Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of

white blood cell White blood cells, also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cell (biology), cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All white blood cells are produced and de ...

). In current usage the name usually refers to just the cancerous versions rather than all such tumours. Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, and constantly feeling tired. The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless. The sweats are most common at night. Many subtypes of lymphomas are known. The two main categories of lymphomas are the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (90% of cases) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (10%). The World Health Organization (WHO) includes two other categories as types of lymphoma –

multiple myeloma Multiple myeloma (MM), also known as plasma cell myeloma and simply myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that normally produces antibodies. Often, no symptoms are noticed initially. As it progresses, bone pain, an ...

and immunoproliferative diseases. Lymphomas and leukemias are a part of the broader group of tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include infection with Epstein–Barr virus and a history of the disease in the family. Risk factors for common types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas include

autoimmune disease An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a functioning body part. At least 80 types of autoimmune diseases have been identified, with some evidence suggesting that there may be more than 100 types. Nearly a ...

s, HIV/AIDS, infection with human T-lymphotropic virus, immunosuppressant medications, and some

pesticide Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests. This includes herbicide, insecticide, nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, microbicide, fungicide, and lampri ...

s. Eating large amounts of red meat and tobacco smoking may also increase the risk. Diagnosis, if enlarged lymph nodes are present, is usually by lymph node biopsy. Blood, urine, and bone marrow testing may also be useful in the diagnosis.

Medical imaging Medical imaging is the technique and process of imaging the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology). Medical imaging seeks to rev ...

may then be done to determine if and where the cancer has spread. Lymphoma most often spreads to the lungs, liver, and brain. Treatment may involve one or more of the following: chemotherapy, radiation therapy,

proton therapy In medicine, proton therapy, or proton radiotherapy, is a type of particle therapy that uses a beam of protons to irradiate diseased tissue, most often to treat cancer. The chief advantage of proton therapy over other types of external beam ra ...

, targeted therapy, and surgery. In some non-Hodgkin lymphomas, an increased amount of protein produced by the lymphoma cells causes the blood to become so thick that plasmapheresis is performed to remove the protein. Watchful waiting may be appropriate for certain types. The outcome depends on the subtype with some being curable and treatment prolonging survival in most. The five-year survival rate in the United States for all Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes is 85%, while that for non-Hodgkin lymphomas is 69%. Worldwide, lymphomas developed in 566,000 people in 2012 and caused 305,000 deaths. They make up 3–4% of all cancers, making them as a group the seventh-most common form. In children, they are the third-most common cancer. They occur more often in the developed world than the

developing world A developing country is a sovereign state with a lesser developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreem ...

Signs and symptoms

Diagram showing the lymph nodes lymphoma most commonly develops in CRUK 311

Lymphoma may present with certain nonspecific symptoms; if the symptoms are persistent, an evaluation to determine their cause, including possible lymphoma, should be undertaken. *

Lymphadenopathy Lymphadenopathy or adenopathy is a disease of the lymph nodes, in which they are abnormal in size or consistency. Lymphadenopathy of an inflammatory type (the most common type) is lymphadenitis, producing swollen or enlarged lymph nodes. In cli ...

or swelling of lymph nodes, is the primary presentation in lymphoma. It is generally painless. *

B symptoms B symptoms are a set of symptoms, namely fever, night sweats, and unintentional weight loss, that can be associated with both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. These symptoms are not specific to lymphomas, especially each one considered ...

(systemic symptoms) – can be associated with both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. They consist of: ** Fever ** Night sweats ** Weight loss * Other symptoms: ** Anemia, bleeding, increased susceptibility to infections ** Loss of appetite or anorexia **

Fatigue Fatigue describes a state of tiredness that does not resolve with rest or sleep. In general usage, fatigue is synonymous with extreme tiredness or exhaustion that normally follows prolonged physical or mental activity. When it does not resolve ...

** Respiratory distress or dyspnea ** Itching

Mouth

Asymptomatic soft swelling, which may or may not be ulcerated, is primarily seen on the tonsils, buccal mucosa, palate, gums, salivary glands, tongue, the floor of the mouth, and retromolar region.

