This article contains a list of insect pests of

millet Millets () are a highly varied group of small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Most species generally referred to as millets belong to the tribe Paniceae, but some millets al ...

s primarily derived from Kalaisekar (2017).

Millet species

All of the millet species listed below belong to the grass famly,

Poaceae Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns an ...

. Most species generally referred to as millets belong to the subfamily

Panicoideae Panicoideae is the second-largest subfamily of the grasses with over 3,500 species, mainly distributed in warm temperate and tropical regions. It comprises some important agricultural crops, including sugarcane, maize (or corn), sorghum, and swit ...

, but some millets also belong to various other taxa. Major millets are in bold.

Eragrostideae Eragrostideae is a tribe of grasses in subfamily Chloridoideae Chloridoideae is one of the largest subfamilies of grasses, with roughly 150 genera and 1,600 species, mainly found in arid tropical or subtropical grasslands. Within the PACMAD c ...

tribe in the subfamily

Chloridoideae Chloridoideae is one of the largest subfamilies of grasses, with roughly 150 genera and 1,600 species, mainly found in arid tropical or subtropical grasslands. Within the PACMAD clade, their sister group are the Danthonioideae. The subfamily inc ...

: * ''

Eleusine coracana ''Eleusine coracana'', or finger millet, also known as ragi in India, kodo in Nepal, is an annual herbaceous plant widely grown as a cereal crop in the arid and semiarid areas in Africa and Asia. It is a tetraploid and self-pollinating species p ...

'': Finger millet * ''

Eragrostis tef ''Eragrostis tef'', also known as teff, Williams lovegrass or annual bunch grass, is an annual grass, a species of lovegrass native to the Horn of Africa, notably to both Eritrea and Ethiopia. It is cultivated for its edible seeds, also known as ...

'': Teff

Paniceae Paniceae is a large tribe of the subfamily Panicoideae in the grasses (Poaceae), the only in the monotypic supertribe Panicodae. It includes roughly 1,500 species in 84 genera, primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Pan ...

tribe in the subfamily

: * Genus ''

Panicum ''Panicum'' (panicgrass) is a large genus of about 450 species of grasses native throughout the tropical regions of the world, with a few species extending into the northern temperate zone. They are often large, annual or perennial grasses, growi ...

'': ** ''

Panicum miliaceum ''Panicum miliaceum'' is a grain crop with many common names, including proso millet, broomcorn millet, common millet, hog millet, Kashfi millet, red millet, and white millet. Archaeobotanical evidence suggests millet was first domesticated abou ...

'': Proso millet (common millet, broomcorn millet) ** ''

Panicum sumatrense ''Panicum sumatrense'', known as little millet, is a species of millet in the family Poaceae. Description This species of cereal is similar in habit to the proso millet except that it is smaller. It is an annual herbaceous plant, which grows st ...

'': Little millet * ''

Pennisetum glaucum Pearl millet (''Cenchrus americanus'', commonly known as the synonym ''Pennisetum glaucum''; also known as 'Bajra' in Hindi, 'Sajje' in Kannada, 'Kambu' in Tamil, 'Bajeer' in Kumaoni and 'Maiwa' in Hausa, 'Mexoeira' in Mozambique) is the most w ...

'': Pearl millet * ''

Setaria italica Foxtail millet, scientific name ''Setaria italica'' (synonym ''Panicum italicum'' L.), is an annual grass grown for human food. It is the second-most widely planted species of millet, and the most grown millet species in Asia. The oldest evidenc ...

'': Foxtail millet * Genus ''

Digitaria ''Digitaria'' is a genus of plants in the Poaceae, grass family native to tropical and warm temperate regions but can occur in tropical, subtropical, and cooler temperate regions as well. Common names include crabgrass, finger-grass, and fonio. ...

'' ** ''

Digitaria exilis ''Digitaria exilis'', referred to as findi or fundi in areas of Africa, such as The Gambia, with English common names white fonio, fonio millet, and hungry rice or acha rice, is a grass species. It is the most important of a diverse group of wild ...

'': White fonio ** ''

Digitaria compacta ''Digitaria compacta'' is a grass species native to India and Indochina. It is cultivated in the Khasi Hills of northeast India, used as a glutinous flour for making bread or porridge, and known as raishan. See also *''Digitaria exilis'', white f ...

'': Raishan * Genus ''

Echinochloa ''Echinochloa'' is a very widespread genus of plants in the grass family and tribe Paniceae. Some of the species are known by the common names barnyard grass or cockspur grass. Some of the species within this genus are millets that are grown a ...

'': barnyard millets ** ''

Echinochloa esculenta ''Echinochloa esculenta'' is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. It is referred to by the common names Japanese barnyard millet or Japanese millet, is a species of ''Echinochloa'' that is cultivated on a small scale in India, Japan, China a ...

'': Japanese barnyard millet ** ''

Echinochloa frumentacea ''Echinochloa frumentacea'' (Indian barnyard millet, sawa millet, or billion dollar grass)''Echin ...

'': Indian barnyard millet ** ''

Echinochloa crus-galli ''Echinochloa crus-galli'' is a type of wild grass originating from tropical Asia that was formerly classified as a type of panicum grass. It is commonly known as cockspur (or cockspur grass), barnyard millet, Japanese millet, water grass, common ...

'': Common barnyard grass * ''

Paspalum scrobiculatum ''Paspalum scrobiculatum'', commonly called Kodo millet or Koda millet,A. E. Grant (1898), "Poisonous Koda millet". Letter to ''Nature'', volume 57, page 271.Harry Nelson Vinall(1917), ''Foxtail Millet: Its Culture and Utilization in the United S ...

'': Kodo millet * Genus ''

Brachiaria ''Brachiaria'', or signalgrass, is a genus of plants in the grass family native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, Australia, southern Europe, the Americas, and various islands.Brachiaria deflexa ''Brachiaria deflexa'' (Guinea millet) is a annual millet grass belonging to the grass family ( Poaceae). It is native to many regions such as Africa, India, and Pakistan in both tropical and subtropical regions. It has been used as a supplement ...

'': Guinea millet ** ''

Brachiaria ramosa ''Brachiaria ramosa'' (L.) Stapf (browntop millet) is a perennial millet grass belonging to the grass family ( Poaceae). It is native to South Asia, where it is traditionally cultivated as a cereal crop. The reconstructed Proto-Dravidian Pr ...

