The Ligue de la patrie française (French Homeland League) was a French nationalist and anti- Dreyfus organization. It was officially founded in 1899, and brought together leading right-wing artists, scientists and intellectuals. The league fielded candidates in the 1902 national elections, but was relatively unsuccessful. After this it gradually became dormant. Its bulletin ceased publication in 1909.

History

Origins

The League originated with three young academics,

Louis Dausset Louis Dausset (September 3, 1866 – January 22, 1940) was a French politician. He served as a member of the French Senate The Senate (french: Sénat, ) is the upper house of the French Parliament, with the lower house being the National Ass ...

, Gabriel Syveton and Henri Vaugeois, who wanted to show that Dreyfusism was not accepted by all at the University. They were opposed to the League for the Rights of Man, and wanted to show that not all intellectuals supported the Left, and the cause of the homeland was as valid as the cause of Dreyfus and the lay Republic. After an initial meeting on 25 October 1898 in Paris a section was quickly opened in

Lille Lille ( , ; nl, Rijsel ; pcd, Lile; vls, Rysel) is a city in the northern part of France, in French Flanders. On the river Deûle, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region, the prefecture of the N ...

. They launched a petition that attacked Zola and what many saw as an internationalist, pacifist left-wing conspiracy. In November 1898 their petition gained signatures in the Parisian schools, and was soon circulated throughout political, intellectual and artistic circles in Paris.

Charles Maurras Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (; ; 20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic. He was an organizer and principal philosopher of ''Action Française'', a political movement that is monarchist, anti-par ...

gained the interest of the writer Maurice Barrès, and the movement gained the support of three eminent personalities: the geographer

Marcel Dubois Marcel Dubois (25 July 1856 – 23 October 1916) was a French geographer. He was a co-founder of the ''Annales de Géographie'', a journal of academic geography. Early years Marcel Dubois was born in Paris on 25 July 1856. He attended the Éco ...

, the poet

François Coppée François Edouard Joachim Coppée (26 January 1842 – 23 May 1908) was a French poet and novelist. Biography Coppée was born in Paris to a civil servant. After attending the Lycée Saint-Louis he became a clerk in the ministry of war and won ...

and the critic and literature professor

Jules Lemaître François Élie Jules Lemaître (27 April 1853 – 4 August 1914) was a French critic and dramatist. Biography Lemaître was born in Vennecy, Loiret. He became a professor at the University of Grenoble in 1883, but was already well known for his ...

. Barres would provide the inspiration while Lemaitre looked after the organization. Charles Daniélou had been present at the last meeting between

Émile Zola Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (, also , ; 2 April 184029 September 1902) was a French novelist, journalist, playwright, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of ...

and François Coppée during the

Dreyfus affair The Dreyfus affair (french: affaire Dreyfus, ) was a political scandal that divided the French Third Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. "L'Affaire", as it is known in French, has come to symbolise modern injustice in the Francop ...

. Zola had decided to publish his ''

J'accuse…! "''J'Accuse...!''" (; "I Accuse...!") is an open letter that was published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper ''L'Aurore'' by Émile Zola in response to the Dreyfus affair. Zola addressed President of France Félix Faure and accused his govern ...

'', in which he proclaimed that Dreyfus was innocent, despite pleas by Coppée. Daniélou sided with Coppée and helped found the League in December 1898. The final decision to create the League was made on 31 December 1898.

Active period

François Coppée (Stories By Foreign Authors)

The Ligue de la patrie française was established on 4 January 1899 with Jules Lemaître as its nominal leader. Lemaître held the organizational meeting on 19 January 1899. Maurice Barrès was in practice the intellectual leader. The League was aligned with the Académie française, the army, the church, the aristocracy and the wealthy classes. It brought together a large number of antidreyfusard intellectuals to show that the great names of letters and science did not support revision of the verdict of the Dreyfus trial. This conservative group had prestige comparable to that of the signatories of the ''Manifeste des intellectuels'' launched by

Georges Clemenceau Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (, also , ; 28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 until 1920. A key figure of the Independent Radicals, he was a ...

. Many well-known members of the Académie signed on including

Léon Daudet Léon Daudet (; 16 November 1867 – 2 July 1942) was a French journalist, writer, an active monarchist, and a member of the Académie Goncourt. Move to the right Daudet was born in Paris. His father was the novelist Alphonse Daudet, his moth ...

