Species in six subgenera of ''

Plasmodium ''Plasmodium'' is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects. The life cycles of ''Plasmodium'' species involve development in a blood-feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a vert ...

'' infect

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweigh ...

s - ''

Bennettinia ''Plasmodium juxtanucleare'' is a species of parasite in the family Plasmodiidae. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds. Description This species was first described in 1941 by Versiani and Gomes.Versiani, V. & Gomes, B. F. 1941 Sobre ...

'', ''

Giovannolaia ''Giovanolaia'' is a subgenus of the genus ''Plasmodium'' created by Corradetti ''et al.'' in 1963. The parasites within this subgenus infect birds. This subgenus was shown on the basis of DNA analysis to be polyphyletic. This is unsurprising � ...

'', ''

Haemamoeba ''Haemamoeba'' is a subgenus of the genus ''Plasmodium'' — all of which are parasites. The subgenus was created in 1963 by created by Corradetti ''et al.''. Species in this subgenus infect birds. __TOC__ Diagnostic features Species in the su ...

'', ''

Huffia Huffia is a subgenus of the genus ''Plasmodium'' - all of which are parasites. The subgenus was created in 1963 by Corradetti ''et al.''. Species in this subgenus infect bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting t ...

'', ''

Novyella ''Novyella'' is a subgenus of the genus ''Plasmodium'' - all of which are parasites. The subgenus was created in 1963 by Corradetti ''et al.'' Species in this subgenus infect birds. It unites the avian malaria parasites with small erythrocytic m ...

'' and ''

Papernaia ''Papernaia'' is a subgenus of the genus ''Plasmodium'', all of which are parasitic protozoa. The subgenus was created in 2010 by Landau ''et al''. Species in this subgenus infect birds with malaria. __TOC__ Subgenus characteristics The gameto ...

''. ''Giovannolaia'' appears to be a polyphytic group and may be subdivided in the future.Martinsen E.S.,Waite J.L.,Schall J.J. Morphologically defined subgenera of ''Plasmodium'' from avian hosts: test of monophyly by phylogenetic analysis of two mitochondrial genes (2006) Parasitol. 1-8

Avian host records

*''P. accipiteris'' - Levant sparrowhawk ('' Accipiter brevipes'') *''P. alloelongatum'' - Levant sparrowhawk ('' Accipiter brevipes'') *''P. ashfordi'' - great reed warblers (''

Acrocephalus arundinaceus The great reed warbler (''Acrocephalus arundinaceus'') is a Eurasian passerine in the genus '' Acrocephalus''. The genus name ''Acrocephalus'' is from Ancient Greek ''akros'', "highest", and ''kephale'', "head". It is possible that Naumann and N ...

''),Valkiūnas G., Zehtindjiev P., Hellgren O., Ilieva M., Iezhova T.A., Bensch S. (2007) Linkage between mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages and morphospecies of two avian malaria parasites, with a description of ''Plasmodium (Novyella) ashfordi'' sp. nov. Parasitol. Res. crossbill (''

Loxia curvirostra The red crossbill or common crossbill (''Loxia curvirostra'') is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. Crossbills have distinctive mandibles, crossed at the tips, which enable them to extract seeds from conifer cones and other ...

''), siskin (''

Spinus spinus The Eurasian siskin (''Spinus spinus'') is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. It is also called the European siskin, common siskin or just siskin. Other (archaic) names include ''black-headed goldfinch'', ''barley bird'' an ...

'') *''P. bioccai'' - skylark (''

Alauda arvensis The Eurasian skylark (''Alauda arvensis'') is a passerine bird in the lark family, Alaudidae. It is a widespread species found across Europe and the Palearctic with introduced populations in New Zealand, Australia and on the Hawaiian Islands. I ...

''), magpie (''

Pica pica The Eurasian magpie or common magpie (''Pica pica'') is a resident breeding bird throughout the northern part of the Eurasian continent. It is one of several birds in the crow family (corvids) designated magpies, and belongs to the Holarctic r ...

'') *''P. bigueti'' - house sparrow (''

Passer domesticus The house sparrow (''Passer domesticus'') is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. It is a small bird that has a typical length of and a mass of . Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey, an ...

