Lockheed R5O Lodestar
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The Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar is a passenger transport aircraft of the World War II era.


Design and development

Sales of the 10–14 passenger Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra, which first flew in 1937, had proved disappointing, despite the aircraft's excellent performance, as it was more expensive to operate than the larger
Douglas DC-3 The Douglas DC-3 is a propeller-driven airliner manufactured by Douglas Aircraft Company, which had a lasting effect on the airline industry in the 1930s to 1940s and World War II. It was developed as a larger, improved 14-bed sleeper version ...
, already in widespread use. In order to improve the type's economics, Lockheed decided to stretch the aircraft's fuselage by , allowing an extra two rows of seats to be fitted. The prototype for the revised airliner, designated Model 18 by Lockheed, was converted from the fourth Model 14, one of a batch which had been returned to the manufacturer by Northwest Airlines after a series of crashes. The modified aircraft first flew in this form on September 21, 1939, another two prototypes being converted from Model 14s, with the first newly built Model 18 flying on February 2, 1940. A total of 625 Lodestars of all variants were built.


Operational history

The Lodestar received its Type certificate on March 30, 1940, allowing it to enter service with the first customer,
Mid-Continent Airlines Mid-Continent Airlines was an airline which operated in the central United States from the 1930s until 1952 when it was acquired by and merged with Braniff International Airways. Mid-Continent Airlines was originally founded as a flight school a ...
that month. As hoped, the extra seats greatly improved the Model 18's economics, reducing its seat-mile costs to a similar level to that of the DC-3, while retaining superior performance. Despite this, sales to US domestic customers were relatively slow as most US airlines were already committed to the DC-3, with only 31 Lodestars going to US airlines. Overseas sales were a little better, with the biggest airline customers being
South African Airways South African Airways (SAA) is the flag carrier airline of South Africa. Founded in 1934, the airline is headquartered in Airways Park at O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg and operated a hub-and-spoke network, serving ten destin ...
(21), New Zealand National Airways Corporation (13), Trans-Canada Air Lines (12) and
BOAC British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) was the British state-owned airline created in 1939 by the merger of Imperial Airways and British Airways Ltd. It continued operating overseas services throughout World War II. After the passi ...
(9); another 29 were bought by the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force. Various
Pratt & Whitney Pratt & Whitney is an American aerospace manufacturer with global service operations. It is a subsidiary of Raytheon Technologies. Pratt & Whitney's aircraft engines are widely used in both civil aviation (especially airlines) and military aviat ...
and Wright Cyclone powerplants were installed. When the United States started to build up its military air strength in 1940–41, many American-operated Lodestars were impressed as the C-56. This was followed by the construction of many new-build Lodestars which were flown by the
U.S. Army Air Forces The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF) was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and ''de facto'' aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II ...
as the C-60 and by the U.S. Navy and
U.S. Marine Corps The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through comb ...
as the R5O. Lend-lease aircraft were used by the RNZAF as transports. One was purchased in 1942 to serve as Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas' personal aircraft. This aircraft was specially designed for that purpose and had 11 seats. After the war many Lodestars were overhauled and returned to civilian service, mostly as executive transports such as Dallas Aero Service's DAS Dalaero conversion, Bill Lear's Learstar (produced by PacAero), and Howard Aero's Howard 250.Taylor 1965, p. 244. A few of the latter were converted to tricycle landing gear. While the surviving New Zealand NZNAC aircraft were sold back overseas in 1951/52, six more were later imported and converted for aerial topdressing. A single Lodestar served with the Israeli Air Force during the
1948 Arab-Israeli War Events January * January 1 ** The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is inaugurated. ** The Constitution of New Jersey (later subject to amendment) goes into effect. ** The railways of Britain are nationalized, to form British ...
. A number of skydiving operations in the United States used Lodestars during the 1970s and 1980s.