'': Browntop millet

Andropogoneae The Andropogoneae, sometimes called the sorghum tribe, are a large tribe of grasses (family Poaceae) with roughly 1,200 species in 90 genera, mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. They include such important crops as maize (corn), ...

tribe, also in the subfamily

: * ''

Sorghum bicolor ''Sorghum bicolor'', commonly called sorghum () and also known as great millet, broomcorn, guinea corn, durra, imphee, jowar, or milo, is a Poaceae, grass species cultivated for its grain, which is used for food for humans, animal feed, and ethan ...

'': Sorghum * ''

Coix lacryma-jobi Job's tears (''Coix lacryma-jobi)'', also known as Adlay or Adlay millet, is a tall grain-bearing perennial tropical plant of the family Poaceae (grass family). It is native to Southeast Asia and introduced to Northern China and India in remote ...

'': Job's tears

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...

*Family

Crambidae The Crambidae are the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass stems where they are inconspicuous, while other subfamilies includ ...

**Leaf folders, ''

Cnaphalocrocis ''Cnaphalocrocis'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was described by Julius Lederer in 1863. Species *'' Cnaphalocrocis araealis'' (Hampson, 1912) *'' Cnaphalocrocis bilinealis'' (Hampson, 1891) *'' Cnaphalocrocis brunneofu ...

'' ***Rice leaf folder, ''

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis ''Cnaphalocrocis medinalis'', the rice leafroller, is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in south-east Asia, including Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and most of Australia. The wingspan is about . The larvae are consi ...

'' **''

Cnaphalocrocis patnalis ''Cnaphalocrocis patnalis'' is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by John David Bradley in 1981. It is found in south-east Asia, where it has been recorded from Sri Lanka, India, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. The larvae f ...

'' **'' Marasmia trapezalis'' **Spotted stem borer, ''

Chilo partellus ''Chilo partellus'', the spotted stalk borer or spotted stem borer, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Charles Swinhoe in 1885. It is found in India, Pakistan, Iran, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Sudan, ...

'' **Sugarcane stalk borer, ''

Chilo auricilius ''Chilo auricilius'', the gold-fringed rice stemborer or terai borer, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Gerald C. Dudgeon in 1905. It is found in India, Taiwan, Bhutan and Sri Lanka, as well as on Sulawesi, Borneo, Sangir Is ...

'' **Sugarcane early shoot borer, ''

Chilo infuscatellus ''Chilo infuscatellus'', the yellow top borer or sugarcane shoot borer, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by the Dutch entomologist Samuel Constantinus Snellen van Vollenhoven in 1890. It is found in India, Myanmar, Tajikistan, ...

'' **Sugarcane internode borer, ''

Chilo sacchariphagus ''Chilo sacchariphagus'', the spotted borer, is a moth of the family Crambidae. It was described by Wenceslas Bojer in 1856 and was originally found in South and South-East Asia, where there are three subspecies: * ''C. sacchariphagus saccharip ...

'' **Asian corn borer, ''

Ostrinia furnacalis ''Ostrinia furnacalis'' is a species of moth in the family Crambidae, the grass moths. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1854 and is known by the common name Asian corn borer since this species is found in Asia and feeds mainly on corn crop ...

'' **Millet stem borer, ''

Coniesta ignefusalis ''Coniesta ignefusalis'', the pearl millet stem-borer, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1919. Distribution ''Coniesta ignefusalis'' is found throughout the West African Sahel, including in Senegal, Mali, ...

'' **Corn borer, ''

Diatraea grandiosella The southwestern corn borer, ''Diatraea grandiosella'', is a moth belonging to the sub-order Heterocera. Like most moths, The southwestern corn borer undergoes complete metamorphosis developing as an egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa and adult. It ...

'' *Family

Erebidae The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth groups. The family includes the underwings ('' Catocala'') ...

**Subfamily

Arctiinae The Arctiinae (formerly called the family Arctiidae) are a large and diverse subfamily of moths with around 11,000 species found all over the world, including 6,000 neotropical species.Scoble, MJ. (1995). ''The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and D ...

***''

Amsacta albistriga ''Amsacta albistriga'', the red hairy caterpillar, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in southern India, where it has been recorded feeding on finger millet and sorghum. The wingspan is . The larvae defoliate various agricultural c ...

'' ***'' Amsacta lactinea'' ***'' Amsacta moorei'' ***'' Barsine roseororatus'' ***'' Creatonotos gangis'' ***''

Conogethes punctiferalis ''Conogethes punctiferalis'', the durian fruit borer or yellow peach moth, is a moth of the family Crambidae. Description The larvae live concealed in their foodplant in a case lined with silk. Full-grown larvae are about 20 mm long. It ...

'' ***'' Cyana horsfieldi'' ***'' Spilosoma obliqua'' **Subfamily

Lymantriinae The Lymantriinae (formerly called the Lymantriidae) are a subfamily of moths of the family Erebidae. The taxon was erected by George Hampson in 1893. Many of its component species are referred to as "tussock moths" of one sort or another. The cat ...

(hairy caterpillars) ***''

Euproctis limbalis ''Euproctis limbalis'', the bordered browntail moth, is a moth of the subfamily Lymantriinae first described by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1855. It is known from Australia, including Queensland and New South Wales. The wingspan ...

'' ***Yellow-tail moth, ''

Euproctis similis The yellow-tail, goldtail moth or swan moth (''Sphrageidus similis'') is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Johann Kaspar Füssli in 1775, and has commonly been placed within the related genus '' Euproctis''. It ...

'' ***'' Euproctis virguncula'' ***

Tussock moth The Lymantriinae (formerly called the Lymantriidae) are a subfamily of moths of the family Erebidae. The taxon was erected by George Hampson in 1893. Many of its component species are referred to as "tussock moths" of one sort or another. The cat ...

s ****''

Arna micronides ''Arna micronides'' is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. It is a pest of millet Millets () are a highly varied group of small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Most ...

'' ****'' Nygmia amplior'' ****''

Orvasca subnotata ''Orvasca subnotata'' is a nygmiine tussock moth in the family Erebidae, found in Indomalaya The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of E ...

'' *Family

Hesperiidae Skippers are a family of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) named the Hesperiidae. Being diurnal, they are generally called butterflies. They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea; however, the most recent taxonomy ...