'')Landau I, Chabaud AG, Bertani S, and Snounou G. (2003) Parassitologia. 45(3-4):119-123 Taxonomic status and re-description of ''Plasmodium relictum'' (Grassi et Feletti, 1891), ''Plasmodium maior'' Raffaele, 1931, and description of ''P. bigueti'' n. sp. in sparrows. *''P. biziurae'' - musk duck ('' Biziura lobata'') *''P. buteonis'' - common buzzard ('' Buteo buteo'') *''P. cathemerium'' - red-winged blackbird ('' Agelaius phoeniceus''), great horned owl (''

Bubo virginianus The great horned owl (''Bubo virginianus''), also known as the tiger owl (originally derived from early naturalists' description as the "winged tiger" or "tiger of the air"), or the hoot owl, is a large owl native to the Americas. It is an extrem ...

''), house finch ('' Carpodacus mexicanus''), blue jay (''

Cyanocitta cristata The blue jay (''Cyanocitta cristata'') is a passerine bird in the family (biology), family Corvidae, native to eastern North America. It lives in most of the eastern and central United States; some eastern populations may be migratory. Resident ...

''), blue tit (''

Cyanistes caeruleus The Eurasian blue tit (''Cyanistes caeruleus'') is a small passerine bird in the tit (bird), tit family, Paridae. It is easily recognisable by its blue and yellow plumage and small size. Eurasian blue tits, usually resident bird, resident and ...

''), wood thrush ('' Hylocichla mustelina''), song sparrow (''

Melospiza melodia The song sparrow (''Melospiza melodia'') is a medium-sized New World sparrow. Among the native sparrows in North America, it is easily one of the most abundant, variable and adaptable species. Description Adult song sparrows have brown upperpa ...

''), northern mockingbird ('' Mimus polyglottos leucopterus''), cowbirds ('' Molothrus ater ater''), house sparrow (''

''), magpies ('' Pica pica budsonia''), bronze grackle ('' Quiscalus quiscula aeneus''), northern cardinal ('' Richmondena cardinalis''), canary (''

Serinus canaria The Atlantic canary (''Serinus canaria''), known worldwide simply as the wild canary and also called the island canary, common canary, or canary, is a small passerine bird belonging to the genus ''Serinus'' in the finch family, Fringillidae. It ...

''), starling (''

Sturnus vulgaris The common starling or European starling (''Sturnus vulgaris''), also known simply as the starling in Great Britain and Ireland, is a medium-sized passerine bird in the starling family, Sturnidae. It is about long and has glossy black plumage ...

''), house wren (''

Troglodytes aedon The house wren (''Troglodytes aedon'') is a very small bird of the wren family, Troglodytidae. It occurs from Canada to southernmost South America, and is thus the most widely distributed native bird in the Americas. It occurs in most suburban ar ...

''), robin (''

Turdus migratorius The American robin (''Turdus migratorius'') is a migratory bird of the true thrush genus and Turdidae, the wider thrush family. It is named after the European robin because of its reddish-orange breast, though the two species are not closely ...

''), white-throated sparrow (''

Zonotrichia albicollis The white-throated sparrow (''Zonotrichia albicollis'') is a passerine bird of the New World sparrow family Passerellidae. Etymology The genus name ''Zonotrichia'' is from Ancient Greek (, ) and (, ). The specific ''albicollis'' is from Lati ...

'') *''P. circumflexum'' - sharp-shinned hawk ('' Accipiter striatus''), red-winged blackbird ('' Agelaius phoeniceus''), wood duck (''

Aix sponsa The wood duck or Carolina duck (''Aix sponsa'') is a species of perching duck found in North America. The drake wood duck is one of the most colorful North American waterfowl. Description The wood duck is a medium-sized perching duck. A typi ...

''), canvasbacks (''

Aythya valisineria The canvasback (''Aythya valisineria'') is a species of diving duck, the largest found in North America. Taxonomy Scottish-American naturalist Alexander Wilson described the canvasback in 1814. The genus name is derived from Greek ''aithuia'', ...

''), common pochard (''

Aythya ferina The common pochard (; ''Aythya ferina'') is a medium-sized diving duck. The scientific name is derived from Greek '' aithuia'', an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Aristotle, and Latin ''ferina'', "wild game", f ...

''), blue jay (''

''), Cape May warbler ('' Dendroica tigrina''), gray cat bird ('' Dumetella carolinensis''), slate colour junicao ('' Junico hymenalis''), song sparrow (''

''), common merganser (''

Mergus merganser The common merganser (North American) or goosander (Eurasian) (''Mergus merganser'') is a large seaduck of rivers and lakes in forested areas of Europe, Asia, and North America. The common merganser eats mainly fish. It nests in holes in trees. ...

