This is a list of notable

high-voltage direct-current A high-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system (also called a power superhighway or an electrical superhighway) uses direct current (DC) for electric power transmission, in contrast with the more common alternating curre ...

power transmission projects. HVDC projects for long-distance transmission have two (or rarely, more) converter stations and a transmission line interconnecting them. Generally overhead lines are used for

interconnection In telecommunications, interconnection is the physical linking of a carrier's network with equipment or facilities not belonging to that network. The term may refer to a connection between a carrier's facilities and the equipment belonging to ...

, but an important class of HVDC projects use

submarine power cable A submarine power cable is a transmission cable for carrying electric power below the surface of the water.Thury system of motor-generators but these have all been made obsolete by later developments such as mercury-arc valves (now also obsolete), thyristors, and

IGBT An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor device primarily used as an electronic switch, which, as it was developed, came to combine high efficiency and fast switching. It consists of four alternating lay ...

power transistors.

Legend

Line type: * Thury = Series-connected generators as designed by

René Thury René Thury (7 August 1860 – 23 April 1938) was a Swiss pioneer in electrical engineering. He was known for his work with high voltage direct current electricity transmission and was known in the professional world as the "King of DC." Bio ...

* Merc =

Mercury-arc valve A mercury-arc valve or mercury-vapor rectifier or (UK) mercury-arc rectifier is a type of electrical rectifier used for converting high-voltage or high-current alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). It is a type of cold cathode gas-fil ...

rectifier and inverter * Thyr =

Thyristor A thyristor () is a solid-state semiconductor device with four layers of alternating P- and N-type materials used for high-power applications. It acts exclusively as a bistable switch (or a latch), conducting when the gate receives a current ...

rectifier and inverter * IGBT = Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors Line status:

Africa

Australia and Oceania

Asia

Europe

² As of 9 December 2015, LitPol Link started trial operations.
³ Caithness Moray HVDC serves a number of renewable energy sources in the north of Scotland - see map
⁴ Contracts due to be placed in 2016.
⁵ Elia says construction expected to start in late 2017. ⁶ Date is that quoted to support the Shetland Wind Farm that SSE is a part investor in.
⁷ Decision on project expected in 2017 following consultation - see SSE PD reference.

North America

South America

Back to back

Maps

Europe

Shetland HVDC Connection Shetland HVDC Connection is a high-voltage direct current submarine power cable under construction to connect Shetland to the British mainland. Current status In April 2022, the project was described as "on track to be completed by 2024". The s ...

# Caithness Moray HVDC #

Western Isles HVDC connection The Western Isles HVDC connection is a proposed 1.8GW HVDC submarine power cable to connect the Isle of Lewis to the Scottish mainland. The project promoter, Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks, identifies the link as "one of the ke ...

NorthConnect The NorthConnect (also known as Scotland–Norway interconnector) is a proposed 1,400MW HVDC interconnector over the floor of the North Sea. Current status The future of the project is unclear. In March 2020, the Norwegian Government placed th ...

North Sea Link The North Sea Link is a 1,400MW high-voltage direct current submarine power cable between Norway and the United Kingdom. At it is the longest subsea interconnector in the world. The cable became operational on 1 October 2021. Route The cable ...

: Kvilldal, Norway – Blyth, UK # Eastern HVDC Link # Moyle: Auchencrosh, UK – Ballycronan More, Northern Ireland, UK # Western HVDC Link #

East–West Interconnector The East–West Interconnector is a 500MW high-voltage direct current submarine and subsoil power cable which connects the Irish and British electricity markets. The project was developed by the Irish national grid operator EirGrid. Aim The ...

: Leinster, Ireland – Shotton, Wales, UK #

Celtic Interconnector The Celtic Interconnector is a planned 700 MW high-voltage direct current (HVDC) submarine power cable between the southern coast of Ireland and the north-west coast of France. If completed as planned, it will be the first such interconnector be ...

