Labeoninae

Labeoninae is a doubtfully distinct subfamily of ray-finned fishes in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. They inhabit fresh water and the largest species richness is in the region around southern China, but there are also species elsewhere in Asia, and some members of ''Garra'' and '' Labeo'' are from Africa. They are a generally very apomorphic group, perhaps the most "advanced" of the Cyprinidae. A common name for these fishes is ''labeonins'' (when considered a distinct subfamily) or ''labeoins'' (when included in subfamily Cyprininae).

They include the group sometimes separated as ''Garrinae'', but these do not seem to be that distinct. In fact, the entire Labeoninae is merged into the Cyprininae by a number of authors; in any case, these two and the former "Barbinae" form a close-knit group whose internal phylogeny is far from resolved. If the subfamily is considered distinct, it is typically split in the tribes ''Labeonini'' (which are able to swim well in open water) and ''Garrini'' (which are mostly benthic), and sometimes in addition the ''Banganini'' (which are somewhat intermediate in habitus) If the labeo lineage is included in the Cyprininae, it becomes the tribe Labeonini, while its two (or three) subdivisions are the subtribes ''Labeoina'', ''Garraina'' and perhaps ''Banganina''.

Notable genera are ''Crossocheilus'', ''Epalzeorhynchos'' and ''Garra'', which contain some of the popular aquarium fishes often called "algae eaters", e.g. the Siamese algae-eater (''Crossocheilus siamensis''). ''Labeo'' – the type genus of this subfamily – contains many sizeable species which are often used as food.

Anatomically, the labeonins are distinguished by the Weberian apparatus contacting the skull with the supraneural bones, and its basioccipital process being concave in cross-section. The first vertebra has a parapophysis that is elongated to forward and partially overlaps the basioccipital process. The fourth vertebra, meanwhile, has a short but stout transverse process that is prominently elongated bellywards; th
os suspensorium
is often hidden behind if viewed from the side. In the skull, the frontal and sphenotic bones have prominent foramina. In the anal fin, the first pterygiophore is elongated and has well-developed anterior and posterior flanges, with the former very large and concave at the distal end. Most labeonins have the skinny flap of the underside of the snout well-developed into a fleshy cap that at least partially hides the upper lip except when feeding, and a similar structure at the lower lip.Stiassny & Getahun (2007)

Genera

Tribe Labeonini
* ''Barbichthys'' Bleeker, 1860
* ''Cirrhinus'' Oken (ex. Cuvier), 1817 (tentatively placed here)
* ''Henicorhynchus'' Smith, 1945
* ''Labeo'' – typical labeos
* ''Labiobarbus'' van Hasselt, 1823 (including ''Dangila''?)
* ''Nukta'' Hora, 1942
* ''Osteochilus'' Günther, 1868
* ''Prolixicheilus'' Zheng, Chen & Yang, 2016 Zheng, L.-P., Chen, X.-Y. & Yang, J.-X. (2016): Molecular systematics of the Labeonini inhabiting the karst regions in southwest China (Teleostei, Cypriniformes). ''ZooKeys, 612: 133–148.''
* ''Pseudogyrinocheilus'' Fang, 1933
* ''Schismatorhynchos'' Bleeker, 1855
* '' Sinilabeo'' Rendahl, 1932
Tribe Banganini (might belong in Labeonini)
* ''Bangana'' Hamilton, 1822 (tentatively placed here)
* ''Lobocheilos'' (tentatively placed here)
* '' Qianlabeo'' Zhang & Chen, 2004
* ''Speolabeo'' Kottelat, 2017
* '' Vinalabeo'' Nguyen, Nguyen & Nguyen, 2016 Nguyen, V.H., Nguyen, H.D. & Nguyen, T.D.P. (2016): ''Vinalabeo'', a new generic name for ''Vinalabeo tonkinensis'' (Cyprinidae, Teleostei). ''Journal of Science of Hnue, Natural Sciences, 61 (9): 140-144.''

Tribe Garrini
* ''Balantiocheilos'' (tentatively placed here)
* ''Crossocheilus'' van Hasselt, 1823
* ''Discocheilus'' Zhang, 1997
* ''Discogobio'' Lin, 1931 (tentatively placed here)
* '' Discolabeo'' Fowler, 1937
* ''Epalzeorhynchos''
* ''Garra'' – garras
* ''Hongshuia'' Zhang, Xin & Lan, 2008
* '' Horalabiosa'' Silas, 1954
* ''Iranocypris''
* '' Longanalus'' Li, 2006 (tentatively placed here)
* ''Mekongina'' Fowler, 1937
* '' Parasinilabeo'' Wu, 1939
* ''Paracrossochilus'' Popta, 1904
* ''Pseudocrossocheilus'' Zhang & Chen, 1997
* ''Ptychidio'' Myers, 1930
* ''Rectoris'' Lin, 1933 (tentatively placed here)
* ''Semilabeo'' Peters, 1880 (tentatively placed here)
* ''Sinocrossocheilus'' Wu, 1977
* ''Tariqilabeo'' Wu, 1977
* ''Typhlogarra''
* ''Vinagarra'' Nguyen & Bui, 2010

The supposed genus ''" Tylognathus"'', commonly placed in the Labeonini (or Labeoina), is actually a polyphyletic assemblage containing diverse labeonins and some other cyprinids. Its type species, variously called ''"Tylognathus diplostoma"'' or ''"Tylognathus valenciennesii"'', is actually ''Bangana diplostoma''; most of its other species are now in ''Lobocheilos''.

Footnotes

References

* (2007): Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small ''Barbus'' species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation. '' Anim. Biol.'' 57(1): 39-48. (HTML abstract)
* (2008): Molecular phylogenetics of the family Cyprinidae (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) as evidenced by sequence variation in the first intron of S7 ribosomal protein-coding gene: Further evidence from a nuclear gene of the systematic chaos in the family. '' Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.'' 46(3): 818–829. PDF fulltext
* (2007): An overview of labeonin relationships and the phylogenetic placement of the Afro-Asian genus ''Garra'' Hamilton, 1922 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), with the description of five new species of ''Garra'' from Ethiopia, and a key to all African species. '' Zool. J. Linn. Soc.'' 150(1): 41-83. PDF fulltext

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