''), cowbird ('' Molothrus ater ater''), northern cardinal ('' Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis''), trumpeter swan ('' Olor buccinator''), chestnut-tailed starling ('' Sturnus malabaricus''), brown thrasher (''

Toxostoma rufum The brown thrasher (''Toxostoma rufum''), sometimes erroneously called the brown thrush or fox-coloured thrush, is a bird in the family Mimidae, which also includes the New World catbirds and mockingbirds. The brown thrasher is abundant through ...

''), American robin (''

''), juniper thrush (''

Turdus pilaris The fieldfare (''Turdus pilaris'') is a member of the thrush family Turdidae. It breeds in woodland and scrub in northern Europe and across the Palearctic. It is strongly migratory, with many northern birds moving south during the winter. It ...

''), wild guineafowl ('' Numida meleagris'') and white-throated sparrow (''

'') *''P. dissanaikei'' - Ross-ringed

parakeet A parakeet is any one of many small to medium-sized species of parrot, in multiple Genus, genera, that generally has long tail feathers. Etymology and naming The name ''parakeet'' is derived from the French wor''perroquet'' which is reflec ...

(''

Psittacula krameri manillensis The rose-ringed parakeet (''Psittacula krameri''), also known as the ring-necked parakeet (more commonly known as the Indian ringneck parrot), is a medium-sized parrot in the genus Psittacula, of the family Psittacidae. It has disjunct native ran ...

'') *''P. dherteae'' - skylark (''

''), magpie (''

'') *''P. dorseti'' - skylark (''

''), magpie (''

'') *''P. durae'' - turkeys ('' Meleagris'' species), common peafowl (''

Pavo cristatus The Indian peafowl (''Pavo cristatus''), also known as the common peafowl, and blue peafowl, is a peafowl species native to the Indian subcontinent. It has been introduced to many other countries. Male peafowl are referred to as peacocks, and ...

''), francolins ('' Franoclinus leucoscepus'' and '' Franoclinus levialanti levialanti''), Japanese quail (''

Coturnix japonica The Japanese quail (''Coturnix japonica''), also known as the coturnix quail, is a species of Old World quail found in East Asia. First considered a subspecies of the common quail, it is now considered as a separate species. The Japanese quail ...

''), Lady Amherst pheasants ('' Chrysophus amherstiae'') *''P. elongatum'' - great reed warblers (''

''), red-tailed hawk (''

Buteo jamaicensis The red-tailed hawk (''Buteo jamaicensis'') is a bird of prey that breeds throughout most of North America, from the interior of Alaska and northern Canada to as far south as Panama and the West Indies. It is one of the most common members with ...

''), New Zealand bellbird (''

Anthornis melanura The New Zealand bellbird (''Anthornis melanura''), also known by its Māori names korimako, makomako, and kōmako, is a passerine bird endemic to New Zealand. It has greenish colouration and is the only living member of the genus ''Anthornis''. T ...

''), bobwhite quail ('' Colinus virginianus virginianus''), bald eagle (''

Haliaeetus leucocephalus The bald eagle (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'') is a bird of prey found in North America. A sea eagle, it has two known subspecies and forms a species pair with the white-tailed eagle (''Haliaeetus albicilla''), which occupies the same niche as ...

''), honeycreeper ('' Loxops parva''), eastern screech owl (''

Otus asio The eastern screech owl (''Megascops asio'') or eastern screech-owl, is a small owl that is relatively common in Eastern North America, from Mexico to Canada. This species is native to most wooded environments of its distribution, and more so th ...

''), black-footed penguins (''

Spheniscus demersus The African penguin (''Spheniscus demersus''), also known as Cape penguin or South African penguin, is a species of penguin confined to southern African waters. Like all extant penguins, it is flightless, with a streamlined body and wings stiffe ...

''), *''P. fallax'' - pygmy owl ('' Glaucidium passerinum''),

turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

s ('' Meleagris'' species), helmeted guineafowl ('' Numida meleagris'') *''P. forresteri'' - eastern screech-owls (''

''), great horned owls (''

''), barred owls (''

Strix varia The barred owl (''Strix varia''), also known as the northern barred owl, striped owl or, more informally, hoot owl, is a North American large species of owl. A member of the true owl family, Strigidae, they belong to the genus ''Strix'', which i ...

''), bald eagles (''

''), red-shouldered hawks (''

Buteo lineatus The red-shouldered hawk (''Buteo lineatus'') is a medium-sized buteo. Its breeding range spans eastern North America and along the coast of California and northern to northeastern-central Mexico. It is a permanent resident throughout most of its ...