**Rice skipper butterfly, ''

Pelopidas mathias ''Pelopidas mathias'', the dark small-branded swift, small branded swift, lesser millet skipper or black branded swift, is a butterfly belonging to the family Hesperiidae. It is found throughout much of south, southeast and East Asia, and as far ...

'' *Family

Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of the clades are constantly changing, along with the other f ...

**Black cutworm, ''

Agrotis ipsilon ''Agrotis ipsilon'', the dark sword-grass, black cutworm, greasy cutworm, floodplain cutworm or ipsilon dart, is a small noctuid moth found worldwide. The moth gets its scientific name from black markings on its forewings shaped like the letter " ...

'' **''

Sesamia inferens ''Sesamia inferens'', the Asiatic pink stem borer, gramineous stem borer, pink borer, pink rice borer, pink rice stem borer, pink stem borer, purple borer, purple stem borer or purplish stem borer, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species ...

'' **African maize stalk borer, ''

Busseola fusca ''Busseola fusca'' is a species of moth that is also known as the maize stalk borer. It is known from Ethiopia. The wingspan is 35–40 mm. Adults are pale brown. The caterpillars are light or dark violet to pinkish white and about 1 to 2 � ...

'' **Subfamily

Hadeninae Hadeninae was formerly a subfamily of the moth family Noctuidae, but was merged into the subfamily Noctuinae. The tribes Apameini, Caradrinini, Elaphriini, Episemini, Eriopygini, Hadenini, Leucaniini, Orthosiini, and Xylenini The Xylenini are ...

(armyworms) ***''

Mythimna Mythimna ( el, Μύθημνα, Δήμος Μυθήμνης) is a former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kissamos, of which it is a municipal unit. Th ...

'' spp. ****''

Mythimna separata ''Mythimna separata'', the northern armyworm, oriental armyworm or rice ear-cutting caterpillar, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in China, Japan, South-east Asia, India, eastern Australia, New Zealand, and some Pacific islands. It ...

'' ****'' Mythimna loreyi'' **Subfamily

Noctuinae The Noctuinae are a subfamily of the family Noctuidae, and is composed of moths. The larvae of many species feed on roots or stems of various grasses. Some are generalist feeders which makes them potential pests. Noctuid systematics is in a ...

(armyworms) ***''

Spodoptera ''Spodoptera'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by Achille Guenée in 1852. Many are known as pest insects. The larvae are sometimes called armyworms. The roughly thirty species are distributed across six continents. Descri ...

'' spp. ***African armyworm, ''

Spodoptera exempta The African armyworm (''Spodoptera exempta''), also called ''okalombo'', ''kommandowurm'', or nutgrass armyworm, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. The larvae often exhibit marching behavior when traveling to feeding sites, leading t ...

'' ***Red tef worm, '' Mentaxya ignicollis'' **Subfamily

Heliothinae Heliothinae is a small, cosmopolitan subfamily of moths in the family Noctuidae, with about 400 described species worldwide. It includes a number of economically significant agricultural pest species, such as '' Helicoverpa armigera'' and ''Helic ...

***Cotton bollworm, ''

Helicoverpa armigera ''Helicoverpa armigera'' is a species of Lepidoptera in the family Noctuidae. It is known as the cotton bollworm, corn earworm, Old World (African) bollworm, or scarce bordered straw (the lattermost in the UK, where it is a migrant). The larvae f ...

'' ***Millet head miner moth, ''

Heliocheilus albipunctella ''Heliocheilus albipunctella'', the millet head miner moth, is a moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in the Sahelian region of West Africa. Life cycle The flight period of the adult moth coincides with the peak of millet panicle emergence ...

'' **Subfamily

Acontiinae Acontiinae is a subfamily of bird dropping moths in the family Noctuidae. There are more than 50 genera and 430 described species in Acontiinae, found worldwide in temperate and tropical climates. Genera These 52 genera belong to the subfamily ...

***''

Autoba silicula ''Autoba silicula'' is a species of moth Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be appr ...

'' **Subfamily

Aganainae The Aganainae are a small subfamily of moths in the family Erebidae. The adults and caterpillars of this subfamily are typically large and brightly colored, like the related tiger moths. Many of the caterpillars feed on poisonous host plants an ...

***''

Asota plaginota ''Asota plaginota'' is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1875. It is found in China, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Sikkim, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand ...

'' **Subfamily

Catocalinae The Catocalinae are a subfamily of noctuoid moths, placed in family Noctuidae. In the alternative arrangement, where the Noctuidae are reduced to the core group around the Noctuinae, the present lineage is abolished, the upranked Catocalini bei ...

***''

Mocis frugalis ''Mocis frugalis'', the sugarcane looper, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. It is found in several parts of the world, including India, Sri Lanka, West African countries and ot ...

'' *Family

Pyralidae The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classifications, the grass moths (Crambidae) are included in the Pyrali ...

**Subfamily

Galleriinae The Galleriinae are a subfamily of snout moths (family Pyralidae) and occur essentially worldwide, in some cases aided by involuntary introduction by humans. This subfamily includes the wax moths, whose caterpillars (waxworms) are bred on a comme ...

***African sugarcane stalk borer, ''

Eldana saccharina ''Eldana'' is a genus of moths of the family Pyralidae containing only one species, the African sugar-cane borer (''Eldana saccharina''), which is commonly found in Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and South Africa. Adults hav ...

'' **Subfamily

Phycitinae The Phycitinae are a subfamily of snout moths (family Pyralidae). Even though the Pyralidae subfamilies are all quite diverse, Phycitinae stand out even by standards of their family: with over 600 genera considered valid and more than 4000 specie ...

***Honey dew moth, '' Cryptoblabes gnidiella'' ***Green-striped borer, '' Maliarpha separatella''

Diptera Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced ...

*Family

Cecidomyiidae Cecidomyiidae is a family of flies known as gall midges or gall gnats. As the name implies, the larvae of most gall midges feed within plant tissue, creating abnormal plant growths called galls. Cecidomyiidae are very fragile small insects usu ...

(midges) **Sorghum midge, '' Stenodiplosis sorghicola'' **Millet midge, ''

Geromyia penniseti ''Geromyia penniseti'', the millet grain midge, is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. It is found in Africa and South Asia. During the rainy season, it feeds on the developing grains of pearl millet Pearl millet (''Cenchrus ...