FAB Link FAB Link is a proposed HVDC Interconnector, spanning the between France and Great Britain, running close to the island of Alderney. As of March 2022, project planning has tentatively re-started after a five-year pause. Current project status ...

IFA-2 IFA-2 (Interconnexion France-Angleterre 2) is a subsea electrical interconnector, running beneath the English Channel between France and the United Kingdom. The high voltage DC (HVDC) cable operates at +/-320kV with the capacity to transmit 1,00 ...

HVDC Cross-Channel The HVDC Cross-Channel (french: Interconnexion France Angleterre IFA 2000) is the 73 km long high-voltage direct current (HVDC) interconnector that operates since 1986 under the English Channel between the continental European grid at Bonningues- ...

: Les Mandarins, France –

Sellindge Sellindge is a civil parish and village on the A20 road between Ashford and Folkestone in Kent, South East England. Sellindge is part of North Downs West Ward of Folkestone and Hythe District Council but part of the Elham ward of Kent County ...

, UK #

Nemo Link Nemo Link is an HVDC submarine power cable between Richborough Energy Park in Kent, the United Kingdom and Zeebrugge, Belgium. The project is a joint venture between British National Grid and Belgian Elia. The electrical interconnector is the ...

BritNed BritNed is a 1,000MW high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) submarine power cable between the Isle of Grain in Kent, the United Kingdom; and Maasvlakte in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The BritNed interconnector would serve as a link for the foresee ...

: UK – Netherlands #Aachen Liège Electricity Grid Overlay (ALEGrO) #

Viking Link Viking Link is a 1,400 MW HVDC submarine power cable under construction between the United Kingdom and Denmark. Current status Land cables and submarine cables are being installed since 2020 and expected to finish in 2023. As of August 2022 Den ...

# HVDC DolWin1, HVDC DolWin2, HVDC DolWin3 # HVDC SylWin1 # HVDC HelWin1, HVDC HelWin2 # HVDC BorWin1, HVDC BorWin2, HVDC BorWin3 #

NorNed NorNed is a long high-voltage direct current submarine power cable between Feda in Norway and the seaport of Eemshaven in the Netherlands, which interconnects both countries' electrical grids. It was once the longest submarine power cable in the ...

: Feda, Norway – Eemshaven, Netherlands #

NORD.LINK NordLink is a subsea 1,400 megawatt (MW) HVDC power cable between Norway and Germany, opened in May 2021. The over long cable operates at a voltage of 500 kV DC. The cable enables Deutsche Bahn to buy the full production from M� ...

: Germany – Norway #

Skagerrak The Skagerrak (, , ) is a strait running between the Jutland peninsula of Denmark, the southeast coast of Norway and the west coast of Sweden, connecting the North Sea and the Kattegat sea area through the Danish Straits to the Baltic Sea. The ...

1, 2, 3, and 4: Tjele, Denmark – Kristiansand, Norway # Konti-Skan 1 and 2: VesterHassing, Denmark – Stenkullen, Sweden #

StoreBælt The Great Belt ( da, Storebælt, ) is a strait between the major islands of Zealand (''Sjælland'') and Funen (''Fyn'') in Denmark. It is one of the three Danish Straits. Effectively dividing Denmark in two, the Belt was served by the Great Be ...

: Fyn, Denmark – Zealand, Denmark #

Baltic Cable The Baltic Cable is a monopolar HVDC power line running beneath the Baltic Sea that interconnects the electric power grids of Germany and Sweden. Its maximum transmission power is 600 megawatts (MW). The Baltic Cable uses a transmission voltag ...

: Lübeck- Herrenwyk, Germany – Kruseberg, Sweden #

Kontek The Kontek HVDC is a long, monopolar 400 kV high-voltage direct current cable between Germany and the Danish island Zealand. Its name comes from "continent" and the name of the former Danish power transmission company "Elkraft", which o ...