''), broad-winged hawks (''

Buteo platypterus The broad-winged hawk (''Buteo platypterus'') is a medium-sized hawk of the genus ''Buteo''. During the summer, some subspecies are distributed over eastern North America, as far west as British Columbia and Texas; they then migrate south to wint ...

''), red-tailed hawks (''

'') *''P. gabaldoni'' - muscovy duck (''

Cairina moschata The Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata'') is a large duck native to the Americas, from the Rio Grande Valley of Texas and Mexico south to Argentina and Uruguay. Small wild and feral breeding populations have established themselves in the United Sta ...

''), rock pigeon (''

Columba livia The rock dove, rock pigeon, or common pigeon ( also ; ''Columba livia'') is a member of the bird family Columbidae (doves and pigeons). In common usage, it is often simply referred to as the "pigeon". The domestic pigeon (''Columba livia domes ...

'') *''P. gallinaceum'' - red junglefowl (''

Gallus gallus The red junglefowl (''Gallus gallus'') is a tropical bird in the family Phasianidae. It ranges across much of Southeast Asia and parts of South Asia. It was formerly known as the Bankiva or Bankiva Fowl. It is the species that gave rise to the ...

'') *''P. garnhami'' - rain quail ('' Coturnix coromandelica'') *''P. ghadiriani'' - skylark (''

''), magpie (''

'') *''P. giovannolai'' - red-billed choughs (''

Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax The red-billed chough, Cornish chough or simply chough ( ; ''Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax''), is a bird in the crow family, one of only two species in the genus '' Pyrrhocorax''. Its eight subspecies breed on mountains and coastal cliffs from the we ...

''), blackbird (''

Turdus merula The common blackbird (''Turdus merula'') is a species of true thrush. It is also called the Eurasian blackbird (especially in North America, to distinguish it from the unrelated New World blackbirds), or simply the blackbird where this does not ...

'') *''P. globularis'' - yellow-whiskered greenbul ('' Andropadus latirostris'') *''P. griffithsi'' - wild turkeys (''

Meleagris gallopavo intermedia The wild turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo'') is an upland ground bird native to North America, one of two extant species of turkey and the heaviest member of the order Galliformes. It is the ancestor to the domestic turkey, which was originally de ...

'') *''P. gundersi'' - eastern screech owl (''

'') *''P. guangdong'' - red-whiskered bulbul (''

Pycnonotus jocosus The red-whiskered bulbul (''Pycnonotus jocosus''), or crested bulbul, is a passerine bird native to Asia. It is a member of the bulbul family. It is a resident frugivore found mainly in tropical Asia. It has been introduced in many tropical a ...

'') *''P. hegneri'' - common teal (''

Anas crecca The Eurasian teal (''Anas crecca''), common teal, or Eurasian green-winged teal is a common and widespread duck that breeds in temperate Eurosiberia and migrates south in winter. The Eurasian teal is often called simply the teal due to being th ...

'') *''P. hermani'' - turkey (''

Meleagris gallopavo The wild turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo'') is an upland ground bird native to North America, one of two extant species of turkey and the heaviest member of the order Galliformes. It is the ancestor to the domestic turkey, which was originally de ...

''), bobwhite (''

Colinus virginianus The northern bobwhite (''Colinus virginianus''), also known as the Virginia quail or (in its home range) bobwhite quail, is a ground-dwelling bird native to Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Cuba, with introduced populations elsewhere in th ...

'') *''P. hexamerium'' - skylark (''

''), magpie (''

''), eastern bluebird ('' Sialia sialis'') *''P. jiangi'' - red-whiskered bulbul (''

'') *''P. juxtanucleare'' - red junglefowl (''

''), black-footed penguins (''

''), white eared-pheasant (''

Crossoptilon crossoptilon The white eared pheasant (''Crossoptilon crossoptilon''), also known as Dolan’s eared pheasant or Bee's pheasant, is a species of " eared pheasant" that get its name because its colouration is white and has the prominent ear tufts of the genu ...

'') *''P. kempi'' - turkey (''

''), bobwhite (''

''), chukar (''

Alectoris graeca The rock partridge or common rock partridge (''Alectoris graeca'') is a gamebird in the pheasant family, Phasianidae, of the order Galliformes (gallinaceous birds). It is native to southern Europe, and is closely related and very similar to its ...