Diagnosis

Lymphoma is definitively diagnosed by a lymph-node biopsy, meaning a partial or total excision of a

lymph node A lymph node, or lymph gland, is a kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system and the adaptive immune system. A large number of lymph nodes are linked throughout the body by the lymphatic vessels. They are major sites of lymphocytes that inclu ...

examined under the microscope. This examination reveals histopathological features that may indicate lymphoma. After lymphoma is diagnosed, a variety of tests may be carried out to look for specific features characteristic of different types of lymphoma. These include: *

Immunophenotyping Immunophenotyping is a technique used to study the protein expressed by cells. This technique is commonly used in basic science research and laboratory diagnostic purpose. This can be done on tissue section (fresh or fixed tissue), cell suspension, ...

Flow cytometry Flow cytometry (FC) is a technique used to detect and measure physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles. In this process, a sample containing cells or particles is suspended in a fluid and injected into the flo ...

* Fluorescence ''in situ'' hybridization testing

Classification

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), lymphoma classification should reflect in which lymphocyte population the neoplasm arises.Manli Jiang, N. Nora Bennani, and Andrew L. Feldman. Lymphoma classification update: T-cell lymphomas, Hodgkin lymphoma, and histiocytic/dendritic cell neoplasms. Expert Rev Hematol. 2017 Mar; 10(3): 239–249. Author Manuscript. Thus, neoplasms that arise from precursor lymphoid cells are distinguished from those that arise from mature lymphoid cells. Most mature lymphoid neoplasms comprise the non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Historically, mature histiocytic and dendritic cell (HDC) neoplasms have been considered mature lymphoid neoplasms, since these often involve lymphoid tissue. Lymphoma can also spread to the central nervous system, often around the brain in the

meninges In anatomy, the meninges (, ''singular:'' meninx ( or ), ) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. In mammals, the meninges are the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is located in th ...

, known as lymphomatous meningitis (LM).

Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for about 15% of lymphomas. It differs from other forms of lymphomas in its

prognosis Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stabl ...

and several pathological characteristics. A division into Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas is used in several of the older classification systems. A Hodgkin lymphoma is marked by the presence of a type of cell called the Reed–Sternberg cell.

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which are defined as being all lymphomas except Hodgkin lymphoma, are more common than Hodgkin lymphoma. A wide variety of lymphomas are in this class, and the causes, the types of cells involved, and the prognoses vary by type. The number of cases per year of non-Hodgkin lymphoma increases with age. It is further divided into several subtypes.

Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases

Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases are a group of benign, premalignant, and malignant diseases of

lymphoid cells A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adapt ...

, i.e. B cells, T cells, NK cells, and histiocytic-dendritic cells in which one or more of these cell types is infected with the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). The virus may be responsible for the development and/or progression of these diseases. In addition to EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphomas, the World Health Organization (2016) includes the following lymphomas, when associated with EBV infection, in this group of diseases:

Burkitt lymphoma Burkitt lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, particularly B lymphocytes found in the germinal center. It is named after Denis Parsons Burkitt, the Irish surgeon who first described the disease in 1958 while working in equatorial Africa. ...

; large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified; diffuse large B cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation; fibrin-associated diffuse large B cell lymphoma; primary effusion lymphoma;

plasmablastic lymphoma Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a type of large B-cell lymphoma recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017 as belonging to a subgroup of lymphomas termed lymphoid neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation. The other lymphoid neop ...

; extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type; peripheral T cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified; angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma; follicular T cell lymphoma; and systemic T cell lymphoma of childhood.

WHO classification

The WHO classification, published in 2001 and updated in 2008, is based upon the foundations laid within the "revised European–American lymphoma classification" (REAL). This system groups lymphomas by cell type (i.e. the normal cell type that most resembles the tumor) and defining phenotypic,

molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...

, or cytogenetic characteristics. The five groups are shown in the table. Hodgkin lymphoma is considered separately within the WHO and preceding classifications, although it is recognized as being a tumor, albeit markedly abnormal, of lymphocytes of mature B cell lineage. Of the many forms of lymphoma, some are categorized as indolent (e.g. small lymphocytic lymphoma), compatible with a long life even without treatment, whereas other forms are aggressive (e.g.

Burkitt's lymphoma Burkitt lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, particularly B lymphocytes found in the germinal center. It is named after Denis Parsons Burkitt, the Irish surgeon who first described the disease in 1958 while working in equatorial Africa. ...