: Bjæverskov, Denmark –

Bentwisch Bentwisch is a municipality in the Rostock district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, to the east of Rostock. Since its merger with Klein Kussewitz in January 2018, the municipality has 3,174 inhabitants and covers 29.19 square kilometres. Due ...

, Germany # SydVästlänken # SwePol: Stärnö, Sweden – Wierzbięcin (Słupsk), Poland #

LitPol Link LitPol Link is an electricity link between Poland and Lithuania which connects the Baltic transmission system to the synchronous grid of Continental Europe. It has a capacity of 500 MW and since 2021 it can operate in a synchronous regime. ...

NordBalt NordBalt (also formerly known as SwedLit) is a submarine power cable between Klaipėda in Lithuania and Nybro in Sweden. The purpose of the cable is to facilitate the trading of power between the Baltic and Nordic electricity markets, and to in ...

HVDC Visby–Näs The HVDC Visby–Näs is a bipolar HVDC electric power transmission system between Visby and a wind power centre near Näs on Gotland, Sweden. The project went into service in 1999. The system operates at 80 kV with a maximum power of 50 megawatts ...

Gotland Gotland (, ; ''Gutland'' in Gutnish), also historically spelled Gottland or Gothland (), is Sweden's largest island. It is also a province, county, municipality, and diocese. The province includes the islands of Fårö and Gotska Sandön to the ...

: Västervik, Sweden – Ygne, Sweden # Fenno-Skan: Rauma, Finland – Dannebo, Sweden, Fenno-Skan 2 #ÅL-link #

Estlink Estlink is a set of HVDC submarine power cables between Estonia and Finland. Estlink 1 is the first interconnection between the Baltic and Nordic electricity markets followed by Estlink 2 in 2014. The main purpose of the Estlink connection is to ...

: Harku, Estonia – Espoo, Finland #

2 # Cometa:

Valencia, Spain Valencia ( va, València) is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third-most populated municipality in Spain, with 791,413 inhabitants. It is also the capital of the province of the same name. The wider urban area also ...

–

Mallorca Mallorca, or Majorca, is the largest island in the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean. The capital of the island, Palma, is also the capital of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The Bal ...

, Spain # INELFE #

HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia The HVDC Italy–Corsica–Sardinia (also called SACOI; Sardinia–Corsica–Italy) is an HVDC interconnection used for the exchange of electric energy between the Italian mainland, Corsica and Sardinia. It is unusual, having more than two conver ...

: "SACOI" – Codrongianos, Sardinia, Italy – Lucciana, Corsica, France – Suvereto, Italy (mainland) #

SAPEI SAPEI, is a high-voltage direct current power transmission system that connects Sardinia with the Italian mainland. The submarine cable from Fiume Santo to Latina runs at below sea level in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the deepest submarine power ...

, Sardinia – Italian mainland # HVDC MON.ITA Project #

HVDC Italy-Greece A high-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system (also called a power superhighway or an electrical superhighway) uses direct current (DC) for electric power transmission, in contrast with the more common alternating curren ...

: Arachthos, Greece – Galatina, Italy #

EuroAsia Interconnector The EuroAsia Interconnector is a HVDC interconnector between the Greek, Cypriot, and Israeli power grids via the world's longest submarine power cable ( from Israel to Cyprus and from Cyprus to Greece, for a total of ). Connecting Kofinou, Cyp ...

EuroAfrica Interconnector EuroAfrica Interconnector is a HVDC interconnector and submarine power cable between the Greek, Cypriot, and Egypt power grids.Greenlink Greenlink is a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) submarine power cable under construction between County Wexford in Ireland and Pembrokeshire in Wales. Project status As of May 2022, the project has reached financial close, and construction h ...

References

Sources

*{{cite book , title=HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications Of Static Converters In Power Systems , author=Vijay K. Sood , date=31 May 2004 , page=2 , publisher=Springer-Verlag , isbn=978-1-4020-7890-3

Legend

Africa

Australia and Oceania

Asia

Europe

North America

South America

Back to back

Maps

Europe

See also

References

Sources