Variants

;18-07 :Powered by two 875 hp Pratt & Whitney Hornet S1E2-G engines; 25 built plus two prototypes. ;18-08 :Powered by two 1,200 hp Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp S1C3-G engines; 33 built. ;18-10 :Powered by two 1,200 hp Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp S1C3-G engines; 39 built. ;18-14 :Powered by two 1,200 hp Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp S4C4-G engines; four built. ;18-40 :Powered by two 1,200 hp Wright Cyclone G-1820-G104A engines; 26 built. ;18-50 :Powered by two 1,200hp Wright Cyclone G-1820-G202A engines; 13 built. ;18-56 :Powered by two 1,200hp Wright Cyclone GR-1820-G205A, R-1820-40 or R-1820-87 engines.


US Army Lodestars

;C-56 :Powered by 1,200 hp Wright 1820-89 engines, one Model 18-50 for evaluation.Andrade 1979, pp. 77–78. ;C-56A :One impressed Model 18-07 with two Pratt & Whitney R-1690-54 engines. ;C-56B :Thirteen impressed Model 18-40s with two Wright 1820-97 engines. ;C-56C :Twelve impressed Model 18-07. ;C-56D :Seven impressed Model 18-08. ;C-56E :Two Model 18-40s impressed in 1943. ;C-57 :As Model 18-14 powered by two 1,200 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1830-53 engines. ;C-57A :Allocated for impressed aircraft, not used. ;C-57B :Based on Model 18-08 fitted for trooping; seven aircraft built. ;C-57C :Repowered C-60A with Pratt & Whitney R-1830-51 engines; three aircraft converted. ;C-57D :Repowered C-57C with Pratt & Whitney R-1830-92 engines; one aircraft converted. ;C-59 :Based on Model 18-07 powered by Pratt & Whitney R-1690-25 Hornet engines; 10 aircraft built, transferred to Royal Air Force as Lodestar IA. ;C-60 :Model 18-56 powered by Wright R-1820-87 engines; 36 aircraft built, some transferred to RAF as Lodestar II. ;C-60A :As the C-60 but fitted out as a paratroop transport powered by Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp engines; 325 aircraft built. ;XC-60B :One C-60A fitted with experimental de-icing equipment. ;C-60C :Proposed 21-seat troop transport aircraft, never built. ;C-66 :Powered by Wright R-1820-87 engines; one aircraft built, 11-passenger interior for transfer to the
Brazilian Air Force "Wings that protect the country" , colours = , colours_label = , march = Hino dos Aviadores , mascot = , anniversaries = 22 May (anniver ...
. ;C-104 :Original designation for C-60C


US Navy Lodestars

;XR5O-1 :One Model 18-07 acquired for evaluation powered by 1,200 hp (895 kW) Wright R-1820-40 engines. ;R5O-1 :Staff transport powered by 1,200 hp (895 kW) Wright R-1820-97 engines; three aircraft built, two for the USN and one for the United States Coast Guard. ;R5O-2 :Navy version of the C-59 powered by 850 hp (634 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1690-25 engines; one aircraft built. ;R5O-3 :Powered by 1,200 hp (895 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1830-34A engines. Originally 4-seater VIP transports; three aircraft built. ;R5O-4 :Powered by 1,200 hp (895 kW) Wright R-1820-40 engines. Impressed. 7-seater staff transports; 12 aircraft built. ;R5O-5 :Navy version of the C-60 powered by 1,200 hp (895 kW) Wright R-1820-40 engines. Similar to the R5O-4 but had 14-seats; 38 aircraft built and three former NEIAF aircraft. ;R5O-6 :Navy version of the C-60A for the US Marine Corps, equipped with 18 paratroop seats; 35 built.


