Lingeer Fatim Beye Joos FadiouMany variations : ''Fatimata Beye'' (see BIFAN, 1979, pp 225, 233), ''Fatim/Fatimata Beye'' (see BIFAN, 1979, p 234), ''Fatime Bey'' (BIFAN, 1979, p 234), etc. The Serer surname ''Beye'' or ''Bèye'', following its French spelling in Senegal is also a Serer matriclan. Fatim (proper : ''Fa tim'') in

Serer language Serer, often broken into differing regional dialects such as Serer-Sine and Serer saloum, is a language of the kingdoms of Sine and Saloum branch of Niger–Congo spoken by 1.2 million people in Senegal and 30,000 in the Gambia as of 2009. It i ...

means ''"the maternal clan of..."'' For more on Serer matrilineality, see: Jean-Marc Gastellu « 'Petit traité de matrilinarité. L'accumulation dans deux sociétés rurales d'Afrique de l'Ouest', Cahiers ORSTOM, série Sciences Humaines (1985) » , and Jean-Marc Gastellu, "Matrilineages, Economic Groups and Differentiation in West Africa" : ''A Note'' (O.R.S.TO.M) (commonly Lingeer Fatim Beye) was a 14th-century (Married to

Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh ( Serer proper : Maysa Waali Maane, many variations : Maysa Waaly Dione, Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer – ''Pangool''", vol.2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal, (1990), P 344, ...

king of Sine just after Battle of Troubang. See : BIFAN 1955, p 317; & Sarr, p 19) Serer princess and queen (

Lingeer Lingeer (also: ''Linger'' or Linguère) was the title given to the mother or sister of a king in the Serer kingdoms of Sine, Saloum, and previously the Kingdom of Baol; and the Wolof kingdoms of Cayor, Jolof, Baol and Waalo in pre-colonial Sene ...

) from the

Kingdom of Sine The Kingdom of Sine (also: ''Sin, Siine'' or Siin in the Serer-Sine language) was a post-classical Serer kingdom along the north bank of the Saloum River delta in modern Senegal. The inhabitants are called ''Siin-Siin'' or ''Sine-Sine'' (a Se ...

. She is the

matriarch Matriarchy is a social system in which women hold the primary power positions in roles of authority. In a broader sense it can also extend to moral authority, social privilege and control of property. While those definitions apply in general E ...

and early ancestor of the

Joos Maternal Dynasty The Joos Maternal Dynasty ( Serer: ''Joos Fadiou/Fadioudj'', other variations: ''Dioss Fahou/Fadiou'',Bulletin. Serie B: Sciences humaines / Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Volume 41. p 234, (1979) ''Dyoss'',Institut français d'Afrique noir ...

Waalo Walo ( wo, Waalo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what are now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north were Moorish emira ...

. She is usually regarded by some sources as the founder of the Joos Maternal Dynasty. The pre-colonial Kingdoms of Sine and Waalo now lies within present-day

Senegal Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 � ...

. Her

surname In some cultures, a surname, family name, or last name is the portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family, tribe or community. Practices vary by culture. The family name may be placed at either the start of a person's full name ...

is ''Beye'' (English-

Gambia The Gambia,, ff, Gammbi, ar, غامبيا officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. It is the smallest country within mainland AfricaHoare, Ben. (2002) ''The Kingfisher A-Z Encyclopedia'', Kingfisher Publicatio ...

) or ''Bèye'' (French-Senegal). ''Joos Fadiou'' is her maternal clan. In Serer, ''"Fa-tim"'' means ''"the maternal clan of..."''

Lingeer Ndoye Demba Linguere Ndoye Demba Joos Fadiou, also known as Ndoye Demba in Senegambian dynastic history, was a Serer princess from the Kingdom of Sine (now part of present-day Senegal), from the later half of the 14th century to the 15th century. The roya ...

