genus of ape in the subfamily Ponginae. It is known from thousands of dental remains and a few skulls and probably weighed about . It contains three species: ''L. lufengensis'', ''L. hudienensis'' and ''L. kei ...

'' Wu, 1987 ***** '' Lufengpithecus chiangmuanensis'' Chaimanee ''et al.'', 2003 ***** '' Lufengpithecus hudiensis'' Zhang ''et al.'', 1987 ***** ''

Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis ''Lufengpithecus'' () is an Extinction, extinct genus of ape in the subfamily Ponginae. It is known from thousands of Dental anatomy, dental remains and a few skulls and probably weighed about . It contains three species: ''L. lufengensis'', ''L. ...

'' Woo, 1957 ***** ''

Lufengpithecus lufengensis ''Lufengpithecus'' () is an extinct genus of ape in the subfamily Ponginae. It is known from thousands of dental remains and a few skulls and probably weighed about . It contains three species: ''L. lufengensis'', ''L. hudienensis'' and ''L. ke ...

'' Xu ''et al.'', 1978 ***

Homininae Homininae (), also called "African hominids" or "African apes", is a subfamily of Hominidae. It includes two tribes, with their extant as well as extinct species: 1) the tribe Hominini (with the genus ''Homo'' including modern humans and numerou ...

Gray, 1825 ****

Dryopithecini Dryopithecini is an extinct tribe of Eurasian and African great apes that are believed to be close to the ancestry of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans. Members of this tribe are known as dryopithecines. Taxonomy * Tribe Dryopithecini† ** ''Ke ...

Gregory & Hellman, 1939 ***** ''

Ouranopithecus ''Ouranopithecus'' ("celestial ape" from Ancient Greek οὐρανός (ouranós), "sky, heaven" + πίθηκος (píthēkos),"ape") is a genus of extinct Eurasian great ape represented by two species, ''Ouranopithecus macedoniensis'', a late M ...

'' Bonis & Melentis, 1977 ****** ''

Ouranopithecus macedoniensis ''Ouranopithecus macedoniensis'' is a prehistoric species of '' Ouranopithecus'' from the Late Miocene of Greece. See more detail at '' Ouranopithecus''. This species is known from three localities in Northern Greece. The type location is Ravin ...

'' Bonis & Melentis, 1977 ***** ''

Rudapithecus ''Rudapithecus'' is a chimpanzee-likeLászló Kordos: 50 years of Rudapithecus
(in Hu ...

'' Kretzoi, 1969 ****** '' Rudapithecus hungaricus'' Kretzoi, 1969 ***** ''

Hispanopithecus ''Hispanopithecus'' is a genus of apes that inhabited Europe during the Miocene epoch. It was first identified in a 1944 paper by J. F. Villalta and M. Crusafont in . Anthropologists disagree as to whether ''Hispanopithecus'' belongs to the subf ...

'' Villalta & Crusafont, 1944 ****** '' Hispanopithecus laietanus'' Villalta & Crusafont, 1944 ****** '' Hispanopithecus crusafonti'' (Begun, 1992) ***** ''

Pierolapithecus ''Pierolapithecus catalaunicus'' is an extinct species of primate which lived about 13 million years ago during the Miocene in what is now Hostalets de Pierola, Catalonia, Spain, giving it its scientific name. It is believed by some to be a comm ...

'' Moyà-Solà, 2004 ****** '' Pierolapithecus catalaunicus'' Moyà-Solà, 2004 ***** ''

Anoiapithecus ''Anoiapithecus'' is an extinct ape genus thought to be closely related to '' Dryopithecus''. Both genera lived during the Miocene, approximately 12 million years ago. Fossil specimens named by Salvador Moyà-Solà are known from the deposits ...

'' Moyà-Solà et al., 2009 ****** '' Anoiapithecus brevirostris'' Moyà-Solà et al., 2009 ***** ''

Dryopithecus ''Dryopithecus'' is a genus of extinct great apes from the middle–late Miocene boundary of Europe 12.5 to 11.1 million years ago (mya). Since its discovery in 1856, the genus has been subject to taxonomic turmoil, with numerous new species b ...