Operators


Civil operators

; *
Trans-Australia Airlines Trans Australia Airlines (TAA), renamed Australian Airlines in 1986, was one of the two major Australian domestic airlines between its inception in 1946 and its merger with Qantas in September 1992. As a result of the "COBRA" (or Common Brand ...
(TAA) - two, operated 1952–1953. ; * SABENA (mainly in Africa) ; * Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano (LAB) ; *
Linhas Aéreas Wright Linhas Aéreas Wright Ltda was a Brazilian airline formed in 1947. In 1948 it was sold to Real Transportes Aéreos. History Linhas Aéreas Wright was formed on April 1, 1947 by Francisco Ribeiro Wright and his brother and business partner. It ha ...
*
NAB – Navegação Aérea Brasileira NAB – Navegação Aérea Brasileira was a Brazilian airline founded in 1938. In 1961 it was sold to Lóide Aéreo Nacional. History NAB was founded on January 28, 1938. The founder Paulo Venâncio da Rocha Vianna initially invested heavily in ...
* Panair do Brasil - 6 Model 18-10s delivered new. * SAVAG (Sociedade Anônima Viação Aérea Gaúcha) - Two Model 18-10s bought from Panair do Brasil. * Transportes Aéreos Universal *
Viação Aérea Bahiana Viação Aérea Bahiana was a Brazilian airline founded in 1945. It ceased operations on November 4, 1948. History Viação Aérea Bahiana was founded on December 12, 1945 and flights started in February 1946. Panair do Brasil gave technical and ...
; * Trans-Canada Air Lines - 12 Model 18-10s delivered new.) * Yukon Southern Air Transport - Two Model 18-10s delivered new.) * Canadian Pacific Air Lines (purchased Yukon Southern Air Transport in 1941) ; * Línea Aérea Nacional (LAN) (1943–1953) * CINTA Chilean Airlines (1953–1959) ; *
Karhumäki Airways Karair was an airline from Finland. Initially having offered scheduled passenger flights, the company became a subsidiary of Finnair, mainly operating on holiday charter routes. History Originally called Karhumäki Airways, the company was fo ...
; * Air Afrique (the prewar airline, unrelated to the postwar airline of the same name) - Five Model 18-07s delivered new.) * Air France - Three Model 18-07s delivered new. *
Aero Africaine Aero is a Greek prefix relating to flight and air. In British English, it is used as an adjective related to flight (e.g., as a shortened substitute for aeroplane). Aero, Ærø, or Aeros may refer to: Aeronautics Airlines and companies * Aero (Po ...
(part of Société Africaine des Transports Tropicaux (SATT), based in Algeria) ; * TACA Airways System ;, , and * East African Airways - Received six ex-BOAC Model 18-07s in 1948. ; * Union Airways of New Zealand (1945–1947) * National Airways Corporation (post 1947) ; *
Aero Portuguesa Aero Portuguesa (AP, sometimes written Aero-Portuguesa, short names for the ''Sociedade Aero Portuguesa Lda.'' - Air Portuguese Society, Ltd.) was the first airline of Portugal with scheduled international services. It existed from 1934 to 1953, ...
* DETA Mozambique Airways (serving Portugal's colony of Mozambique) ; * Caribbean-Atlantic Airlines ; *
South African Airways South African Airways (SAA) is the flag carrier airline of South Africa. Founded in 1934, the airline is headquartered in Airways Park at O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg and operated a hub-and-spoke network, serving ten destin ...
Purchased 29 Model 18-08s from new. * Commercial Air Services operated two aircraft. ; * Linjeflyg (1957–1960) ; * British West Indian Airways ; *
BOAC British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) was the British state-owned airline created in 1939 by the merger of Imperial Airways and British Airways Ltd. It continued operating overseas services throughout World War II. After the passi ...
(British Overseas Airways Corporation) - Purchased nine, new-build, Model 18-07s supplemented by 29 second hand aircraft (Model 18-07, 18-10, 18-40, 18-50 C-59, C60 and C60A).) ; * Continental Air Lines - Two Model 18-08s and three 18-10s delivered new. *
Mid-Continent Airlines Mid-Continent Airlines was an airline which operated in the central United States from the 1930s until 1952 when it was acquired by and merged with Braniff International Airways. Mid-Continent Airlines was originally founded as a flight school a ...
- Three Model 18-07s and one Model 18-10 delivered new. * National Airlines - Three Model 18-50s delivered new. * Pan American Airways - Six Model 18-10s delivered new. * United Air Lines - Four Model 18-10s delivered new. *
Inland Air Lines Western Airlines was a major airline based in California, operating in the Western United States including Alaska and Hawaii, and western Canada, as well as to New York City, Boston, Washington, D.C., and Miami and to Mexico City, L ...
- One Model 18-08 delivered new. * Western Air Lines (purchased Inland Air Lines in 1944 and operated it as a separate division) *
Alaska Star Airlines Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...
(renamed to Alaska Airlines in 1944) (one Model 18-56) ; * Línea Aeropostal Venezolana (LAV) - One Model 18-10 delivered new.)