, maternal granddaughter of Lingeer Fatim Beye, was given in marriage to the king of Waalo Brak Caaka Mbaar MboojVariations : ''Thiaka Mbar'' (see BIFAN, 1979, p 234) or ''Tiacka Mbar'' (see BIFAN, 1955, p 317)),Institut français d'Afrique noire, Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire: Sciences humaines, Volume 17. IFAN, (1955), p 317 in c. 1367. Lingeer Ndoye Demba went on to establish the Joos Maternal Dynasty in Waalo which lasted from the 14th century to 1855, the year Waalo fell to the French resulting in the disestablishment of the monarchy. From the 14th century to 1855, the Joos Maternal Dynasty provided many kings of Waalo but also contributed to its instability due to dynastic struggles between the competing maternal dynasties of the country (''Joos'', ''Tedyek'' and ''Loggar''Many variations : Joos = Dioss Fahou/Fadiou (see BIFAN, p 234, 1979), ''Dyoss'' (see BIFAN 1955, p 317), ''Dieuss'', ''Dihosou'', ''Diouss'', ''Dyoos'' (see Barr, 1985, p 73), ''Djeus'' (see Brigaud, p 16); Tedyek = ''Tédiek'' (see Brigaud) or ''Teedyekk'' (see Barry 1985);etc. Loggar = ''Logar''. They are the three reigning maternal dynasties of Waalo. The kings of Waalo ( Brak) must be a member of one of these three as well as from the patrilineage Mbooj (or ''Mbodj'') before being eligible to succeed to the throne. See : Barry, 1985, p 73).Barry, 1985, pp 183-186.

Biography

Lingeer Fatim Beye was a member of the Serer ethnic group and the

of the Joos Maternal Dynasty of

.Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire: Sciences humaines, Volume 41 (1979), p 225 The Joos Maternal Dynasty ( Serer proper : Joos Fadiou or ''Dioss Fahou/Fadiou''Bulletin. Serie B: Sciences humaines /

Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire IFAN (I.F.A.N., Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire or Fundamental Institute of Black Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. These include West Africa, ...

, Volume 41. p 234, (1979)) was a Serer maternal dynasty in the

Wolof Wolof or Wollof may refer to: * Wolof people, an ethnic group found in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania * Wolof language, a language spoken in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania * The Wolof or Jolof Empire, a medieval West African successor of the Mal ...

Kingdom of Waalo. Barry, Boubacar, "Le Royaume du Waalo: le Sénégal avant la conquête", KARTHALA Editions (1985), p 73, Fatim Beye was a contemporary of Ndiadiane Ndiaye (founder of the

Jolof Empire Jolof (french: Djolof or ') may refer to either of * Jolof Empire, a West African successor state to the Mali Empire in modern Senegal from the 14th to 16th centuries * Kingdom of Jolof, a rump survival of the earlier empire from the 16th to the 19t ...

) and

(var : Manyeasa Wali Dione) who was the first

Guelowar Guelowar, also spelled Gelwar, Guelwar, Guelware, Gueleware or Gueloware, was a maternal dynasty in the pre-colonial Serer kingdoms of Sine and Saloum (in the Senegambia, but mainly in the western area of present-day Senegal). They were from the ...

to rule in Sine or any of the Serer countries. Some sources note that, she was once married to

Maad a Sinig Maad a Sinig (variations : Mad a Sinig, 'Maad Sine, Maat Sine, Bour Sine, Bur Sine, etc.) means king of Sine. The ancient Kingdom of Sine, now part of Senegal, was a pre-colonial Serer kingdom . Their kings were titled ''Maad'' or ''Maad'' (also ...

Maysa Wali thereby linking this matriclan to a rather significant part of Serer medieval history, i.e. the

constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of Legal entity, entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed. When ...

al change in Sine which shaped its medieval to 20th century history. The marriage of Lingeer Fatim Beye to one of the most historical personalities of 14th century

Senegambian royalty The Senegambia (other names: Senegambia region or Senegambian zone,Barry, Boubacar, ''Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade'', (Editors: David Anderson, Carolyn Brown; trans. Ayi Kwei Armah; contributors: David Anderson, American Council of Le ...

agrees pretty much with the general consensus regarding Serer-Guelowar relations. It was a union based on marriage among the upper echelons Serer and Guelowar society. According to

Henry Gravrand Father Henry Gravrand (France, 1921 - Abbey of Latrun, Palestine, 11 July 2003) was a French Catholic missionary to Africa and an anthropologist who has written extensively on Serer religion and culture. He was one of the leading pioneers of inte ...