'' Lartet, 1856 ****** ''

Dryopithecus wuduensis ''Dryopithecus'' is a genus of extinct great apes from the middle– late Miocene boundary of Europe 12.5 to 11.1 million years ago (mya). Since its discovery in 1856, the genus has been subject to taxonomic turmoil, with numerous new species ...

'' Xue & Delson, 1988 ****** '' Dryopithecus fontani'' Lartet, 1856 ***** ''

Nakalipithecus ''Nakalipithecus nakayamai'' is an extinct species of great ape from Nakali, Kenya, from about 9.9–9.8 million years ago during the Late Miocene. It is known from a right jawbone with 3 molars and from 11 isolated teeth, and the specimen is p ...

'' Kunimatsu et al. 2007 ****** '' Nakalipthecus nakayamai'' Kunimatsu et al. 2007 ***** '' Neopithecus'' Abel, 1902 ****** '' Neopithecus brancoi'' (Schlosser, 1901) ****

Gorillini Gorillini is a taxonomic tribe containing three genera: ''Gorilla'' and the extinct ''Chororapithecus ''Chororapithecus'' is an extinct great ape from the Afar region of Ethiopia roughly 8 million years ago during the Late Miocene, comprising ...

***** ''

Samburupithecus ''Samburupithecus'' is an extinct primate that lived in Kenya during the middle to late Miocene. The one species in this genus, ''Samburupithecus kiptalami'', is known only from a maxilla fragment dated to discovered in 1982 and formally descri ...

'' Ishida & Pickford, 1997 ****** '' Samburupithecus kiptalami'' Ishida & Pickford, 1997 ***** ''

Chororapithecus ''Chororapithecus'' is an extinct great ape from the Afar region of Ethiopia roughly 8 million years ago during the Late Miocene, comprising one species, ''C. abyssinicus''. It is known from 9 isolated teeth discovered in a 2005–2007 survey of ...

'' Suwa ''et al.'', 2007 ****** ''

Chororapithecus abyssinicus ''Chororapithecus'' is an extinct great ape from the Afar region of Ethiopia roughly 8 million years ago during the Late Miocene, comprising one species, ''C. abyssinicus''. It is known from 9 isolated teeth discovered in a 2005–2007 survey of ...

'' Suwa ''et al.'', 2007 ****

Hominini The Hominini form a taxonomic tribe of the subfamily Homininae ("hominines"). Hominini includes the extant genera ''Homo'' (humans) and '' Pan'' (chimpanzees and bonobos) and in standard usage excludes the genus ''Gorilla'' (gorillas). The t ...

***** ''

Graecopithecus ''Graecopithecus'' is an extinct species of hominid that lived in southeast Europe during the late Miocene around 7.2 million years ago. Originally identified by a single lower jaw bone bearing a molar tooth found in Pyrgos Vasilissis, Athens, ...

'' von Koenigswald, 1972 ****** ''

Graecopithecus freybergi ''Graecopithecus'' is an extinct species of hominid that lived in southeast Europe during the late Miocene around 7.2 million years ago. Originally identified by a single lower jaw bone bearing a molar tooth found in Pyrgos Vasilissis, Athens, ...

'' von Koenigswald, 1972 ***** ''

Sahelanthropus ''Sahelanthropus tchadensis'' is an extinct species of the Homininae (African apes) dated to about , during the Miocene epoch. The species, and its genus ''Sahelanthropus'', was announced in 2002, based mainly on a partial cranium, nicknamed '' ...

'' Brunet ''et al.'', 2002 ****** ''

Sahelanthropus tchadensis ''Sahelanthropus tchadensis'' is an extinct species of the Homininae (African apes) dated to about , during the Miocene epoch. The species, and its genus ''Sahelanthropus'', was announced in 2002, based mainly on a partial cranium, nicknamed ' ...