, Albert Sorel and Jules Verne. The painters Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste Renoir supported the movement. About 30,000 members joined in the first month. Workers, artisans and employees represented at most 4% of the membership, while members of the literary, artistic, legal and medical professions made up almost 70%. The League did not at first take an anti-Semitic position, although Lemaitre claimed at the January organizational meeting that for the past twenty years Jews, Protestants and Freemasons had conspired to run France. The League refused to engage in a resolute defense of the church. The League was interested in restoring order, but not in establishing an authoritarian regime. Unlike the Ligue des Patriotes and other populist leagues, with Lemaître as president the Ligue de la patrie française rejected violence and avoided abusive language, and thus was more acceptable to the middle classes. By February 1899 the league claimed 40,000 members. However, despite being well-funded and represented throughout France the organization was weak. The League was divided between Republican moderates like

Ferdinand Brunetière Ferdinand Brunetière (19 July 1849 – 9 December 1906) was a French writer and critic. Personal and public life Early years Brunetière was born in Toulon, Var, Provence. After school at Marseille, he studied in Paris at the Lycée Louis-le-G ...

who just wanted to end the disruption caused by the Dreyfus affair and anti-Semitic nationalists like Barrès who wanted an excuse to overthrow the Republic. François Coppée had Bonapartist leanings and was in favor of a coup. In 1899 Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois left the League and established a new movement,

Action Française Action may refer to: * Action (narrative), a literary mode * Action fiction, a type of genre fiction * Action game, a genre of video game Film * Action film, a genre of film * ''Action'' (1921 film), a film by John Ford * ''Action'' (1980 fil ...

, and a new journal, ''Revue de l'Action française''. Charles Maurras soon joined the Action Française, whose leaders criticized the timid nature of the League and its lack of clear objectives. The ''Revue de l'Action française'' expressed more radical views, and was anti-Republican. Maurras thought the Bourbon monarchy should be restored, using violence if needed. The League had some success in the Paris municipal elections in 1900, but soon began to fall apart. Antidreyfusism proved not to be a sufficiently strong cause to hold together members who had radically different opinions on other subjects. The League's candidates in the 1902 legislative elections did poorly outside of Paris. Most of the League's activists abandoned it in favor of

Albert Gauthier de Clagny Albert Gauthier de Clagny (14 September 1853 – 16 December 1927) was a right-wing French politician during the period before World War I. He was a respected lawyer, a Bonapartist and an anti-Dreyfusard. Early years Albert Gauthier de Clagny wa ...

's Républicains plébiscitaires or

Jules Méline Félix Jules Méline (; 20 May 183821 December 1925) was a French statesman, Prime Minister of France from 1896 to 1898. Biography Méline was born at Remiremont. Having taken up law as his profession, he was chosen a deputy in 1872, and in 1 ...

's Fédération républicaine. The League's treasurer Gabriel Syveton was elected deputy for the Seine in 1902. A meeting organized on 7 March 1903 in Lille by the League and the Ligue des Patriotes was able to draw 5,000 people including students, young Catholics, clerics and reactionary notables. However, the movement went into rapid decline after being defeated in the 1904 municipal elections. Portrait of Jules Lemaître

Later years

General Louis André, the militantly anticlerical War Minister from 1900 to 1904, used reports by Freemasons to build a huge card index on public officials that detailed those who were

Catholic The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

and attended

Mass Mass is an intrinsic property of a body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the quantity of matter in a physical body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physics. It was found that different atoms and different eleme ...

, with a view to preventing their promotions. In 1904, Jean Bidegain, assistant Secretary of Grand Orient de France, sold a selection of the files to Gabriel Syveton for 40,000 francs. In November 1904 Syveton gained notoriety when he physically attacked General André in the Assembly in a debate over the files. Syveton died on 9 December 1904 the day before he was due to appear before the Court of Assizes. The nationalists claimed that he had not committed suicide but had been assassinated by the Masons. The ''

Affaire Des Fiches The Affair of the Cards (french: Affaire des Fiches), sometimes called the Affair of the Casseroles,The appellation is certified by Paul Naudon1. In the slang of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, “casserole” meant someone who cooked to ...

'' scandal led directly to the resignation of prime minister

Émile Combes Émile Justin Louis Combes (; 6 September 183525 May 1921) was a French statesman and freemason who led the Bloc des gauches's cabinet from June 1902 to January 1905. Career Émile Combes was born in Roquecourbe, Tarn. He studied for the pri ...