'' *Family

Muscidae Muscidae are a family of flies found in the superfamily Muscoidea. Muscidae, some of which are commonly known as house flies or stable flies due to their synanthropy, are worldwide in distribution and contain almost 4,000 described species i ...

** Shoot flies, ''

Atherigona ''Atherigona'' is a genus of flies in the family Muscidae. Pests Larvae of some ''Atherigona'' species are important pests in cultivation of cereals, like rice and maize. Many are known as shoot flies. Some important species include: *'' Atheri ...

'' ***'' Atherigona approximata'' (

pearl millet Pearl millet (''Cenchrus americanus'', commonly known as the synonym ''Pennisetum glaucum''; also known as 'Bajra' in Hindi, 'Sajje' in Kannada, 'Kambu' in Tamil, 'Bajeer' in Kumaoni and 'Maiwa' in Hausa, 'Mexoeira' in Mozambique) is the most w ...

shoot fly): affects '' Pennisetum typhoides'', ''

'' ***''

Atherigona atripalpis ''Atherigona atripalpis'', the foxtail millet shoot fly, is a species of fly in the family Muscidae. It is found in East Asia and South Asia. Its host range includes the ''Setaria'' species ''Setaria italica'', ''Setaria glauca'', and ''Setaria p ...

'' (

foxtail millet Foxtail millet, scientific name ''Setaria italica'' (synonym ''Panicum italicum'' L.), is an annual grass grown for human food. It is the second-most widely planted species of millet, and the most grown millet species in Asia. The oldest evidenc ...

shoot fly): affects ''

'' ***'' Atherigona biseta'': affects ''

'', ''

Setaria viridis ''Setaria viridis'' is a species of grass known by many common names, including green foxtail, green bristlegrass, and wild foxtail millet. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of ''Setaria italica''. It is native to Eurasia, but it is known o ...

'' ***''

Atherigona falcata ''Atherigona falcata'', the barnyard millet shoot fly, is a species of fly in the family Muscidae. It is found throughout Asia. It is known to affect ''Echinochloa colona'', ''Echinochloa frumentacea'', ''Echinochloa stagnina'', and ''Panicum sum ...

'' (

barnyard millet ''Echinochloa'' is a very widespread genus of plants in the grass family and tribe Paniceae. Some of the species are known by the common names barnyard grass or cockspur grass. Some of the species within this genus are millets that are grown a ...

shoot fly): affects ''

Echinochloa colona ''Echinochloa colona'', commonly known as jungle rice, deccan grass, or awnless barnyard grass, is a type of wild grass originating from tropical Asia. It was formerly classified as a species of ''Panicum''. It is the wild ancestor of the culti ...

'', ''

Echinochloa frumentacea ''Echinochloa frumentacea'' (Indian barnyard millet, sawa millet, or billion dollar grass)''Echin ...

'', ''

Echinochloa stagnina ''Echinochloa stagnina'' (Burgu millet, bourgou, hippo grass) is a species of ''Echinochloa'' widespread in tropical Africa and Asia, with an invasive status in many Pacific islands. It was once one of the major grasses cultivated in the Inner N ...

'', ''

'' ***'' Atherigona hyalinipennis'' (

teff ''Eragrostis tef'', also known as teff, Williams lovegrass or annual bunch grass, is an annual grass, a species of lovegrass native to the Horn of Africa, notably to both Eritrea and Ethiopia. It is cultivated for its edible seeds, also known as ...

shoot fly) ***''

Atherigona miliaceae ''Atherigona miliaceae'', the finger millet shoot fly, is a species of fly in the family Muscidae. The larvae feed on the central growing shoots of crops such as finger millet, little millet, and proso millet ''Panicum miliaceum'' is a grain ...

'' (

finger millet ''Eleusine coracana'', or finger millet, also known as ragi in India, kodo in Nepal, is an annual herbaceous plant widely grown as a cereal crop in the arid and semiarid areas in Africa and Asia. It is a tetraploid and self-pollinating species p ...

shoot fly or

little millet ''Panicum sumatrense'', known as little millet, is a species of millet in the family Poaceae. Description This species of cereal is similar in habit to the proso millet except that it is smaller. It is an annual herbaceous plant, which grows st ...

shoot fly): affects ''

'', ''

'' ***'' Atherigona naqvii'' (wheat stem fly): affects ''

Triticum aestivum Common wheat (''Triticum aestivum''), also known as bread wheat, is a cultivated wheat species. About 95% of wheat produced worldwide is common wheat; it is the most widely grown of all crops and the cereal with the highest monetary yield. Ta ...

'', ''

Zea mays Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago. Th ...

'' ***'' Atherigona orientalis'' (tomato fly or pepper fruit fly) ***''

Atherigona oryzae ''Atherigona oryzae'', the rice shoot fly, is a species of fly in the family Muscidae. It is found in Asia and Australia. It is known to affect rice, kodo millet ''Paspalum scrobiculatum'', commonly called Kodo millet or Koda millet,A. E. Gran ...

'' (rice shoot fly): affects ''

Oryza sativa ''Oryza sativa'', commonly known as Asian rice or indica rice, is the plant species most commonly referred to in English as ''rice''. It is the type of farmed rice whose cultivars are most common globally, and was first domesticated in the Yan ...

'', ''

'' ***''

Atherigona pulla ''Atherigona pulla'', the proso millet shoot fly, is a species of fly in the family Muscidae. The larvae feed on the central growing shoots of crops such as proso millet and little millet. It is found in South Asia.Ravulapenta Sathish, M Manjunat ...

'' (

proso millet ''Panicum miliaceum'' is a grain crop with many common names, including proso millet, broomcorn millet, common millet, hog millet, Kashfi millet, red millet, and white millet. Archaeobotanical evidence suggests millet was first domesticated abou ...

shoot fly): affects ''

'', ''

'' ***''

Atherigona punctata ''Atherigona punctata'', the Coimbatore wheat stem fly, is a species of fly in the family Muscidae. In South India, it is a pest of the wheat plant, ''Triticum aestivum Common wheat (''Triticum aestivum''), also known as bread wheat, is a cu ...