'' Brunet ''et al.'', 2002 ***** ''

Orrorin ''Orrorin tugenensis'' is a postulated early species of Homininae, estimated at and discovered in 2000. It is not confirmed how ''Orrorin'' is related to modern humans. Its discovery was used to argue against the hypothesis that australopithecin ...

'' Senut ''et al.'', 2001 ****** ''

Orrorin tugenensis ''Orrorin tugenensis'' is a postulated early species of Homininae, estimated at and discovered in 2000. It is not confirmed how ''Orrorin'' is related to modern humans. Its discovery was used to argue against the hypothesis that australopitheci ...

'' Senut ''et al.'', 2001 ***** ''

Ardipithecus ''Ardipithecus'' is a genus of an extinct hominine that lived during the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene epochs in the Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Originally described as one of the earliest ancestors of humans after they diverged from the chimp ...

'' White ''et al.'', 1995 ****** ''

Ardipithecus ramidus ''Ardipithecus ramidus'' is a species of australopithecine from the Afar region of Early Pliocene Ethiopia 4.4 million years ago (mya). ''A. ramidus'', unlike modern hominids, has adaptations for both walking on two legs ( bipedality) and life i ...

'' White ''et al.'', 1994 ****** ''

Ardipithecus kadabba ''Ardipithecus kadabba'' is the scientific classification given to fossil remains "known only from teeth and bits and pieces of skeletal bones", originally estimated to be 5.8 to 5.2 million years old, and later revised to 5.77 to 5.54 million ye ...

'' ***** ''

'' Dart, 1925 - paraphyletic in respect to ''

Paranthropus ''Paranthropus'' is a genus of extinct hominin which contains two widely accepted species: ''Paranthropus robustus, P. robustus'' and ''P. boisei''. However, the validity of ''Paranthropus'' is contested, and it is sometimes considered to be sy ...

'' and ''

'' ****** ''

Australopithecus anamensis ''Australopithecus anamensis'' is a hominin species that lived approximately between 4.2 and 3.8 million years ago and is the oldest known ''Australopithecus'' species, living during the Plio-Pleistocene era. Nearly one hundred fossil specimens ...

'' Leakey ''et al.'', 1995 ****** ''

Australopithecus afarensis ''Australopithecus afarensis'' is an extinct species of australopithecine which lived from about 3.9–2.9 million years ago (mya) in the Pliocene of East Africa. The first fossils were discovered in the 1930s, but major fossil finds would not ...

'' Johanson ''et al.'', 1978 ****** ''

Australopithecus bahrelghazali ''Australopithecus bahrelghazali'' is an extinct species of australopithecine discovered in 1995 at Koro Toro, Bahr el Gazel, Chad, existing around 3.5 million years ago in the Pliocene. It is the first and only australopithecine known from Ce ...

'' Brunet ''et al.'', 1995 ****** ''

Australopithecus africanus ''Australopithecus africanus'' is an extinct species of australopithecine which lived between about 3.3 and 2.1 million years ago in the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene of South Africa. The species has been recovered from Taung, Sterkfonte ...

'' Dart, 1925 ****** ''

Australopithecus garhi ''Australopithecus garhi'' is a species of australopithecine from the Bouri Formation in the Afar Region of Ethiopia 2.6–2.5 million years ago (mya) during the Early Pleistocene. The first remains were described in 1999 based on several skele ...

'' Asfaw ''et al.'', 1999 ****** ''

Australopithecus sediba ''Australopithecus sediba'' is an extinct species of australopithecine recovered from Malapa Cave, Cradle of Humankind, South Africa. It is known from a partial juvenile skeleton, the holotype MH1, and a partial adult female skeleton, the para ...

''Berger ''et al.'', 2010 ***** ''

'' Broom, 1938 ****** ''

Paranthropus aethiopicus ''Paranthropus aethiopicus'' is an extinct species of robust australopithecine from the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene of East Africa about 2.7–2.3 million years ago. However, it is much debated whether or not ''Paranthropus'' is an invali ...