. After Lemaitre left the League,

assumed the presidency. He in turn resigned in 1905. The ''Bulletin officiel de la Ligue de la Patrie française'' appears to have ceased publication in 1909.

Executive

The executive of the league included: *

– Honorary President *

– President * Gabriel Syveton – Treasurer *

– Secretary general * Henri Vaugeois – Assistant secretary *

Alfred Mathieu Giard Alfred Mathieu Giard (8 August 1846 – 8 August 1908) was a French zoologist born in Valenciennes. Biography In 1867 he began his studies of natural sciences at the École Normale Supérieure, followed by work as ''préparateur de zoologie'' a ...

– Delegate *

François de Mahy François Césaire de Mahy (22 July 1830, Saint-Pierre, Réunion – 19 November 1906, Paris) was a French politician. Biography He was born in Saint-Pierre into a family of notables whose father was elected mayor of the city in 1841. The youn ...

– Delegate * Maurice Barrès – Delegate *

– Delegate *

– Delegate

Members

The first members of the league also included: *

Juliette Adam Juliette Adam (; née Lambert; 4 October 1836 – 23 August 1936) was a French author and feminist. Life and career Juliette Adam was born in Verberie (Oise). She gave an account of her childhood, rendered unhappy by the dissensions of he ...

* Paul Allard * Gaston Audiffret-Pasquier *

Ernest Babelon Ernest Charles François Babelon (born 7 November 1854 in Sarrey, Département Haute-Marne; died 3 January 1924 in Paris) was a French Numismatist and classical archaeologist. Education and career Ernest Babelon trained from 1874 to 1878 to be ...

* Charles Barbier de Meynard *

Arvède Barine Arvède Barine (17 November 1840 – 14 November 1908), was a French writer and historian. Arvède Barine was the pseudonym of Mme. Charles Vincens, born Louise-Cécile Bouffé on 17 November 1840. She mostly wrote on the subject of women, but sh ...

* Albert Bartholomé * Charles Costa de Beauregard * André Bellessort *

Jean Béraud Jean Béraud (; January 12, 1849 – October 4, 1935) was a French painter renowned for his numerous paintings depicting the life of Paris, and the nightlife of Paris society. Pictures of the Champs Elysees, cafés, Montmartre and the banks of ...

Jacques-Émile Blanche Jacques-Émile Blanche (; 1 January 1861 – 30 September 1942) was a French artist, largely self-taught, who became a successful portrait painter, working in London and Paris. Early life Blanche was born in Paris. His father, whose name he s ...

Marie-Louis-Antoine-Gaston Boissier Marie-Louis-Antoine-Gaston Boissier (15 August 1823 – 20 November 1908), French classical scholar, and secretary of the Académie française, was born at Nîmes. The Roman monuments of his native town very early attracted Gaston Boissier to t ...

* Robert de Bonnières * Henri de Bornier *

Théodore Botrel Jean-Baptiste-Théodore-Marie Botrel (14 September 1868 – 28 July 1925) was a French singer-songwriter, poet and playwright. He is best known for his popular songs about his native Brittany, of which the most famous is ''La Paimpolaise''. Durin ...

Paul Bourget Paul Charles Joseph Bourget (; 2 September 185225 December 1935) was a French poet, novelist and critic. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times. Life Paul Bourget was born in Amiens in the Somme ''département'' of Picar ...

* Joseph Valentin Boussinesq * Henri Boutet *

Pierre de Bréville Pierre Eugène Onfroy de Bréville (21 February 1861 – 24 September 1949) was a French composer. Biography Pierre de Bréville was born in Bar-le-Duc, Meuse (department), Meuse. Following the wishes of his parents, he studied law with the goal ...

Albert, 4th duc de Broglie Jacques-Victor-Albert, 4th duc de Broglie (; 13 June 182119 January 1901) was a French monarchist politician, diplomat and writer (of historical works and translations). Broglie twice served as Prime Minister of France, first from May 1873 to ...

* Charles Jules Edmée Brongniart *

Caran d'Ache Caran d'Ache was the pseudonym of the 19th century French satirist and political cartoonist Emmanuel Poiré (6 November 1858 – 25 February 1909). The pseudonym comes from russian: карандаш, italic=unset, translit=karandash meani ...