'' (Coimbatore wheat stem fly): affects ''

'' ***'' Atherigona reversura'' (

bermudagrass ''Cynodon dactylon'', commonly known as Bermuda grass, is a grass found worldwide. It is native to Europe, Africa, Australia and much of Asia. It has been introduced to the Americas. Although it is not native to Bermuda, it is an abundant invasiv ...

stem maggot): affects ''

Cynodon dactylon ''Cynodon dactylon'', commonly known as Bermuda grass, is a grass found worldwide. It is native to Europe, Africa, Australia and much of Asia. It has been introduced to the Americas. Although it is not native to Bermuda, it is an abundant invasi ...

'' (turf grasses) ***''

Atherigona simplex ''Atherigona simplex'', the kodo millet shoot fly, is a species of fly in the family Muscidae Muscidae are a family of flies found in the superfamily Muscoidea. Muscidae, some of which are commonly known as house flies or stable flies due ...

'' (

kodo millet ''Paspalum scrobiculatum'', commonly called Kodo millet or Koda millet,A. E. Grant (1898), "Poisonous Koda millet". Letter to ''Nature'', volume 57, page 271.Harry Nelson Vinall(1917), ''Foxtail Millet: Its Culture and Utilization in the United S ...

shoot fly): affects ''

'' ***''

Atherigona soccata ''Atherigona soccata'', the sorghum shoot fly, is a species of fly in the family Muscidae whose larvae feed on the central growing shoots of millet crops like sorghum and finger millet, as well as maize, where they can cause serious loss of yield ...

'' (

sorghum ''Sorghum'' () is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the grass family (Poaceae). Some of these species are grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals. One species is grown for grain, while many othe ...

shoot fly): affects ''

'', ''

Hemiptera Hemiptera (; ) is an order (biology), order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising over 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, Reduviidae, assassin bugs, Cimex, bed bugs, and shield bugs. ...

*Family Cicadellidae **Maize leafhopper, ''

Cicadulina mbila ''Cicadulina mbila'', the maize leafhopper, is a leafhopper species in the genus '' Cicadulina''. It is found in sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda), the Middle East, West Asia and India. It is one of the vectors of the maize strea ...

'' **Rice green leafhopper, ''

Nephotettix cincticeps ''Nephotettix cincticeps'', the rice green leafhopper, is a species of true bug in the family Cicadellidae. It is a pest of barnyard millet ''Echinochloa'' is a very widespread genus of plants in the grass family and tribe Paniceae. Some o ...

'' **Leafhopper, '' Empoasca flavescens'' *Family

Delphacidae Delphacidae is a family of planthoppers containing about 2000 species, distributed worldwide. Delphacids are separated from other "hoppers" by the prominent spur on the tibia of the hindleg. Diet and Pest species All species are phytophagous, ...

**Shoot bug, '' Peregrinus maidis'' **Brown planthopper, ''

Nilaparvata lugens The brown planthopper (BPH), ''Nilaparvata lugens'' (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is a planthopper species that feeds on rice plants (''Oryza sativa'' L.). These insects are among the most important pests of rice, which is the major staple cro ...

'' **Planthopper, '' Sogatella furcifera'' *Family

Derbidae Derbidae is a family of insects in the order Hemiptera, the true bugs. It is one of the largest and most diverse families of planthoppers.Rahman, M. A., et al. (2012)Taxonomic revision of the tribe Zoraidini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Derbidae) f ...

**Planthopper, '' Proutista moesta'' *Family

Lophopidae Lophopidae is a family of fulgoroidea, fulgoroid plant-hoppers with most species found in tropical South America and Asia (two genera occur in Africa). Characteristics Most members of the family are characterized by the face being longer than wi ...

**Sugarcane leafhopper, '' Pyrilla perpusilla'' *Family

Pseudococcidae Mealybugs are insects in the family Pseudococcidae, unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm habitats. Many species are considered pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants, house plants and subtropical trees and also act as a ...

**Rice mealybug, ''

Brevennia rehi ''Brevennia rehi'', the rice mealybug, is a species of true bug in the family Pseudococcidae. It is a pest of sorghum and kodo millet ''Paspalum scrobiculatum'', commonly called Kodo millet or Koda millet,A. E. Grant (1898), "Poisonous Koda mi ...

'' *Family

Cydnidae Cydnidae are a family of pentatomoid bugs, known by common names including burrowing bugs or burrower bugs. As the common name would suggest, many members of the group live a subterranean lifestyle, burrowing into soil using their head and forel ...

**Burrowing bugs, '' Stibaropus'' *Family

Alydidae Alydidae, commonly known as broad-headed bugs, is a family of true bugs very similar to the closely related Coreidae (leaf-footed bugs and relatives). There are at least 60 genera and 300 species altogether. Distributed in the temperate and warme ...

**Paddy earhead bug, ''

Leptocorisa acuta ''Leptocorisa acuta'',Thunberg CP (1783) ''Dissertatio entomologica novas insectorum species, sistens, cujus partem secundum, Edman, Upsaliae'' 2: 29-52. the paddy earhead bug, is a species of bug recorded from northern Australia, Malesia and Ta ...

'' **'' Riptortus linearis'' *Family

Coreidae Coreidae is a large family of predominantly sap-sucking insects in the Hemipteran suborder Heteroptera. The name "Coreidae" derives from the genus ''Coreus'', which derives from the Ancient Greek () meaning bedbug. As a family, the Coreidae a ...

**Rice stink bug, '' Cletus punctiger'' **''

Leptoglossus phyllopus ''Leptoglossus phyllopus'' or Eastern leaf-footed bug is a species of leaf-footed bugs in the same genus as the western conifer seed bug (''L. occidentalis''. The Eastern leaf-footed bug is found throughout the southern United States, from Flori ...

'' *Family

Blissidae The Blissidae are a family in the Hemiptera (true bugs), comprising nearly 50 genera and 400 species. The group has often been treated as a subfamily of the Lygaeidae but was resurrected as a full family by Thomas Henry (1997). The adult insects ...

**Chinch bugs, ''

Blissus leucopterus ''Blissus leucopterus'', also known as the true chinch bug, is a small North American insect in the order Hemiptera and family Blissidae. It is the most commonly encountered species of the genus '' Blissus'', which are all known as chinch bugs. ...

'' *Family

Lygaeidae The Lygaeidae are a family in the Hemiptera (true bugs), with more than 110 genera in four subfamilies. The family is commonly referred to as seed bugs, and less commonly, milkweed bugs, or ground bugs. However, while many of the species feed on ...