'' Arambourg & Coppens, 1968 ****** '' Paranthropus boisei'' Leakey, 1959 ****** ''

Paranthropus robustus ''Paranthropus robustus'' is a species of robustness (morphology), robust australopithecine from the Early Pleistocene, Early and possibly Middle Pleistocene, Middle Pleistocene of the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa, about 2.27 to 0.87 (or, mo ...

'' Broom, 1938 ***** ''

****** ''

Homo gautengensis ''Homo gautengensis'' is a species name proposed by anthropologist Darren Curnoe in 2010 for South African hominin fossils otherwise attributed to ''H. habilis'', '' H. ergaster,'' or, in some cases, ''Australopithecus'' or '' Paranthropus''. Th ...

'' Curnoe, 2010 ****** ''

Homo rudolfensis ''Homo rudolfensis'' is an extinct species of archaic human from the Early Pleistocene of East Africa about 2 million years ago (mya). Because ''H. rudolfensis'' coexisted with several other hominins, it is debated what specimens can be confide ...

'' Alexeev, 1986 ****** ''

Homo habilis ''Homo habilis'' ("handy man") is an extinct species of archaic human from the Early Pleistocene of East and South Africa about 2.31 million years ago to 1.65 million years ago (mya). Upon species description in 1964, ''H. habilis'' was highly ...

'' Leakey ''et al.'', 1964 ****** ''

Homo luzonensis ''Homo luzonensis'', also locally called "Ubag" after a mythical caveman, is an extinct, possibly pygmy, species of archaic human from the Late Pleistocene of Luzon, the Philippines. Their remains, teeth and phalanges, are known only from Callao ...

'' Détroit ''et al.'', 2019 ****** ''

Homo erectus ''Homo erectus'' (; meaning "upright man") is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago. Several human species, such as '' H. heidelbergensis'' and '' H. antecessor' ...

'' Dubois, 1892 ****** ''

Homo floresiensis ''Homo floresiensis'' also known as "Flores Man"; nicknamed "Hobbit") is an extinct species of small archaic human that inhabited the island of Flores, Indonesia, until the arrival of modern humans about 50,000 years ago. The remains of an i ...

'' P. Brown ''et al.'', 2004 ****** ''

Homo ergaster ''Homo ergaster'' is an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived in Africa in the Early Pleistocene. Whether ''H. ergaster'' constitutes a species of its own or should be subsumed into ''Homo erectus, H. erectus'' is an ongoin ...

'' Groves & Mazak, 1975 ****** ''

Homo antecessor ''Homo antecessor'' (Latin "pioneer man") is an Extinction, extinct species of archaic human recorded in the Spanish Archaeological Site of Atapuerca, Sierra de Atapuerca, a productive archaeological site, from 1.2 to 0.8 million years ago durin ...

'' Bermúdez de Castro ''et al.'', 1997 ****** ''

Homo heidelbergensis ''Homo heidelbergensis'' (also ''H. sapiens heidelbergensis''), sometimes called Heidelbergs, is an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human which existed during the Middle Pleistocene. It was subsumed as a subspecies of ''H. erectus'' in ...

'' Schoetensack, 1908 ****** ''

Homo cepranensis Ceprano Man, Argil, and Ceprano Calvarium, refers to a Middle Pleistocene archaic human fossil, a single skull cap ( calvaria), accidentally unearthed in a highway construction project in 1994 near Ceprano in the province of Frosinone, Italy. Alth ...

'' Mallegni ''et al.'', 2003 ****** ''

Homo neanderthalensis Neanderthals (, also ''Homo neanderthalensis'' and erroneously ''Homo sapiens neanderthalensis''), also written as Neandertals, are an Extinction, extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ag ...

'' King, 1864 ****** ''

Homo rhodesiensis ''Homo rhodesiensis'' is the species name proposed by Arthur Smith Woodward (1921) to classify Kabwe 1 (the "Kabwe skull" or "Broken Hill skull", also "Rhodesian Man"), a Middle Stone Age fossil recovered from a cave at Broken Hill, or Kabwe, No ...