), causing rapid deterioration and death. However, most of the aggressive lymphomas respond well to treatment and are curable. The

, therefore, depends on the correct diagnosis and classification of the disease, which is established after examination of a biopsy by a pathologist (usually a hematopathologist).

Lymphoma subtypes (WHO 2008)

* B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small cell lymphoma :: 3 to 4% of lymphomas in adults :: Small resting lymphocytes mixed with variable numbers of large activated cells, lymph nodes diffusely effaced :: CD5, surface

immunoglobulin An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the ...

:: 5-year survival rate 50%. :: Occurs in older adults, usually involves lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen, most patients have peripheral blood involvement, indolent * B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia * Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (such as Waldenström macroglobulinemia) *

Splenic marginal zone lymphoma Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a type of cancer (specifically a lymphoma) made up of B-cells that replace the normal architecture of the white pulp of the spleen. The neoplastic cells are both small lymphocytes and larger, transformed l ...

* Hairy cell leukemia *

Plasma cell Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells or effector B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the lymphoid organs as B lymphocytes and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific substan ...

neoplasms: **

Plasma cell myeloma Multiple myeloma (MM), also known as plasma cell myeloma and simply myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that normally produces antibodies. Often, no symptoms are noticed initially. As it progresses, bone pain, anemi ...

(also known as multiple myeloma) ** Plasmacytoma ** Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases ** Heavy chain diseases *

Extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma MALT lymphoma (MALToma) is a form of lymphoma involving the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), frequently of the stomach, but virtually any mucosal site can be affected. It is a cancer originating from B cells in the marginal zone of the ...

, also called MALT lymphoma :: About 5% of lymphomas in adults :: Variable cell size and differentiation, 40% show

plasma cell Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells or effector B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the lymphoid organs as B lymphocytes and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific substan ...

differentiation, homing of B cells to epithelium creates lymphoepithelial lesions. :: CD5,

CD10 Neprilysin (), also known as membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), neutral endopeptidase (NEP), cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10), and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MME'' ge ...

, surface Ig :: Frequently occurs outside lymph nodes, very indolent, may be cured by local excision *

Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (NMZL) is an uncommon form of marginal-zone lymphoma that can produce colonization of the follicles in the lymph node A lymph node, or lymph gland, is a kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system and the ad ...

Follicular lymphoma Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a cancer that involves certain types of white blood cells known as lymphocytes. The cancer originates from the uncontrolled division of specific types of B-cells known as centrocytes and centroblasts. These cells normal ...

:: About 40% of lymphomas in adults :: Small "cleaved"

left Left may refer to: Music * ''Left'' (Hope of the States album), 2006 * ''Left'' (Monkey House album), 2016 * "Left", a song by Nickelback from the album ''Curb'', 1996 Direction * Left (direction), the relative direction opposite of right * L ...

cells ( centrocytes) mixed with large activated cells ( centroblasts), usually nodular ("follicular") growth pattern ::

, surface Ig :: About 72–77% :: Occurs in older adults, usually involves lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen, associated with t(14;18)

translocation Translocation may refer to: * Chromosomal translocation, a chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts ** Robertsonian translocation, a chromosomal rearrangement in pairs 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22 ** Nonreciprocal translocation, transfer ...

overexpressing Bcl-2, indolent *

Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma is a type of lymphoma. It was recognized as a distinct disease entity in the 2008 WHO classification. PCFCL had been previously conceived as a variant of follicular lymphoma (FL). Cause Unlike FL, PCFCL ...

* Mantle cell lymphoma :: About 3 to 4% of lymphomas in adults :: Lymphocytes of small to intermediate size growing in diffuse pattern :: CD5 :: About 50 to 70% :::: 50% for limited stage: :::: 70% for advanced stage: :: Occurs mainly in adult males, usually involves lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen and

GI tract The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and ...

, associated with t(11;14) translocation overexpressing

cyclin D1 Cyclin D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCND1'' gene. Gene expression The CCND1 gene encodes the cyclin D1 protein. The human CCND1 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 11 (band 11q13). It is 13,388 base pairs lon ...

, moderately aggressive *

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical p ...