Military operators

; *
Royal Australian Air Force "Through Adversity to the Stars" , colours = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = RAAF Anniversary Commemoration ...
; *
Brazilian Air Force "Wings that protect the country" , colours = , colours_label = , march = Hino dos Aviadores , mascot = , anniversaries = 22 May (anniver ...
(Seven × C-60A and one C-66) ; * Royal Canadian Air Force (18 × C-60A) **
No. 164 Squadron RCAF No. 164 Squadron was a transportation squadron of the Royal Canadian Air Force that formed at Moncton, New Brunswick in January 1943. It was the primary source of crews and aircraft for airlift within Canada. Squadron detachments operated out of ...
**
No. 165 Squadron RCAF The numero sign or numero symbol, №, (also represented as Nº, No, No. or no.), is a Typography, typographic abbreviation of the word ''number''(''s'') indicating ordinal number, ordinal numeration, especially in names and titles. For exampl ...
; * Colombian Air Force (C-60 as VIP transport) ; *
Haiti Air Corps The Haiti Air Corps (french: Corps d'Aviation d'Haiti (Corps d’Aviation de 1’Armee d’Haiti)) was the air force of Haiti from 1942 to 1994. The air corps was disbanded along with the rest of the armed forces after Operation Uphold Democracy, t ...
; * Israeli Air Force ; * Mexican Air Force ; * Royal Netherlands East Indies Air Force (20 Model 18-40s and nine Model 18-50s delivered) ; *
Royal New Zealand Air Force The Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) ( mi, Te Tauaarangi o Aotearoa, "The Warriors of the Sky of New Zealand"; previously ', "War Party of the Blue") is the aerial service branch of the New Zealand Defence Force. It was formed from New Zeala ...
**
No. 40 Squadron RNZAF No. 40 Squadron RNZAF is a transport Squadron (aviation), squadron in the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF). Established in June 1943, it remains on active duty. History Origins The squadron was formed at Whenuapai on 1 June 1943 as No. 40 Tran ...
**No. 41 Squadron RNZAF ; * Norwegian Air Force (Three delivered to the Norwegian government in exile) ; * South African Air Force ; * Royal Air Force ; * United States Army Air Corps * United States Navy * United States Marine Corps * United States Coast Guard