'' Woodward, 1921 ****** ''

Homo naledi '' Homo naledi'' is an extinct species of archaic human discovered in 2013 in the Rising Star Cave, Cradle of Humankind, South Africa dating to the Middle Pleistocene 335,000–236,000 years ago. The initial discovery comprises 1,550 specimens ...

'' Berger et al., 2015 ***** ''

Kenyanthropus ''Kenyanthropus'' is a hominin genus identified from the Lomekwi site by Lake Turkana, Kenya, dated to 3.3 to 3.2 million years ago during the Middle Pliocene. It contains one species, ''K. platyops'', but may also include the 2 million year ...

'' Leakey ''et al.'', 2001 ****** ''

Kenyanthropus platyops ''Kenyanthropus'' is a hominin genus identified from the Lomekwi site by Lake Turkana, Kenya, dated to 3.3 to 3.2 million years ago during the Middle Pliocene. It contains one species, ''K. platyops'', but may also include the 2 million year o ...

'' Leakey ''et al.'', 2001

Notes

References

Literature cited

* * *

External links

Interactive map of fossil finds
* (note: the catalogue loads with pages in reverse order - i.e. last page first) {{Mammal lists Fossil primates

Strepsirrhini Strepsirrhini or Strepsirhini (; ) is a Order (biology), suborder of primates that includes the Lemuriformes, lemuriform primates, which consist of the lemurs of Fauna of Madagascar, Madagascar, galagos ("bushbabies") and pottos from Fauna of A ...

Infraorder
Adapiformes Adapiformes is a group of early primates. Adapiforms radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass (now Europe, Asia and North America), reaching as far south as northern Africa and tropical Asia. They existed from the Eocene to the M ...

Adapiformes Adapiformes is a group of early primates. Adapiforms radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass (now Europe, Asia and North America), reaching as far south as northern Africa and tropical Asia. They existed from the Eocene to the M ...
, ''incertae sedis''

Adapoidea

Infraorder Chiromyiformes

Infraorder
Lemuriformes Lemuriformes is an infraorder of primate that falls under the suborder Strepsirrhini. It includes the lemurs of Madagascar, as well as the galagos and lorisids of Africa and Asia, although a popular alternative taxonomy places the lorisoids i ...

Basal stem group Lemuriformes

Lemur Lemurs ( ) (from Latin ''lemures'' – ghosts or spirits) are Strepsirrhini, wet-nosed primates of the Superfamily (biology), superfamily Lemuroidea (), divided into 8 Family (biology), families and consisting of 15 genera and around 100 exist ...
oidea

Lorisiformes

Haplorhini Haplorhini (), the haplorhines (Greek for "simple-nosed") or the "dry-nosed" primates, is a suborder of primates containing the tarsiers and the simians (Simiiformes or anthropoids), as sister of the Strepsirrhini ("moist-nosed"). The name is some ...

Tarsiiformes Tarsiiformes are a group of primates that once ranged across Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and North America, but whose extant species are all found in the islands of Southeast Asia. Tarsiers (family Tarsiidae) are the only living members o ...

Tarsiiformes Tarsiiformes are a group of primates that once ranged across Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and North America, but whose extant species are all found in the islands of Southeast Asia. Tarsiers (family Tarsiidae) are the only living members o ...
, ''incertae sedis''

Archicebidae

Omomyoidea

Eosimiiformes

Afrotarsiidae

Eosimiidae Eosimiidae is the possible family of extinct primates believed to be the earliest simians. Taxonomy When they were discovered the possibility that Eosimians were outside and ancestral to Simians was considered (Culotta 1992), but subsequent ...

Simiiformes The simians, anthropoids, or higher primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes ) of primates containing all animals traditionally called monkeys and apes. More precisely, they consist of the parvorders New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) and Catarrhi ...