, the defeat of the Guelowars by the Ñaancos at the Battle of Troubang in(1335) at

Kaabu The Kaabu Empire (1537–1867), also written Gabu, Ngabou, and N'Gabu, was an empire in the Senegambia region centered within modern northeastern Guinea-Bissau, larger parts of today's Gambia; extending into Koussanar, Koumpentoum, regions ...

, Sarr, Alioune, " Histoire du Sine-Saloum" (Sénégal). Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986-87. p 19 spearheaded their migration to Serer territory after the massacre inflicted upon them at Troubang. In reporting this tradition, Gravrand did not notice that this is actually a description of the 1867 (or 1865)

Battle of Kansala The Battle of Kansala or ''Final Battle'' (Mandinka: ''Turban Keloo'') or ''Siege of Kansala'' was a military engagement between forces of the Kaabu Empire and the Imamate of Futa Jallon. The battle ended Mandinka hegemony over Africa’s Atlantic ...

although the departure of the Guelowar can probably be explained by a war or a conflict of succession. Sarr, Alioune, ''Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal)'' Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. 1986-87, p 19 It was the Serer nobility to which Lingeer Fatim Beye's family were a member of, who granted them asylum after their escape from Kaabu, the country of their birth.«

Babacar Sédikh Diouf Babacar Sedikh Diouf or Babacar Sédikh Diouf ( Serer: Babakar Sidiix Juuf, b. 1928Babacar Sedikh Diouf's body of works: Diouf, Babacar Sedikh, ''O maad a sinig : Kumba Ndoofeen fa Maak JUUF (Buka-Cilaas)'', 1853–1871 (PAPF, 1987) nConsortium ...

» in: Ngom, Biram ''"La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin"'', Dakar,

Université de Dakar Cheikh Anta Diop University (french: Université Cheikh Anta Diop or UCAD), also known as the Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, is a university in Dakar, Senegal. It is named after the Senegalese physicist, historian and anthropologist Cheikh ...

(1987), p 69 As an early ancestor of the Joos Maternal Dynasty, with royal ties to two pre-colonial

Senegambia The Senegambia (other names: Senegambia region or Senegambian zone,Barry, Boubacar, ''Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade'', (Editors: David Anderson, Carolyn Brown; trans. Ayi Kwei Armah; contributors: David Anderson, American Council of Le ...

n kingdoms from the start of their constitutional change, Lingeer Fatim Beye is regarded as one of the most significant female personalities of Serer and Senegambian dynastic history.Brigaud, Félix, "Histoire du Sénégal: Des origines aux traités de protectorat", Clair-afrique (1964), p 16 Her descendants went on to shape Senegambian medieval to 19th century history.

Joos Maternal Dynasty

The Joos Maternal Dynasty originated from the Serer

and entered the

Kingdom of

via the maternal granddaughter of Lingeer Fatim Beye (

). The Serer princess - Lingeer Ndoye Demba, originated from Sine where she was married off to the king of Waalo. Although established in Waalo in c. 1367 by Lingeer Ndoye Demba following her marriage to the king of Waalo (Caaka Mbaar Mbooj), this Serer family is linked to old Serer royalty and just one of many of the Serer matriclans. Dupire, Marguerite, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut, KARTHALA Editions (1994) . The book deals in depth with the Serer matriclans and means of succession through the matrilineal line. See also pages : 38, 95-99, 104, 119-20, 123, 160, 172-

(Retrieved : 9 July 2012) Caaka Mbar was the son of Bakar Mbooj the founder of the Mbooj paternal dynasty of Waalo and an early holder of the royal title Brak. Ndoye Demba's marriage to one of the earliest Braks established the Joos Maternal Dynasty which lasted for nearly 600 years. As of c. 1367, this Matrilineal succession, maternal dynasty provided many Braks of Waalo. Brak Yerim Mbanyik was the first king from this maternal dynasty.Monteil, pp 39-40 He was the son of Lingeer Ndoye Demba and Brak Caaka Mbar. The Braks themselves predated by the

Lamane Lamane or laman (also ''laam'' or ''lam'') means "master of the land" in the Mandingue, Wolof, and Serer languages. The name was also sometimes the title of chiefs or kings of the Serer people of the Senegambia region which includes modern day Sen ...

s,Boulègue, Jean, "Le Grand Jolof", (XVIII^e - XVI^e Siècle). (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 30 Dyao, Yoro, "Légendes et coutumes sénégalaises", Cahiers de Yoro Dyao: publiés et commentés par

Henri Gaden Henri is an Estonian, Finnish, French, German and Luxembourgish form of the masculine given name Henry. People with this given name ; French noblemen :'' See the 'List of rulers named Henry' for Kings of France named Henri.'' * Henri I de Montm ...