, not otherwise specified :: About 40 to 50% of lymphomas in adults :: Variable, most resemble B cells of large germinal centers, diffuse growth pattern :: Variable expression of

and surface Ig :: Five-year survival rate 60% :: Occurs in all ages, but most commonly in older adults, may occur outside lymph nodes, aggressive *

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation (DLBCL-CI) is a subtype of the Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and a rare form of the Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases, i.e. conditions in which lymphoc ...

Epstein–Barr virus positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified Epstein–Barr virus positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (also termed: EBV positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma, NOS; EBV+ DLBCL, NOS; or EBV+ DLBCL) was initially termed in the WHO 2008 classification as Epstein–Ba ...

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG or LG) is a very rare lymphoproliferative disorder first characterized in 1972. Lymphomatoid means lymphoma-like and granulomatosis denotes the microscopic characteristic of the presence of granulomas with polymor ...

Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma is a distinct type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma involving the mediastinum, recognized in the WHO 2008 classification. Signs and symptoms Superior vena cava syndrome occurs in 30–50%, and pl ...

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma Intravascular lymphomas (IVL) are rare cancers in which malignant lymphocytes proliferate and accumulate within blood vessels. Almost all other tyes of lymphoma involve the proliferation and accumulation of malignant lymphocytes in lymph nodes, ot ...

* ALK+ large B-cell lymphoma *

Plasmablastic lymphoma Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a type of large B-cell lymphoma recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017 as belonging to a subgroup of lymphomas termed lymphoid neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation. The other lymphoid neop ...

* Primary effusion lymphoma *

Large B-cell lymphoma arising in HHV8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease Large B-cell lymphoma arising in HHV8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease is a type of large B-cell lymphoma, recognized in the WHO 2008 classification. It is sometimes called the plasmablastic form of multicentric Castleman disease. It has ...

* Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia :: < 1% of lymphomas in the United States :: Round lymphoid cells of intermediate size with several nucleoli,

starry-sky appearance Burkitt lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, particularly B lymphocytes found in the germinal center. It is named after Denis Parsons Burkitt, the Irish surgeon who first described the disease in 1958 while working in equatorial Africa. ...

by diffuse spread with interspersed

apoptosis Apoptosis (from grc, ἀπόπτωσις, apóptōsis, 'falling off') is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes incl ...

:: CD10, surface Ig :: Five-year survival rate 50% :: Endemic in Africa, sporadic elsewhere, more common in immunocompromised and children, often visceral involvement, highly aggressive * T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia *

T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia Large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder that exhibits an unexplained, chronic (> 6 months) elevation in large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) in the peripheral blood. It is divided in two main categories: T- ...

Aggressive NK cell leukemia Aggressive NK-cell leukemia is a disease with an aggressive, systemic proliferation of natural killer cells (NK cells) and a rapidly declining clinical course. It is also called ''aggressive NK-cell lymphoma''. Signs and symptoms Patients usu ...

* Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma * Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type * Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma *

Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is a rare form of lymphoma that is generally incurable, except in the case of an allogeneic stem cell transplant. It is a systemic neoplasm comprising medium-sized cytotoxic T-cells that show significant sinusoidal in ...

Blastic NK cell lymphoma Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematologic malignancy. It was initially regarded as a form of lymphocyte-derived cutaneous lymphoma and alternatively named CD4+CD56+ hematodermic tumor, blastic NK cell lymphoma, and ...

* Mycosis fungoides/ Sézary syndrome :: Most common cutaneous lymphoid malignancy :: Usually small lymphoid cells with convoluted nuclei that often infiltrate the epidermis, creating

Pautrier microabscesses Mycosis fungoides, also known as Alibert-Bazin syndrome or granuloma fungoides, is the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It generally affects the skin, but may progress internally over time. Symptoms include rash, tumors, skin lesion ...

es ::

CD4 In molecular biology, CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR). CD4 is found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic ...

:: 5-year
survival 75% :: Localized or more generalized skin symptoms, generally indolent, in a more aggressive variant, Sézary's disease, skin erythema and peripheral blood involvement * Primary cutaneous CD30-positive T cell lymphoproliferative disorders **

Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma belongs to the group of cutaneous processes that are CD30+ lymphoproliferative and are characterized by autoregressive, recurrent, single or multifocal ulcerating nodules. Single or localized nodul ...

Lymphomatoid papulosis Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is a rare skin disorder. The overall prevalence rate of lymphomatoid papulosis is estimated at 1.2 to 1.9 cases per 1,000,000 population.