Simiiformes The simians, anthropoids, or higher primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes ) of primates containing all animals traditionally called monkeys and apes. More precisely, they consist of the parvorders New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) and Catarrhi ...
, ''incertae sedis''

Platyrrhini

Catarrhini The parvorder Catarrhini , catarrhine monkeys, Old World anthropoids, or Old World monkeys, consisting of the Cercopithecoidea and apes (Hominoidea). In 1812, Geoffroy grouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old ...

=
Catarrhini The parvorder Catarrhini , catarrhine monkeys, Old World anthropoids, or Old World monkeys, consisting of the Cercopithecoidea and apes (Hominoidea). In 1812, Geoffroy grouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old ...
, ''incertae sedis''

= Propliothecoidea

=
Pliopithecoidea Pliopithecoidea is an extinct superfamily of catarrhine primates that inhabited Asia and Europe during the Miocene. Although they were once a widespread and diverse group of primates, the pliopithecoids have no living descendants. History of d ...

= Dendropithecoidea

= Saadanioidea

=
Cercopithecoidea Old World monkey is the common English name for a family of primates known taxonomically as the Cercopithecidae (). Twenty-four genera and 138 species are recognized, making it the largest primate family. Old World monkey genera include baboons ...

=
Hominoidea Apes (collectively Hominoidea ) are a clade of Old World simians native to sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (though they were more widespread in Africa, most of Asia, and as well as Europe in prehistory), which together with its sister g ...

See also

Notes

References

Literature cited

Further reading

External links

Strepsirrhini Strepsirrhini or Strepsirhini (; ) is a Order (biology), suborder of primates that includes the Lemuriformes, lemuriform primates, which consist of the lemurs of Fauna of Madagascar, Madagascar, galagos ("bushbabies") and pottos from Fauna of A ...

Infraorder Adapiformes Adapiformes is a group of early primates. Adapiforms radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass (now Europe, Asia and North America), reaching as far south as northern Africa and tropical Asia. They existed from the Eocene to the M ...

Adapiformes Adapiformes is a group of early primates. Adapiforms radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass (now Europe, Asia and North America), reaching as far south as northern Africa and tropical Asia. They existed from the Eocene to the M ..., ''incertae sedis''

Adapoidea

Infraorder Chiromyiformes

Infraorder Lemuriformes Lemuriformes is an infraorder of primate that falls under the suborder Strepsirrhini. It includes the lemurs of Madagascar, as well as the galagos and lorisids of Africa and Asia, although a popular alternative taxonomy places the lorisoids i ...

Basal stem group Lemuriformes

Lemur Lemurs ( ) (from Latin ''lemures'' – ghosts or spirits) are Strepsirrhini, wet-nosed primates of the Superfamily (biology), superfamily Lemuroidea (), divided into 8 Family (biology), families and consisting of 15 genera and around 100 exist ...oidea

Lorisiformes

Haplorhini Haplorhini (), the haplorhines (Greek for "simple-nosed") or the "dry-nosed" primates, is a suborder of primates containing the tarsiers and the simians (Simiiformes or anthropoids), as sister of the Strepsirrhini ("moist-nosed"). The name is some ...

Tarsiiformes Tarsiiformes are a group of primates that once ranged across Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and North America, but whose extant species are all found in the islands of Southeast Asia. Tarsiers (family Tarsiidae) are the only living members o ...

Tarsiiformes Tarsiiformes are a group of primates that once ranged across Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and North America, but whose extant species are all found in the islands of Southeast Asia. Tarsiers (family Tarsiidae) are the only living members o ..., ''incertae sedis''

Archicebidae

Omomyoidea

Eosimiiformes

Afrotarsiidae

Eosimiidae Eosimiidae is the possible family of extinct primates believed to be the earliest simians. Taxonomy When they were discovered the possibility that Eosimians were outside and ancestral to Simians was considered (Culotta 1992), but subsequent ...

Simiiformes The simians, anthropoids, or higher primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes ) of primates containing all animals traditionally called monkeys and apes. More precisely, they consist of the parvorders New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) and Catarrhi ...