**False chinch bug, ''

Nysius niger ''Nysius niger'' is a species of true bug in the family Lygaeidae. It is a pest of millets in the Americas. References niger ) , official_languages = , languages_type = National languagesSpilostethus pandurus ''Spilostethus pandurus'' is a species of "seed bugs" belonging to the family Lygaeidae, subfamily Lygaeinae. Etymology The species was described in 1763 by Scopoli in his "Entomologica carniolica" with '' locus typicus'' from the area around Lj ...

'' **'' Spilostethus hospes'' *Family

Meenoplidae Meenoplidae is a family of fulgoromorph planthoppers that are closely related to the Kinnaridae. They are small, with tent-like wings and usually are less than a centimetre long and a little more than a 100 species in around 25 genera are known ...

**Plant hopper, '' Nisia atrovenosa'' *Family

Miridae The Miridae are a large and diverse insect family at one time known by the taxonomic synonym Capsidae. Species in the family may be referred to as capsid bugs or "mirid bugs". Common names include plant bugs, leaf bugs, and grass bugs. It is the ...

**Sorghum head bug, '' Calocoris angustatus'' **'' Eurystylus bellevoyei'' **'' Creontiades pallidus'' *Family

Pentatomidae Pentatomidae is a family of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera, generally called shield bugs or stink bugs. Pentatomidae is the largest family in the superfamily Pentatomoidea, and contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.Robert G ...

**Stink bug, ''

Dolycoris indicus ''Dolycoris indicus'' is a species of true bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is a pest of millet Millets () are a highly varied group of small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human ...

'' **Green stink bug, ''

Nezara viridula ''Nezara viridula'', commonly known as the southern green stink bug (USA), southern green shield bug (UK) or green vegetable bug (Australia and New Zealand), is a plant-feeding stink bug. Believed to have originated in Ethiopia, it can now be fo ...

'' *Family

Pyrrhocoridae Pyrrhocoridae is a family of insects with more than 300 species world-wide. Many are red coloured and are known as red bugs and some species are called cotton stainers because their feeding activities leave an indelible yellow-brownish stain on c ...

**Red cotton bug, ''

Dysdercus koenigii ''Dysdercus koenigii'' is a species of true bug in the family Pyrrhocoridae, commonly known as the red cotton stainer. It is a serious pest of cotton crops, the adults and older nymphs feeding on the emerging bolls and the cotton seeds as they m ...

'' *Family

**Rice mealybug, ''

'' *Family

Aphididae The Aphididae are a very large insect family in the aphid superfamily ( Aphidoidea), of the order Hemiptera. These insects suck the sap from plant leaves. Several thousand species are placed in this family, many of which are considered plant/cro ...

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aphid Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A t ...

s) **Sugarcane aphid, ''

Melanaphis sacchari The sugarcane aphid, (''Melanaphis sacchari''), is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants. It is mostly found in ''Saccharum'' and '' Sorghum'' species. The species primarily r ...

'' **Corn aphid, ''

Rhopalosiphum maidis ''Rhopalosiphum maidis'', common names corn leaf aphid and corn aphid, is an insect, and a pest of maize and other crops. It has a nearly worldwide distribution and is typically found in agricultural fields, grasslands, and forest-grassland zon ...

'' **''

Anoecia ''Anoecia'' is a genus of aphids typical of the subfamily Anoeciinae Anoeciinae is a subfamily of the family Aphididae The Aphididae are a very large insect family in the aphid superfamily ( Aphidoidea), of the order Hemiptera. These insect ...

'' spp. ***'' Anoecia corni'' ***'' Anoecia cornicola'' ***'' Anoecia krizusi'' ***'' Anoecia vagans'' **''

Aphis fabae The black bean aphid (''Aphis fabae'') is a small black insect in the genus ''Aphis'', with a broad, soft body, a member of the order Hemiptera. Other common names include blackfly, bean aphid, and beet leaf aphid. In the warmer months of the ye ...

'' **''

Aphis gossypii ''Aphis gossypii'' is a tiny insect, an aphid ("greenfly") in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants. It is a widely distributed pest of a variety of agricultural crops in the families Cucu ...

'' **''

Aphis spiraecola ''Aphis spiraecola'' is a species of aphid described in 1914 by Edith Marion Patch. Its common names include green citrus aphid, Spirea aphid, and apple aphid. It is distributed worldwide, and is most abundant in the United States. It has a dip ...

'' **''

Brachycaudus helichrysi ''Brachycaudus helichrysi'' is a species of aphid first described by the German naturalist Johann Heinrich Kaltenbach in 1843. Its common names include leaf curl plum aphid, and leaf-curling plum aphid, and it is a serious pest of plum and da ...

'' **Sugarcane woolly aphid, ''

Ceratovacuna lanigera The sugarcane woolly aphid (''Ceratovacuna lanigera'') is an aphid Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary wi ...

'' **''

Diuraphis noxia The Russian wheat aphid (''Diuraphis noxia'') is an aphid that can cause significant losses in cereal crops. The species was introduced to the United States in 1986 and is considered an invasive species there. This aphid is pale green and up to 2 ...

'' **''

Forda formicaria ''Forda formicaria'' is a species of aphid. It is a pest of millets. It has been recorded on barnyard grass, '' Elymus'' sp., ''Hordeum'' spp., ''Setaria'' spp., wheat, and oats The oat (''Avena sativa''), sometimes called the common oat, is ...

'' **''

Forda marginata ''Forda marginata'' is a species of aphid. It is a pest of millets. It has been recorded on barnyard grass, '' Elymus'' sp., ''Hordeum'' spp., ''Setaria'' spp., wheat, and oats The oat (''Avena sativa''), sometimes called the common oat, is ...

'' **'' Forda hirsuta'' **'' Forda orientalis'' **'' Geoica lucifuga'' **'' Geoica utricularia'' **Mealy plum aphid, '' Hyalopterus pruni'' **Rusty plum aphid, '' Hysteroneura setariae'' **''

Melanaphis pyraria ''Melanaphis pyraria'' is a species of aphid. It is a pest of millet Millets () are a highly varied group of small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Most species generally ...

'' **'' Melanaphis sorghi'' **Rose-grass aphid, ''

Metopolophium dirhodum ''Metopolophium dirhodum'', the rose-grain aphid or rose-grass aphid, is a species of sap-sucking insect in the family Aphididae found worldwide. Its primary host is rose, and its secondary host is a grass, including cereals such as wheat, barley ...