. (E. Leroux, 1912) ruled over Waalo from the 14th century until the disestablishment of the monarchy in 1855 due to

French colonialism The French colonial empire () comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward. A distinction is generally made between the "First French Colonial Empire", that existe ...

.Barry, 1985, p 41 Although Lingeer Ndoye Demba is generally regarded as the ancestor of the Joos of Waalo, and Lingeer Fatim Beye as an early ancestor and matriarch, some sources suggests that Fatim Beye was the founder of the Joos Dynasty.BIFAN (1979), p 234

References

Bibliography

* Sarr, Alioune, " Histoire du Sine-Saloum" (Sénégal). Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986–87. p 19 * Monteil, Vincent, " Esquisses sénégalaises",

Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire IFAN (I.F.A.N., Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire or Fundamental Institute of Black Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. These include West Africa, ...

, 1966. *Wade, Amadou, ''"Chronique du Walo Sénégalais (1186–1855)"'', B. Cissé trans., V. Monteil, editor, Bulletin de l'IFAN, série B, vol. 26, nos 3/4 (1941, 1964) * Barry, Boubacar. ''"Le royaume du

":'' le

Sénégal Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 � ...

avant la conquête, Karthala, 1985,
The "Dyoos"
(Retrieved : 8 July 2012) *Barry, Boubacar, "Le royaume du waalo, le Sénégal avant la conquête", F. Maspéro (1972), p 286 *Bulletin. Serie B: Sciences humaines /

, Volume 41. (1979) *Institut français d'Afrique noire. Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire: Sciences humaines, Volume 17. IFAN, (1955) *Ndiaye Leyti, Oumar, ''"Le Djoloff et ses Bourba"'', Les Nouvelles editions africaines (1981). *Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire: Sciences humaines, Volume 31, IFAN (1969), pp 409–410 * Gastellu, Jean-Marc, "Petit traité de matrilinarité", L'accumulation dans deux sociétés rurales d'Afrique de l'Ouest', Cahiers ORSTOM, série Sciences Humaines (1985) *Gastellu, Jean-Marc, "Matrilineages, Economic Groups and Differentiation in West Africa" : A Note (O.R.S.TO.M) *Boulègue, Jean, "Le Grand Jolof", (XVIIIe - XVIe Siècle). (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 30 *Dyao, Yoro, "Légendes et coutumes sénégalaises", Cahiers de Yoro Dyao: publiés et commentés par Henri Gaden. (E. Leroux, 1912) * Dupire, Marguerite, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut, KARTHALA Editions (1994),

(Retrieved : 9 July 2012) *Sheldon, Kathleen E., "Historical dictionary of women in

Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. These include West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa. Geopolitically, in addition to the List of sov ...

", vol. 1,

Scarecrow Press Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an independent publishing house founded in 1949. Under several imprints, the company offers scholarly books for the academic market, as well as trade books. The company also owns the book distributing compa ...

(2005), p 148 *Ogot, Bethwell A., "Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century", (Editors : Bethwell A. Ogot,

Unesco The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...

. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General

History of Africa The history of Africa begins with the emergence of hominids, archaic humans and — around 300–250,000 years ago—anatomically modern humans (''Homo sapiens''), in East Africa, and continues unbroken into the present as a patchwork of d ...

; contributors : Bethwell A. Ogot, Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa,

University of California Press The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish scholarly and scientific works by faculty ...

(1992), p 281,
The "Joos"
(Retrieved : 11 July 2012) {{Serer topics, state=collapsed Women rulers in Africa Serer royalty Serer matriarchs Matriarchy Queens regnant in Africa Lingeer Senegalese women in politics 14th-century women rulers