Simiiformes The simians, anthropoids, or higher primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes ) of primates containing all animals traditionally called monkeys and apes. More precisely, they consist of the parvorders New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) and Catarrhi ..., ''incertae sedis''

Platyrrhini

Catarrhini The parvorder Catarrhini , catarrhine monkeys, Old World anthropoids, or Old World monkeys, consisting of the Cercopithecoidea and apes (Hominoidea). In 1812, Geoffroy grouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old ...

=Catarrhini The parvorder Catarrhini , catarrhine monkeys, Old World anthropoids, or Old World monkeys, consisting of the Cercopithecoidea and apes (Hominoidea). In 1812, Geoffroy grouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old ..., ''incertae sedis''

= Propliothecoidea

=Pliopithecoidea Pliopithecoidea is an extinct superfamily of catarrhine primates that inhabited Asia and Europe during the Miocene. Although they were once a widespread and diverse group of primates, the pliopithecoids have no living descendants. History of d ...

= Dendropithecoidea

= Saadanioidea

=Cercopithecoidea Old World monkey is the common English name for a family of primates known taxonomically as the Cercopithecidae (). Twenty-four genera and 138 species are recognized, making it the largest primate family. Old World monkey genera include baboons ...

=Hominoidea Apes (collectively Hominoidea ) are a clade of Old World simians native to sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (though they were more widespread in Africa, most of Asia, and as well as Europe in prehistory), which together with its sister g ...

See also

Notes

References

Literature cited

Further reading

External links

Infraorder
Adapiformes Adapiformes is a group of early primates. Adapiforms radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass (now Europe, Asia and North America), reaching as far south as northern Africa and tropical Asia. They existed from the Eocene to the M ...

Adapiformes Adapiformes is a group of early primates. Adapiforms radiated throughout much of the northern continental mass (now Europe, Asia and North America), reaching as far south as northern Africa and tropical Asia. They existed from the Eocene to the M ...
, ''incertae sedis''

Infraorder
Lemuriformes Lemuriformes is an infraorder of primate that falls under the suborder Strepsirrhini. It includes the lemurs of Madagascar, as well as the galagos and lorisids of Africa and Asia, although a popular alternative taxonomy places the lorisoids i ...

Lemur Lemurs ( ) (from Latin ''lemures'' – ghosts or spirits) are Strepsirrhini, wet-nosed primates of the Superfamily (biology), superfamily Lemuroidea (), divided into 8 Family (biology), families and consisting of 15 genera and around 100 exist ...
oidea

Tarsiiformes Tarsiiformes are a group of primates that once ranged across Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and North America, but whose extant species are all found in the islands of Southeast Asia. Tarsiers (family Tarsiidae) are the only living members o ...
, ''incertae sedis''

Simiiformes The simians, anthropoids, or higher primates are an infraorder (Simiiformes ) of primates containing all animals traditionally called monkeys and apes. More precisely, they consist of the parvorders New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) and Catarrhi ...
, ''incertae sedis''

=
Catarrhini The parvorder Catarrhini , catarrhine monkeys, Old World anthropoids, or Old World monkeys, consisting of the Cercopithecoidea and apes (Hominoidea). In 1812, Geoffroy grouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old ...
, ''incertae sedis''

=
Pliopithecoidea Pliopithecoidea is an extinct superfamily of catarrhine primates that inhabited Asia and Europe during the Miocene. Although they were once a widespread and diverse group of primates, the pliopithecoids have no living descendants. History of d ...

=
Cercopithecoidea Old World monkey is the common English name for a family of primates known taxonomically as the Cercopithecidae (). Twenty-four genera and 138 species are recognized, making it the largest primate family. Old World monkey genera include baboons ...

=
Hominoidea Apes (collectively Hominoidea ) are a clade of Old World simians native to sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (though they were more widespread in Africa, most of Asia, and as well as Europe in prehistory), which together with its sister g ...