'' **''

Myzus persicae ''Myzus persicae'', known as the green peach aphid, greenfly, or the peach-potato aphid, is a small green aphid belonging to the order Hemiptera. It is the most significant aphid pest of peach trees, causing decreased growth, shrivelling of the ...

'' **'' Neomyzus circumflexus'' **''

Paracletus cimiciformis ''Paracletus cimiciformis'' is a species of aphid with a complex life cycle. Its primary host plant is ''Pistacia'' and its secondary host is a grass, where it is present on the roots. Here it is associated with an ant and part of its life cycle ...

'' **'' Protaphis middletonii'' **'' Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae'' **''

Rhopalosiphum padi Bird cherry-oat aphid (''Rhopalosiphum padi'') is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants. It is considered a major pest in cereal crops, especially in temperate regions, as well ...

'' **''

Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale ''Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale'', the rice root aphid or red rice root aphid, is a sap-sucking insect pest with a wide host range and a global distribution. As a member of the superfamily Aphidoidea, it is one of 16 species of the genus '' Rhopal ...

'' **Greenbug, ''

Schizaphis graminum The greenbug, or wheat aphid (''Schizaphis graminum''), is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and feeds on the leaves of Gramineae (grass) family members. Its original distribution is the Palaearct ...

'' **Yellow sorghum aphid, '' Sipha flava'' **'' Sipha elegans'' **'' Sipha maydis'' **'' Sitobion africanum'' **''

Sitobion avenae The English grain aphid (''Sitobion avenae'') is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants. It lives on grasses, sedge and rushes and can be a significant pest of cereals. This s ...

'' **'' Sitobion graminis'' **'' Sitobion indicum'' **'' Sitobion leelamaniae'' **Indian grain aphid, ''

Sitobion miscanthi The Indian grain aphid (''Sitobion miscanthi''), also known as ''Sitobion (Sitobion) miscanthi'', is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from cereal, cereal plants, making it a pest of wh ...

'' **'' Sitobion pauliani'' **'' Smynthurodes betae'' **'' Tetraneura'' spp. ***'' Tetraneura nigriabdominalis'' ***'' Tetraneura africana'' ***'' Tetraneura caerulescens'' ***'' Tetraneura chui'' ***'' Tetraneura basui'' ***'' Tetraneura javensis'' ***'' Tetraneura capitata'' ***'' Tetraneura triangula''

Thrips Thrips ( order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are ...
(
Thysanoptera Thrips ( order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are ...
)

*'' Chaetanaphothrips orchidii'' *'' Florithrips traegardhi'' *'' Haplothrips aculeatus'' *'' Heliothrips indicus'' *'' Selenothrips rubrocinctus'' *'' Sorghothrips jonnaphilus'' *''

Stenchaetothrips biformis ''Stenchaetothrips biformis'' is a species of thrips. It is a pest of sorghum ''Sorghum'' () is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the grass family (Poaceae). Some of these species are grown as cereals for human consumption a ...

'' *'' Thrips hawaiiensis''

Coleoptera Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...

Flea beetle The flea beetle is a small, jumping beetle of the leaf beetle family (Chrysomelidae), that makes up the tribe Alticini which is part of the subfamily Galerucinae. Historically the flea beetles were classified as their own subfamily. Though m ...

s (

Chrysomelidae The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 (and probably at least 50,000) species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle ...

) **'' Altica cyanea'' **'' Altica caerulea'' **''

Chaetocnema basalis file:Chaetocnema cf concinna - 2012-04-03.ogv, ''Chaetocnema'' cf ''concinna'' ''Chaetocnema'' is a genus of flea beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are some 470 described species worldwide. Selected species References External lin ...

'' **''

Phyllotreta ''Phyllotreta'' is a genus of flea beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are at least 300 described species worldwide.https://www.zin.ru/animalia/coleoptera/addpages/Nadein/Phyllotr.htm Agricultural pests Many species have been recorded ...

'' spp. *

Leaf beetle The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 (and probably at least 50,000) species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle ...

s (

) **Cereal leaf beetle, ''

Oulema melanopus ''Oulema'' is a genus of leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae.Gomez-Zurita, Jesus. (2011). "A new species of Criocerinae (Chrysomelidae) from New Caledonia: ''Oulema (Oulema) taophiloides'' sp. nov." ''Zootaxa'' 2870: 63-68. Species These 3 ...

'' **'' Aulacophora foveicollis'' **Rice hispa, ''

Dicladispa armigera ''Dicladispa armigera'' is a species of leaf beetle from Southeast Asia, often known by its common name: the "rice hispa". These beetles are a well known invasive pest, and are responsible for significant crop damage across many countries. The ma ...

'' **Tef epilachna beetle, '' Chnootriba similis'' *

Blister beetle Blister beetles are beetles of the family Meloidae, so called for their defensive secretion of a blistering agent, cantharidin. About 7,500 species are known worldwide. Many are conspicuous and some are aposematically colored, announcing their ...

s (

Meloidae Blister beetles are beetles of the family Meloidae, so called for their defensive secretion of a blistering agent, cantharidin. About 7,500 species are known worldwide. Many are conspicuous and some are aposematically colored, announcing their ...

) **'' Cylindrothorax tenuicollis'' **'' Mylabris pustulata'' *

Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family has undergone significant change in recent years. Several sub ...

**White grubs, ''

Phyllophaga ''Phyllophaga'' is a very large genus (more than 900 species) of New World scarab beetles in the subfamily Melolonthinae. Common names for this genus and many other related genera in the subfamily Melolonthinae are May beetles, June bugs, and Jul ...

'' spp. and '' Holotrichia'' spp. **

Chafer beetle The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family has undergone significant change in recent years. Several sub ...

s ***'' Chiloloba acuta'' ***'' Oxycetonia versicolor'' ***'' Torynorrhina flammea'' * False wireworms (

Tenebrionidae Darkling beetle is the common name for members of the beetle family Tenebrionidae. The number of species in the Tenebrionidae is estimated at more than 20,000 and the family is cosmopolitan in distribution. Taxonomy ''Tenebrio'' is the Latin gen ...