''), guinea fowl ('' Numida meleagris''), peacocks (''

''), canary (''

''). Mallards (''

Anas platyrhynchos The mallard () or wild duck (''Anas platyrhynchos'') is a dabbling duck that breeds throughout the temperate and subtropical Americas, Eurasia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to New Zealand, Australia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, Argen ...

'') and domestic geese (''

Anser anser The greylag goose or graylag goose (''Anser anser'') is a species of large goose in the waterfowl family Anatidae and the type species of the genus ''Anser''. It has mottled and barred grey and white plumage and an orange beak and pink legs. A ...

'') may be transiently infected.Christensen B.M., Barnes H.J., Rowley W.A. (1983) Vertebrate host specificity and experimental vectors of ''Plasmodium (Novyella) kempi'' sp. n. from the eastern wild turkey in Iowa. J. Wildl. Dis. 19(3):204-213 *''P. loprae'' - Peking duck (''

'') *''P. lucens'' - olive sunbird ('' Cyanomitra (Nectarinia) olivacea'') *''P. lutzi'' - grey necked wood rail ('' Aramides cajaneus'') and the great thrush (Turdus fuscater) *''P. matutinum'' -

pigeon Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...

and

dove Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...

('' Colubma'' species) *''P. megaglobularis'' - olive sunbird ('' Cyanomitra (Nectarinia) olivacea'') *''P. merulae'' - blackbird (''

'') *''P. mohammedi'' - house sparrow ('' Passer domesticus biblicus'') *''P. multivacuolaris'' - yellow-whiskered greenbul ('' Andropadus latirostris'') *''P. nucleophilium'' - great tit (''

Parus major The great tit (''Parus major'') is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is a widespread and common species throughout Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and east across the Palearctic to the Amur River, south to parts of North Af ...

''), gray catbird ('' Dumetella carolinensis'') *''P. nucleophilum toucani'' - Swainson's toucan ('' Ramphastos swainsonii'') *''P. octamerium'' - pintail whydah bird ('' Vidua macroura'')Manwell R.D. (1968) ''Plasmodium octamerium'' n. sp., an avian malaria parasite from the pintail whydah bird ''Vidua macroura''. J. Protozool. 15(4):680-685 *''P. pachysomum'' - tawny pipit (''

Anthus campestris The tawny pipit (''Anthus campestris'') is a medium-large passerine bird which breeds in much of the central Palearctic from northwest Africa and Portugal to Central Siberia and on to Inner Mongolia. It is a bird migration, migrant moving in wi ...

'') *''P. paddae'' - Java sparrow (''

Padda oryzivora The Java sparrow (''Padda oryzivora''), also known as Java finch, Java rice sparrow or Java rice bird, is a small passerine bird. This estrildid finch is a resident breeding bird in Java, Bali and Bawean in Indonesia. It is a popular cage bird, ...

'') *''P. parahexamerium'' - white-tailed alethe ('' Alethe diademata'') *''P. paranucleophilum'' - South American

tanager The tanagers (singular ) comprise the bird family Thraupidae, in the order Passeriformes. The family has a Neotropical distribution and is the second-largest family of birds. It represents about 4% of all avian species and 12% of the Neotropica ...

*''P. parvulum'' -

vanga The family Vangidae (from ''vanga'', Malagasy for the hook-billed vanga, ''Vanga curvirostris'') comprises a group of often shrike-like medium-sized birds distributed from Asia to Africa, including the vangas of Madagascar to which the family o ...

species *''P. pedioecetii'' - lesser prairie-chicken (''

Tympanuchus pallidicinctus The lesser prairie chicken (''Tympanuchus pallidicinctus'') is a species in the grouse family. Description It is a medium to large bird, striped white and brown, slightly smaller and paler than its near relative the greater prairie chicken (''T. ...

''), Darwin's nothura ('' Nothura darwinii''),

grouse Grouse are a group of birds from the order Galliformes, in the family Phasianidae. Grouse are presently assigned to the tribe Tetraonini (formerly the subfamily Tetraoninae and the family Tetraonidae), a classification supported by mitochondr ...

*''P. pfefferi'' - magpie (''

'') *''P. pinotti'' - bananaquit ('' Coereba flaveola''), orangequit ('' Euneornis campestris''), yellow-shouldered grassquit ('' Loxipasser anoxanthus''), black-faced grassquit ('' Tiaris bicolor'') *''P. polare'' - bald eagle (''

''), barn swallow (''

Hirundo rustica The barn swallow (''Hirundo rustica'') is the most widespread species of swallow in the world. In fact, it appears to have the largest natural distribution of any of the world's passerines, ranging over 251 million square kilometres globally. ...