Accidents and incidents

Between 1941-1944, the Panair do Brasil airline suffered 4 accidents involving the Lodestar which resulted in a total of 57 fatalities. In January 1943, Lockheed Lodestar Mk.II EW986,Record for ''EW986'' on ''lostaircraft.com''
/ref> c/n 2154, in the service of the Royal Air Force, overshot and crashed 3 km south of Heliopolis, Egypt. At least 12 crew members and passengers died in the crash. A cause of the accident was not determined. Among those killed were Air Vice-Marshal Wilfred Ashton McClaughry, CB, DSO, MC, DFC and Lady Rosalinde Tedder née MacLardy, wife of Marshal of the Royal Air Force
Arthur William Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder Marshal of the Royal Air Force Arthur William Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder, (11 July 1890 – 3 June 1967) was a senior Royal Air Force commander. He was a pilot and squadron commander in the Royal Flying Corps in the First World War and he went on ...
, GCB. In 1949, a Lockheed Lodestar in airline service in
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
crashed immediately after takeoff. All 21 occupants died in the crash or the ensuing conflagration. The cause of the accident was determined to be that the center of gravity was behind the rear limit. It is also likely the elevator trim tab was set for landing rather than takeoff. On March 22, 1958, Mike Todd's private plane Lucky Liz, named after his wife
Elizabeth Taylor Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor (February 27, 1932 – March 23, 2011) was a British-American actress. She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s. ...
, crashed near Grants, New Mexico. The plane, a twin-engine Lockheed Lodestar, suffered engine failure while being flown overloaded, in icing conditions at too-high an altitude for the loading. The plane went out of control and crashed, killing all four on board. On September 4, 1962, a Lockheed 18-56-24 Lodestar operated by the Ashland Oil and Refining Company crashed near
Lake Milton, Ohio Lake Milton is a census-designated place in central Milton Township, Mahoning County, Ohio, United States. The population was 637 at the 2020 census. Located in northwestern Mahoning County, it sits along the shore of the Lake Milton reservoi ...
. The flight was in-route to
Ashland Regional Airport Ashland Regional Airport is a public use airport in Worthington, Greenup County, Kentucky, owned by the Ashland Regional Airport Board. It is located six nautical miles (11 km) northwest of the central business district of Ashland, a city ...
(KDWU) from Buffalo Airport, NY. Eleven passengers and two crew-members were killed. Investigation determined the crash a result of a malfunction of the electric elevator trim tab, which caused the loss of the plane's right wing during flight. On August 21, 1983, a Lockheed L-18 LEARStar operated by Landry Aviation, Inc. crashed near Silvana, Washington. The flight was a planned parachute drop carrying two pilots and 22 parachutists. Nine parachutists and two crew-members were killed while 13 were able to parachute to safety after the pilots lost control and entered a vertical descent from 12,500 feet. Investigation determined the crash a result of a failure of the operator and pilot-in-command to assure proper load distribution during the parachute drop.


Surviving aircraft


Brazil

* FAB 2006 – C-60A on static display at the Museu Aeroespacial in Rio de Janeiro.


Canada

* c/n 18-2064 – L18-08 under restoration by students at the Aerospace Centre of the University of the Fraser Valley for static display at the Canadian Museum of Flight. It was previously on display at the Victory Air Museum in Mundelein, Illinois. * c/n 18-2220 – L18-08 in storage at the Reynolds-Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwin, Alberta. It was previously registered as CF-TDB.


Finland

* c/n 18-2006 – L18-56 on static display at the Finnish Aviation Museum in Helsinki. It was previously registered as OH-VKU, N9955F, N9965F, and F-ARTF.


New Zealand

* c/n 18-2020 – C-60 on static display at the Museum of Transport and Technology in Western Springs, Auckland. It was built for United Airlines in October 1940 and registered as NC25630. It was impressed into United States Army Air Forces with the serial number 42-53504. In September 1941 it was transferred to the Royal Air Force as AX756. Next, it was operated as G-AGCN by the British Overseas Airways Corporation in East Africa. After serving with the Spanish Air Force, it was sold back to the United States where it was registered as N9933F. Sold again to FieldAir in either 1957 or 1958 it was converted to an aerial topdresser and given the registration ZK-BVE. It was damaged in a wheels up landing in 1969. * c/n 18-2152 – C-60 under restoration with the Gisborne Aviation Preservation Society in Gisborne, Gisborne. It was previously operated by the Royal Air Force as EW984 and Spanish Air Force. Sold to civilian ownership, it was first registered in the United States as N9930F in 1955. It was converted to an aerial topdresser by Fieldair in 1957 and registered as ZK-BUV. It was a gate guardian at
Gisborne Airport Gisborne Airport is a regional airport located in the suburb of Elgin 4.2 km from the city centre of Gisborne on the East Coast of the North Island of New Zealand. Gisborne Airport is one of the few airports in the world that has a rail ...
from 1973 to 1998. * c/n 18-2388 – L18-56 on static display at the National Transport and Toy Museum in Wānaka, Otago.


Norway

* c/n 18-2444 – C-60A on static display with the Norwegian Armed Forces Aircraft Collection at Gardermoen.