) **'' Gonocephalum'' *

Weevil Weevils are beetles belonging to the Taxonomic rank, superfamily Curculionoidea, known for their elongated snouts. They are usually small, less than in length, and Herbivore, herbivorous. Approximately 97,000 species of weevils are known. They b ...

s (

Curculionidae The Curculionidae are a family of weevils, commonly called snout beetles or true weevils. They are one of the largest animal families, with 6,800 genera and 83,000 species described worldwide. They are the sister group to the family Brentidae. T ...

) **Ash weevil, '' Myllocerus'' **Argentine stem weevil, '' Listronotus bonariensis'' **Leaf weevil, '' Tanymecus indicus''

Orthoptera Orthoptera () is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets, including closely related insects, such as the bush crickets or katydids and wētā. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grassho ...

Acrididae The AcrididaeMacLeay WS (1821) ''Horae Entomologicae or Essays on the Annulose Animals'' 2 are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,000 of the 11,000 species of the entire suborder Caelifera. The Acrididae are best known bec ...

**''

Acrida exaltata ''Acrida exaltata'' is a species of grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is a pest of sorghum ''Sorghum'' () is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the grass family (Poaceae). Some of these species are grown as cereals for ...

'' **''

Aiolopus longicornis ''Aiolopus longicornis'' is a species of grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is a pest of millets such as sorghum ''Sorghum'' () is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the grass family (Poaceae). Some of these species are ...

'' **''

Diabolocatantops axillaris ''Diabolocatantops axillaris'' is a grasshopper species in the subfamily Catantopinae and tribe Catantopini. It is found in Africa. It is a pest of the pearl millet in the West African Sahel,Reynolds, D., & Riley, J. (1988). A migration of grass ...

'' **''

Hieroglyphus banian ''Hieroglyphus banian'' is a species of grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is a pest of millets such as sorghum, pearl millet, and finger millet in India. References

Acrididae Insect pests of millets {{Acrididae-stub ...

'' **''

Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus ''Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus'' is a species of grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is a highly serious pest of millets such as sorghum and pearl millet Pearl millet (''Cenchrus americanus'', commonly known as the synonym ''Pennisetum glau ...

'' **''

Hieroglyphus daganensis The African rice grasshopper, ''Hieroglyphus daganensis'' is a medium-sized grasshopper species found in the Sahel region. Although not called a locust in English, this species shows gregarious behaviour and some morphological change (phase poly ...

'' **''

Locusta migratoria The migratory locust (''Locusta migratoria'') is the most widespread locust species, and the only species in the genus ''Locusta''. It occurs throughout Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. It used to be common in Europe but has now become ...

'' **Red locust, ''

Nomadacris septemfasciata The red locust (''Nomadacris septemfasciata'') is a large grasshopper species found in sub-Saharan Africa. Its name refers to the colour of its hind wings. It is sometimes called the ''criquet nomade'' in French language, French, due to its nomad ...

'' **''

Oedaleus senegalensis The Senegalese grasshopper (''Oedaleus senegalensis'') is a medium-sized grasshopper species found in the Sahel region of Africa, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, and West Asia. Although not called a locust in English, this species shows g ...

'' **'' Oxya nitidula'' **''

Paracinema tricolor ''Paracinema tricolor'' is a species of band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae The AcrididaeMacLeay WS (1821) ''Horae Entomologicae or Essays on the Annulose Animals'' 2 are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,0 ...

'' **''

Schistocerca gregaria The desert locust (''Schistocerca gregaria'') is a species of locust, a periodically swarming, short-horned grasshopper in the family Acrididae. They are found primarily in the deserts and dry areas of northern and eastern Africa, Arabia, and sou ...

'' *

Pyrgomorphidae Pyrgomorphidae is a family of grasshoppers in the order Orthoptera; it is the only family in the superfamily Pyrgomorphoidea, with a pan-tropical distribution. Their name is probably derived from ''pyrgos'' (Greek: ''Πύργος'') meaning "tow ...

**''

Atractomorpha crenulata ''Atractomorpha crenulata'', commonly known as the tobacco grasshopper, is a species of grasshopper in the subfamily ''Pyrgomorphinae'', found in Asia. Taxonomy ''A. crenulata'' is a member of the genus '' Atractomorpha'', which is part of famil ...

'' **'' Chrotogonus hemipterus'' *

Tettigoniidae Insects in the family Tettigoniidae are commonly called katydids (especially in North America), or bush crickets. They have previously been known as "long-horned grasshoppers". More than 8,000 species are known. Part of the suborder Ensifera, t ...

**'' Conocephalus maculatus'' **Wello-bush cricket, '' Decticoides brevipennis'' **Armored bush cricket, '' Acanthoplus longipes''

Termite Termites are small insects that live in colonies and have distinct castes (eusocial) and feed on wood or other dead plant matter. Termites comprise the infraorder Isoptera, or alternatively the epifamily Termitoidae, within the order Blattode ...
s (
Isoptera Termites are small insects that live in colonies and have distinct castes (eusocial) and feed on wood or other dead plant matter. Termites comprise the infraorder Isoptera, or alternatively the epifamily Termitoidae, within the order Blattode ...
)

*''

Odontotermes obesus ''Odontotermes obesus'' is a species of termite in the family Termitidae. It is native to tropical southwestern Asia. This termite cultivates a symbiotic fungus in a special chamber in the nest. Workers gather vegetable detritus which they bring ...

'' *'' Microtermes obesi''

Hymenoptera Hymenoptera is a large order (biology), order of insects, comprising the sawfly, sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are Par ...

Wasp A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder. Th ...

s (

Eurytomidae The Eurytomidae are a family within the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Unlike most chalcidoids, the larvae of many are phytophagous (feeding in stems, seeds, or galls), while others are more typical parasitoids, though even then the hosts are usually ...

) **Stem boring wasp, ''

Eurytomocharis eragrostidis ''Eurytomocharis eragrostidis'' is a species of wasp in the family Eurytomidae. It is a stem-boring pest that infests teff ''Eragrostis tef'', also known as teff, Williams lovegrass or annual bunch grass, is an annual grass, a species of love ...

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Ant Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous period. More than 13,800 of an estimated total of 22 ...

s ( Formicidae) **''

Monomorium salomonis ''Monomorium salomonis'' is a species of ant. It is a pest of millets. References

Monomorium, salomonis {{Myrmicinae-stub ...

References

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