''), yellow wagtails (''

Motacilla flava The western yellow wagtail (''Motacilla flava'') is a small perching bird, passerine in the wagtail family (biology), family Motacillidae, which also includes the pipits and longclaws. This species breeds in much of temperate Europe and Asia. It ...

'') and cliff swallows ('' Petrochelidon pyrrhonota'') *''P. polymorphum'' - skylark (''

'') *''P. relictum'' - skylark (''

''), reed warbler (''

Acrocephalus scirpaceus The common reed warbler (''Acrocephalus scirpaceus'') is an Old World warbler in the genus '' Acrocephalus''. It breeds across Europe into the temperate western Palaearctic where it is migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa. It is also a res ...

''), New Zealand bellbird (''

''), little night owl ('' Athene noctua''), house finch ('' Carpodacus mexicanus''), blue quail ('' Coturnix chinensis''), blue tit (''

''), Gyr falcons (''

Falco rusticolus The gyrfalcon ( or ) (), the largest of the falcon species, is a bird of prey. The abbreviation gyr is also used. It breeds on Arctic coasts and tundra, and the islands of northern North America and the Eurosiberian region. It is mainly a reside ...

''), chaffinch (''

Fringilla coelebs The common chaffinch or simply the chaffinch (''Fringilla coelebs'') is a common and widespread small passerine bird in the finch family. The male is brightly coloured with a blue-grey cap and rust-red underparts. The female is more subdued in ...

''), red-backed shrike ('' Lanius collurio''), common crossbill (''

''),

Hawaiian honeycreeper Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small, passerine birds endemic to Hawaii. They are closely related to the rosefinches in the genus ''Carpodacus'', but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch. Their great ...

, yellow wagtail (''

''),

house sparrow The house sparrow (''Passer domesticus'') is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. It is a small bird that has a typical length of and a mass of . Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey, a ...

(''

''), magpie (''

''), red-billed choughs (''

''), tree sparrow (''

Passer montanus The Eurasian tree sparrow (''Passer montanus'') is a passerine bird in the sparrow family with a rich chestnut crown and nape, and a black patch on each pure white cheek. The sexes are similarly plumaged, and young birds are a duller version o ...

''), great tit (''

''), the bearded tit (''

Panurus biarmicus The bearded reedling (''Panurus biarmicus'') is a small, sexually dimorphic reed-bed passerine bird. It is frequently known as the bearded tit, due to some similarities to the long-tailed tit, or the bearded parrotbill. It is the only species in ...

''), siskin (''

''), Magellanic penguins (''

Spheniscus magellanicus The Magellanic penguin (''Spheniscus magellanicus'') is a South American penguin, breeding in coastal Patagonia, including Argentina, Chile, and the Falkland Islands, with some migrating to Brazil and Uruguay, where they are occasionally seen as ...

''), black-footed penguins (''

''), starling (''

''), pheasant ('' Tragopan satyra''), white-eyed thrush ('' Turdus jamaicensis''), yellow-faced grassquit ('' Tiaris olivacea'') *''P. rouxi'' - skylark (''

''),

partridge A partridge is a medium-sized Galliformes, galliform bird in any of several genera, with a wide Indigenous (ecology), native distribution throughout parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. Several species have been introduced to the Americas. They a ...

*''P. sergentorum'' - skylark (''

''), magpie (''

'') *''P. snounoui'' - magpie (''

'') *''P. stellatum'' - spotted flycatcher ('' Muscicapa striata'') *''P. tenue'' - babbler ('' Garrulax canorus taewanus''), Pekin robin ('' Leiothrix lutea'') *''P. tejerai'' - turkey (''

'') *''P. tumbayaensis'' - thrush ('' Planethicus anthracinus'') *''P. vaughani'' - warbler (''

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus The sedge warbler (''Acrocephalus schoenobaenus'') is an Old World warbler in the genus '' Acrocephalus''. It is a medium-sized warbler with a brown, streaked back and wings and a distinct pale supercilium. Sedge warblers are migratory, crossing ...

''), blackbird ('' Agelaius phoeniceus''), goldfinch (''

Carduelis carduelis The European goldfinch or simply the goldfinch (''Carduelis carduelis'') is a small passerine bird in the finch family that is native to Europe, North Africa and western and central Asia. It has been introduced to other areas, including Austral ...