* Carolus-Duran *

Albert Carré Albert Carré (born Strasbourg 22 June 1852, died Paris 12 December 1938) was a French theatre director, opera director, actor and librettist. He was the nephew of librettist Michel Carré (1821–1872) and cousin of cinema director Michel Carré ...

Godefroy Cavaignac Godefroy, a surname of Old French origin, and originally a given name, cognate with Geoffrey/Geoffroy/Jeffrey/Jeffries, Godfrey, Gottfried, etc. Godefroy may refer to: People Given name * Godefroi, Comte d'Estrades (1607–1686), French diplomat a ...

Honoré Champion Honoré Champion (1846–1913) was a French publisher. He founded Éditions Honoré Champion in 1874 and published scientific works geared towards laymen, particularly concerning history and literature. Champion died from an embolism on 8 Apri ...

Anatole Chauffard Anatole Marie Émile Chauffard (22 August 1855 – 1 November 1932) was a French internist born in Avignon. He earned his doctorate in 1882, and became ''médecin des hôpitaux''. In 1907 he was appointed professor of internal medicine at th ...

Victor Cherbuliez Charles Victor Cherbuliez (; 19 July 1829 – 1 or 2 July 1899)Victor Cherbuliez
in the

Arthur Chuquet Arthur Maxime Chuquet (28 February 1853 – 7 June 1925) was a French historian and biographer. He was born in Rocroi, Ardennes. He is now best known for his ''Jeunesse de Napoléon'' appearing in three volumes from 1897 to 1899. He became a mem ...

* Édouard Collignon *

Gustave-Claude-Etienne Courtois Gustave-Claude-Étienne Courtois, also known as Gustave Courtois (; 18 May 1852 in Pusey, Haute-Saône – 1923 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) was a French painter, a representative of the academic style of art. Life Courtois was born 18 May 1852 i ...

* Pascal Dagnan-Bouveret *

* Edgar Degas * Léon Deschamps * Édouard Detaille * Léon Dierx *

Jules-Albert de Dion Marquis Jules Félix Philippe Albert de Dion de Wandonne (9 March 185619 August 1946) was a French pioneer of the automobile industry. He invented a steam-powered car and used it to win the world's first auto race, but his vehicle was adjud ...

René Doumic René Doumic (7 March 1860, in Paris – 2 December 1937), French critic and man of letters, was born in Paris, and after a distinguished career at the École Normale began to teach rhetoric at the Collège Stanislas de Paris. Life Doumic att ...

* Guillaume Dubufe *

Pierre Duhem Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem (; 9 June 1861 – 14 September 1916) was a French theoretical physicist who worked on thermodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the theory of elasticity. Duhem was also a historian of science, noted for his work on the Eu ...

* Emmanuel des Essarts *

Émile Faguet Auguste Émile Faguet (; 17 December 18477 June 1916) was a French author and literary critic. Biography Faguet was born at La Roche-sur-Yon, Vendée, and educated at the École normale supérieure in Paris. After teaching for some time in La R ...

Jean-Louis Forain Jean-Louis Forain (23 October 1852 – 11 July 1931) was a French Impressionist painter and printmaker, working in media including oils, watercolour, pastel, etching and lithograph. Compared to many of his Impressionist colleagues, he was ...

Paul Foucart Paul-François Foucart (15 March 1836, Paris – 19 May 1926) was a French archaeologist, known for his research involving the Eleusinian Mysteries. He was the father of Egyptologist Georges Foucart. Beginning in 1855 he studied at the École N ...

Henry Gauthier-Villars Henry Gauthier-Villars (8 August 1859 – 12 January 1931), known by the pen name Willy , was a French ''fin de siècle'' writer and music critic who is today mostly known as the mentor and first husband of Colette. Other pseudonyms used by Gauthi ...

* Émile Gebhart *

Jean-Léon Gérôme Jean-Léon Gérôme (11 May 1824 – 10 January 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style now known as academicism. His paintings were so widely reproduced that he was "arguably the world's most famous living artist by 1880." The ra ...

Georges Goyau Georges Goyau (31 May 1869 – 25 October 1939) was a French historian and essayist specializing in religious history. Biography Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges Goyau was born in Orléans 31 May 1869, and attended the Lycée d'Orléans before mov ...