* his is a widespread misinterpretation of a 1992 study saying "the period prev ...

* Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified :: Most common T cell lymphoma :: Variable, usually a mix small to large lymphoid cells with irregular nuclear contours :: CD3 :: Probably consists of several rare tumor types, often disseminated and generally aggressive * Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma">CD3 (immunology)">CD3 :: Probably consists of several rare tumor types, often disseminated and generally aggressive * Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma * Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: Anaplastic large cell lymphoma#ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive and Anaplastic large cell lymphoma#ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative types * Breast plant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma * B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma not otherwise specified * B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with recurrent genetic abnormalities *

T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (WHO 2008), previously labeled precursor T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (WHO 2001) is a form of lymphoid leukemia and lymphoma in which too many T-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the ...

:: 15% of childhood

acute lymphoblastic leukemia Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes. Symptoms may include feeling tired, pale skin color, fever, easy bleeding or bruisin ...

and 90% of

lymphoblastic lymphoma Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes. Symptoms may include feeling tired, pale skin color, fever, easy bleeding or bruisin ...

. :: Lymphoblasts with irregular nuclear contours, condensed chromatin, small nucleoli and scant cytoplasm without granules ::

TdT Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), also known as DNA nucleotidylexotransferase (DNTT) or terminal transferase, is a specialized DNA polymerase expressed in immature, pre-B, pre-T lymphoid cells, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphom ...

, CD2, CD7 :: It often presents as a

mediastinal mass A mediastinal tumor is a tumor in the mediastinum, the cavity that separates the lungs from the rest of the chest. It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and aorta. The most common mediastinal masses are neurogenic tumors (20% of medi ...

because of involvement of the thymus. It is highly associated with '' NOTCH1'' mutations, and is most common in adolescent males. * Classical Hodgkin lymphomas: **

Nodular sclerosis Nodular sclerosis (or "NSHL") is a form of Hodgkin's lymphoma that is the most common subtype of HL in developed countries. It affects females slightly more than males and has a median age of onset at ~28 years. It is composed of large tumor nodul ...

form of Hodgkin lymphoma :: Most common type of Hodgkin lymphoma :: Reed-Sternberg cell variants and inflammation, usually broad sclerotic bands that consist of collagen :: CD15, CD30 :: Most common in young adults, often arises in the

mediastinum The mediastinum (from ) is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. Surrounded by loose connective tissue, it is an undelineated region that contains a group of structures within the thorax, namely the heart and its vessels, the esophagu ...

cervical lymph node Cervical lymph nodes are lymph nodes found in the neck. Of the 800 lymph nodes in the human body, 300 are in the neck. Cervical lymph nodes are subject to a number of different pathological conditions including tumours, infection and inflammati ...

s ** Mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma :: Second-most common form of Hodgkin lymphoma :: Many classic Reed-Sternberg cells and inflammation :: CD15, CD30 :: Most common in men, more likely to be diagnosed at advanced stages than the nodular sclerosis form Epstein–Barr virus involved in 70% of cases ** Lymphocyte-rich ** Lymphocyte depleted or not depleted * Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma * Associated with a primary immune disorder * Associated with the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) * Post-transplant * Associated with

methotrexate Methotrexate (MTX), formerly known as amethopterin, is a chemotherapy agent and immune-system suppressant. It is used to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, and ectopic pregnancies. Types of cancers it is used for include breast cancer, leuke ...

therapy * Primary central nervous system lymphoma occurs most often in immunocompromised patients, in particular those with AIDS, but it can occur in the immunocompetent, as well. It has a poor prognosis, particularly in those with AIDS. Treatment can consist of

corticosteroids Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones. Two main classes of corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, are involve ...

radiotherapy Radiation therapy or radiotherapy, often abbreviated RT, RTx, or XRT, is a therapy using ionizing radiation, generally provided as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells and normally delivered by a linear accelerator. Radia ...

, and chemotherapy, often with methotrexate.

Signs and symptoms

Mouth

Diagnosis

Classification

Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas

Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases

WHO classification

Previous classifications

Staging

Differential diagnosis

Treatment

Low-grade

High-grade

Hodgkin lymphoma

Palliative care

Supportive treatment

Prognosis

Epidemiology

History

Research

Other animals

References

External links