''), blue jay (''

''), yellow warbler ('' Setophaga petechia''), robin (''

Erithacus rubecula The European robin (''Erithacus rubecula''), known simply as the robin or robin redbreast in Great Britain & Ireland, is a small insectivorous passerine bird that belongs to the chat subfamily of the Old World flycatcher family. About in leng ...

''), junco ('' Junco hyemalis hyemalis''), red-billed leiothrix ('' Leiothrix lutea''), bullfinch ('' Loxigilla violacea''), house sparrow (''

''), the weaver ('' Ploceus cucullatus''), the grackle (''

Quiscalus quiscula The common grackle (''Quiscalus quiscula'') is a species of large icterid bird found in large numbers through much of North America. First described in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus, the common grackle has three subspecies. Adult common grackles have a ...

''), the canary (''

''), the blackcap (''

Sylvia atricapilla The Eurasian blackcap (''Sylvia atricapilla''), usually known simply as the blackcap, is a common and widespread typical warbler. It has mainly olive-grey upperparts and pale grey underparts, and differences between the five subspecies are sma ...

''), the pigeon (''

Spilopelia senegalensis The laughing dove (''Spilopelia senegalensis'') is a small pigeon that is a resident breeder in Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Western Australia where it has established itself in the wild after being released from Perth Zoo in 1898. Th ...

''), eastern meadowlark ('' Sturnella magna''), starling (''

'') black-faced grassquit ('' Tiaris bicolor''), white-eyed thrush ('' Turdus jamaicensis''), the blackbird (''

'') and American sparrows (''

Zonotrichia ''Zonotrichia'' is a genus of five extant American sparrows of the family Passerellidae. Four of the species are North American, but the rufous-collared sparrow breeds in highlands from the extreme southeast of Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, and on ...

'' species).

Subspecies of avian malaria

*''P. nucleophilum'' has at least one subspecies - ''P. nucleophilum toucani'' *''P. relictum'' has been divided into subspecies: ''P. relictum capistranoae'', ''P. relicturn matutinum'', ''P. relictum quentini'' and ''P. relictum relictum''. Interrelatedness *''P. durae'' is related to ''P. asanum'', ''P. circumflexum'', ''P. fallax'', ''P. formosanum'', ''P. gabaldoni'', ''P. hegneri'', ''P. lophrae'', ''P. lophrae'', ''P. pediocetti'', ''P. pinotti'', and ''P. polare''. *''P. gallinacium'' is related to ''P. griffithsi'' *''P. relictum'' is related to ''P. cathemerium'', ''P. giovannolai'' and ''P. matutinum''. ''P. relictum'' may be difficult to distinguish from ''P. giovannolai'' on either morphological grounds or on the basis of host species. *''P. hexamerium'' is related to ''P. vaughni''. *''P. ashfordi'' is related to ''P. vaughni''.

Vectors of avian malaria

*''

Aedes ''Aedes'' is a genus of mosquitoes originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but now found on all continents except perhaps Antarctica. Some species have been spread by human activity: ''Aedes albopictus'', a particularly invasive spe ...

'' species: *''

Aedes aegypti ''Aedes aegypti'', the yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other disease agents. The mosquito can be recognized by black and white markings on its legs ...

'' - ''P. gallinacium'' *'' Aedes hesperonotius'' - ''P. gallinacium'' *''

Culex ''Culex'' is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encep ...

'' species: *'' Culex fatigans'' - ''P. relictum'' *''

Culex pipiens ''Culex pipiens'', commonly referred to as the common house mosquito, is a species of mosquito. House mosquitoes are some of the most common mosquitoes in the United States. More specifically, ''Culex pipiens'' is considered as the northern hous ...

'' - ''P. cathermerium'', ''P. paddae'' *'' Culex pipiens pipiens'' - ''P. kempi'' *'' Culex nigripalpus'' - ''P. elongatum'', ''P. hermani'' *''

Culex quinquefasciatus ''Culex'' is a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encep ...

'' - ''P. relictum'' *''

Culex restuans ''Culex restuans'' is a species of mosquito known to occur in Canada, the United States, Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. It is a disease vector for St. Louis encephalitis and West Nile virus. In 2013 West Nile Virus positive specimens were collec ...

'' - ''P. elongatum'', ''P. forresteri'' *''

Culex salinarius ''Culex salinarius'', the unbanded saltmarsh mosquito, is a species of mosquito in the family Culicidae Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''cule ...