* Alfred Grandidier * Maurice Hauriou *

José-Maria de Heredia José-Maria de Heredia (22 November 1842 – 3 October 1905) was a Cuban-born French Parnassian poet. He was the fifteenth member elected for seat 4 of the Académie française in 1894. Biography Early years Heredia was born at Fortuna ...

Charles Hermite Charles Hermite () FRS FRSE MIAS (24 December 1822 – 14 January 1901) was a French mathematician who did research concerning number theory, quadratic forms, invariant theory, orthogonal polynomials, elliptic functions, and algebra. Hermi ...

* Henry Houssaye *

Henri Huchard Henri Huchard (4 April 1844 – 1 December 1910) was a French neurologist and cardiologist born in Auxon, Aube. He studied medicine at the University of Paris, later being appointed ''médecin des hôpitaux''. During his career he was associate ...

Vincent d'Indy Paul Marie Théodore Vincent d'Indy (; 27 March 18512 December 1931) was a French composer and teacher. His influence as a teacher, in particular, was considerable. He was a co-founder of the Schola Cantorum de Paris and also taught at the P ...

Jean Antoine Injalbert Jean-Antoine Injalbert (1845–1933) was a much-decorated French sculptor, born in Béziers. Life The son of a stonemason, Injalbert was a pupil of Augustin-Alexandre Dumont and won the prestigious Prix de Rome in 1874. At the Exposition Uni ...

* Ernest de Jonquières *

Camille Jordan Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan (; 5 January 1838 – 22 January 1922) was a French mathematician, known both for his foundational work in group theory and for his influential ''Cours d'analyse''. Biography Jordan was born in Lyon and educated at ...

Pierre Laffitte Pierre Laffitte (21 February 1823 – 4 January 1903) was a French positivist philosopher. Laffitte was born at Béguey, Gironde. Residing at Paris as a teacher of mathematics, he became a disciple of Auguste Comte, who appointed him his lit ...

Albert Auguste Cochon de Lapparent Albert Auguste Cochon de Lapparent (30 December 18395 May 1908) was a French geologist. Life He was born at Bourges. After studying at the École polytechnique from 1858 to 1860 he became ''ingénieur au corps des mines'', and took part in draw ...

Henri Lavedan Henri Léon Emile Lavedan (9 April 1859 – 4 September 1940), French dramatist and man of letters, was born at Orléans, the son of , a well-known Catholic and liberal journalist. Lavedan contributed to various Parisian papers a series of witt ...

* Henry Louis Le Châtelier * Jean-Jules-Antoine Lecomte du Nouÿ * Louis Léger *

Ernest Legouvé Gabriel Jean Baptiste Ernest Wilfrid Legouvé (; 14 February 180714 March 1903) was a French dramatist. Biography Son of the poet Gabriel-Marie Legouvé (1764–1812), he was born in Paris. His mother died in 1810, and almost immediately after ...

Émile Lemoine Émile Michel Hyacinthe Lemoine (; 22 November 1840 – 21 February 1912) was a French civil engineer and a mathematician, a geometer in particular. He was educated at a variety of institutions, including the Prytanée National Militaire and, mo ...

Auguste Longnon Auguste Honoré Longnon (18 October 1844, in Paris – 12 July 1911, in Paris) was a French historian and archivist. He is remembered for his research in the field of historical geography and for his edition of the 15th century poet, Francois ...

Pierre Louÿs Pierre Louÿs (; 10 December 1870 – 4 June 1925) was a French poet and writer, most renowned for lesbian and classical themes in some of his writings. He is known as a writer who sought to "express pagan sensuality with stylistic perfection". ...

* Frédéric Masson *

* Stanislas-Étienne Meunier *

Alfred Mézières Alfred Jean François Mézières (19 November 1826, in Réhon – 10 October 1915, in Réhon) was a French journalist, politician and historian of literature. Biography Alfred Mézières was educated at Metz College and the École Normale Supér ...

Frédéric Mistral Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (; oc, Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer of Occitan literature and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel ...

* Parfait-Louis Monteil * Georges Montorgueil *

Adrien Albert Marie de Mun Adrien Albert Marie, Comte de Mun (, 28 February 18416 October 1914), was a French political figure and Social Reformer of the nineteenth century. Biography Early years Albert was born at Lumigny-Nesles-Ormeaux, Seine-et-Marne, son of the Marqu ...