South Africa

* c/n 18-2026 – L18-08 on static display at the South African Airways Museum in Germiston, Gauteng. It was previously operated by
South African Airways South African Airways (SAA) is the flag carrier airline of South Africa. Founded in 1934, the airline is headquartered in Airways Park at O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg and operated a hub-and-spoke network, serving ten destin ...
as ZS-ASN.


Sweden

* c/n 18-0056 – L18-56 on static display at the Flygsamlingar Arlanda in Märsta, Stockholm.


United States

* c/n 18-2035 – XC-60B on static display at the Castle Air Museum at the former Castle Air Force Base in Atwater, California. * c/n 18-2404 – R5O-5 airworthy with Lawrence E. Hill of
Marion, Montana Marion is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Flathead County, Montana, United States. Its population was 886 as of the 2010 census. Marion has a post office with ZIP code 59925. The Great Northern Railway created Mario ...
. * c/n 18-2302 – C-60 on display at the
1940 Air Terminal Museum The 1940 Air Terminal Museum is a museum located in Houston, Texas, United States, at William P. Hobby Airport. Collections are housed in the original art deco building which served as the first purpose-built terminal for passenger flight in Houst ...
in
Houston, Texas Houston (; ) is the most populous city in Texas, the most populous city in the Southern United States, the fourth-most populous city in the United States, and the sixth-most populous city in North America, with a population of 2,304,580 in ...
. It has been converted for use as an executive aircraft. * c/n 18-2347 – C-60 in storage in Corinth, Mississippi. * c/n 18-6124 – L18-56 airworthy with Chris Galloway of Knights Landing, California. * 41-19729 – C-56 on static display at the
Travis Air Force Base Heritage Center The Travis Air Force Base Aviation Museum (former names include Travis Air Museum, Jimmy Doolittle Air & Space Museum, and Travis Air Force Base Heritage Center) is an aviation museum located at Travis Air Force Base in Fairfield, California. The ...
at Travis Air Force Base near Fairfield, California. * 42-32181 – C-60 on static display at the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California. * 42-55884 – C-60A airworthy with Gary Hilton of Kingsville, Missouri. * 42-56005 – C-60A airworthy with the Houston Wing of the Commemorative Air Force in
Houston, Texas Houston (; ) is the most populous city in Texas, the most populous city in the Southern United States, the fourth-most populous city in the United States, and the sixth-most populous city in North America, with a population of 2,304,580 in ...
. * 42-56036 – C-60A airworthy with the Mid America Flight Museum in Mount Pleasant, Texas. * 43-16445 – C-60A on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. * 43-16462 – C-60A on static display at the Planes of Fame Museum in Chino, California. * 12473 – R5O-5 on static display at the March Field Air Museum at
March Air Reserve Base March Air Reserve Base (March ARB), previously known as March Air Force Base (March AFB) is located in Riverside County, California between the cities of Riverside, Moreno Valley, and Perris. It is the home to the Air Force Reserve Command's Fo ...
(former March Air Force Base) in Riverside, California. * 12481 – R5O-5 on static display at the Pima Air & Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona.


Uruguay

* c/n 18-2349 – C-60 on static display at the Museo Aeronáutico Jaime Meregalli at
Carrasco Airport Carrasco/General Cesáreo L. Berisso International Airport is the main international airport of Uruguay. It is the country's largest airport and is located in the Carrasco neighborhood of Montevideo. It has been cited as one of the most effi ...
near
Montevideo Montevideo () is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Uruguay, largest city of Uruguay. According to the 2011 census, the city proper has a population of 1,319,108 (about one-third of the country's total population) in an area of . M ...
. It was seized as a smuggler in the 1980s.


Specifications (C-60A-5)


See also


Notes


Bibliography

* Andrade, John. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serial, since 1909. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1979. . * . * Stanaway, John C. ''Vega Ventura: The Operational Story of Lockheed's Lucky Star''. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2000. . * * Taylor, John W. R. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965-66''. London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1965.


External links

* {{Authority control Aircraft first flown in 1939 Lodestar Low-wing aircraft 1930s United States airliners 1930s United States military transport aircraft World War II transport aircraft of the United States Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft Twin-tail aircraft