'' - ''P. elongatum'', ''P. hermani'' *'' Culex stigmatastoma'' - ''P. relictum'' *''

Culex tarsalis ''Culex tarsalis'', also known as Western Encephalitis Mosquito, is a mosquito species that appears in southern California. The species has black and white banding on the legs. The species is a major vector of Saint Louis encephalitis and Weste ...

'' - ''P. kempi'', ''P. hexamerium'', ''P. relictum'' *''

Culiseta ''Culiseta'' is a genus (biology), genus of mosquitoes. Most ''Culiseta'' species are cold-adapted, and only occur in warmer climates during the colder parts of the year or at higher elevations where temperatures are lower. Species found in South ...

'' species *'' Culiseta morsitans'' - ''P. circumflexum'' *'' Mansonia'' species: *'' Mansionia crassipes'' - ''P. circumflexum'', ''P. gallinacium'' *'' Theobaldia'' species *'' Theobaldia annulata'' - ''P. circumflexum'' Notes: Sporogeny of ''P. circumflexum'' but not transmission has been recorded in ''

Mansonia perturbans ''Mansonia'' is the scientific name of two genera of organisms and may refer to: * ''Mansonia'' (fly), a genus of insects in the family Culicidae * ''Mansonia'' (plant), a genus of plants in the family Malvaceae {{Genus disambiguation ...

''.

Avian malaria notes

*''P. relictum'' is known to infect over 70 bird families and 359 wild bird species so the record here should be regarded as incomplete. Additional host species can be found under the link ''

Plasmodium relictum ''Plasmodium relictum'' is a species in the genus ''Plasmodium,'' subgenus '' Haemamoeba''. It is a parasite, and the most common cause of malaria in birds. Like all ''Plasmodium'' species, ''P. relictum'' has both vertebrate and insect host ...

''. It is likely that this species has been responsible for more bird

extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...

ions than any other protist. *''P. vaughani'' is the second commonest species of avian malaria parasites after ''P. relictum''. *''P. inconstans'', ''P. irae'', ''P. praecox'', ''P. subpraecox'' and ''P. wasielewski'' have been re classified as ''P. relictum''. ''P. subpraecox'' was described by Grassi and Feletti in 1892. ''P. wasielewski'' was described by Brumpt in 1909. *''P. elongatum'' infects 21 bird families and 59 species of bird. Additional host species are given under the link ''

Plasmodium elongatum ''Plasmodium'' is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects. The life cycles of ''Plasmodium'' species involve development in a Hematophagy, blood-feeding insect host (biology), host which then inj ...

''. *''P. dominicana'' is a species known only from fossil amber. It is thought to have been a species infecting birds. It has been placed in the subgenus ''

Nyssorhynchus ''Anopheles'' is a genus of mosquitoes (Culicidae). Of about 484 recognised species, over 100 can transmit human malaria, but only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'' that cause malaria, which affects humans in endemi ...

''. *The taxonomic status of ''P. corradettii'' (Laird, 1998) is currently regarded as dubious and may be revised. *''P. huffi'' may be the same species as ''P. nucleophilum toucani''. *''P. oti'' is now regarded as the same species as ''P. hexamerium''. *There are currently 13 species recognised in the subgenus ''Novyella'' all of which are listed here. A number of additional species have been described in birds - ''P. centropi'', ''P. chloropsidis'', ''P. gallinuae'', ''P. herodialis'', ''P. heroni'', ''P. mornony'', ''P. pericorcoti'' and ''P. ploceii'' - but the suggested speciation was based at least in part on the idea - 'one host - one species'. It has not been possible to reconcile the descriptions with any of the currently recognised species, and these are not currently regarded as valid species. As further investigations are made into this genus these species may be resurrected. A species ''P. japonicum'' has been reported but this appears to be the only report of this species and should therefore be regarded of dubious validity.

References

{{Reflist , refs= {{cite journal , first1=Rubayet , last1=Elahi , first2=Ausraful , last2=Islam , first3=Mohammad Sharif , last3=Hossain , first4=Khaja , last4=Mohiuddin , first5=Andrea , last5=Mikolon , first6=Suman Kumer , last6=Paul , first7=Parviez Rana , last7=Hosseini , first8=Peter , last8=Daszak , first9=Mohammad Shafiul , last9=Alam , name-list-style=amp , title=Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Haematozoan Parasites in Wetlands of Bangladesh , journal=Journal of Parasitology Research , volume=2014 , year=2014 , pages=1–12 , doi=10.1155/2014/493754 , pmid=24587896 , pmc=3918735 , doi-access=free List of Plasmodium species infecting birds