* Jacques Normand *

Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne (25 March 1862 – 23 September 1938) was a French engineer and mathematician. He founded the field of nomography, the graphic computation of algebraic equations, on charts which he called nomogram. Biography Philbert ...

* Edmond Perrier *

Louis Petit de Julleville Louis Petit de Julleville (18 July 1841 – 28 August 1900) was a French scholar. Life Born in Paris, Petit de Julleville was educated at the École Normale Supérieure and the French School at Athens. He received his doctorate in literature in 186 ...

Émile Picard Charles Émile Picard (; 24 July 1856 – 11 December 1941) was a French mathematician. He was elected the fifteenth member to occupy seat 1 of the Académie française in 1924. Life He was born in Paris on 24 July 1856 and educated there at t ...

* Maurice Pujo *

Jean-François Raffaëlli Jean-François Raffaëlli (April 20, 1850 – February 11, 1924) was a French realist painter, sculptor, and printmaker who exhibited with the Impressionists. He was also active as an actor and writer. Biography Born in Paris, he was of Tusca ...

Alfred Nicolas Rambaud Alfred Nicolas Rambaud (2 July 1842 – 10 November 1905) was a French historian. Life Alfred Nicolas Rambaud was born in Besançon. After studying at the École Normale Supérieure, he completed his studies in Germany. He was one of that ba ...

Onésime Reclus Onésime Reclus (22 September 1837 – 30 June 1916) was a French geographer who specialized in the relations between France and its colonies. In 1880 he coined the term " Francophonie" as a means of classification of peoples of the world, bein ...

Sibylle Riqueti de Mirabeau Sibylle Aimée Marie-Antoinette Gabrielle de Riquetti de Mirabeau, Comtesse de Martel de Janville (16 August 1849 – 28 June 1932) was a French writer who wrote under the pseudonym Gyp. Life She was born at the château de Coëtsal near Pl ...

* Henri Rouart *

Eugène Rouché Eugène Rouché (18 August 1832 – 19 August 1910) was a French mathematician. Career He was an alumnus of the École Polytechnique, which he entered in 1852. He went on to become professor of mathematics at the Charlemagne lyceum then at the ...

* Edmond Rousse * René de Saint-Marceaux *

Francisque Sarcey Francisque Sarcey (8 October 1827 – 16 May 1899) was a French journalist and dramatic critic. Career He was born in Dourdan, Essonne. After some years as schoolmaster, a job for which his temperament was ill-fitted, he entered journalism ...

Pierre de Ségur Pierre, marquis de Ségur (13 February 1853 in Paris – 13 August 1916 in Poissy Poissy () is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, from th ...

Paul Armand Silvestre Paul Armand Silvestre (18 April 1837 – 19 February 1901) was a 19th-century French poet and ''conteur'' born in Paris. He studied at the École polytechnique with the intention of entering the army, but in 1870 he entered the department ...

* Albert Sorel *

André Theuriet Claude Adhémar André Theuriet (; 8 October 1833 in Marly-le-Roi – 23 April 1907 in Bourg-la-Reine) was a 19th-century French poet and novelist. Life Theuriet was born at Marly-le-Roi ( Seine et Oise), and was educated at Bar-le-Duc in his ...

* Georges Thiébaud * Paul Thureau-Dangin *

Suzanne Valadon Suzanne Valadon (23 September 18657 April 1938) was a French painter who was born Marie-Clémentine Valadon at Bessines-sur-Gartempe, Haute-Vienne, France. In 1894, Valadon became the first woman painter admitted to the Société Nationale des ...

* Albert Vandal * Jules Verne *

Melchior de Vogüé Charles-Jean-Melchior de Vogüé (18 October 182910 November 1916) was a French archaeologist, diplomat, and member of the Académie française in seat 18. Biography Born in Paris as the eldest son of Léonce de Vogüé, Melchior de Vogüé wa ...

Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé Marie-Eugène-Melchior, vicomte de Vogüé (25 February 1848 – 29 March 1910) was a French diplomat, Orientalist, travel writer, archaeologist, philanthropist and literary critic. Biography Born in Nice, France, he served in the Franco-Pruss ...

* Charles Wolf

Publications

Journals

* �
archives
* * *

Miscellaneous

* * * * * * * *

Notes

Sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Ligue de la patrie française Dreyfus affair Organizations established in 1899 Organizations disestablished in 1909 French Third Republic Maurice Barrès