Kinshasa, DR Congo

Kinshasa (; ; ), formerly named Léopoldville from 1881–1966 (), is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kinshasa is one of the world's fastest-growing megacities, with an estimated population of 17 million in 2024. It is the most densely populated city in the DRC, the most populous city and third-largest metropolitan area in Africa, and the world's twenty-second most populous city and fourth-most populous capital city. It is the leading economic, political, and cultural center of the DRC, housing several industries including manufacturing, telecommunications, banking, and entertainment. The city also hosts some of DRC's significant institutional buildings, such as the People's Palace, Palace of the Nation, Court of Cassation, Constitutional Court, African Union City, Marble Palace, Martyrs Stadium, Government House, Kinshasa Financial Center, and other national departments and agencies.

The Kinshasa site has been inhabited by Teke and Humbu people for centuries and was known as ''Nshasa'' before transforming into a commercial hub during the 19th and 20th centuries. The city was named Léopoldville by Henry Morton Stanley in honor of Leopold II of Belgium. The name was changed to Kinshasa in 1966 during Mobutu Sese Seko's '' Zairianisation'' campaign as a tribute to ''Nshasa'' village. Covering 9,965 square kilometers, Kinshasa stretches along the southern shores of the Pool Malebo on the Congo River. It forms an expansive crescent across flat, low-lying terrain at an average altitude of about 300 meters. Kinshasa borders the Mai-Ndombe Province, Kwilu Province, and Kwango Province to the east; the Congo River delineates its western and northern perimeters, constituting a natural border with the Republic of the Congo; to the south lies the Kongo Central Province. Across the river sits Brazzaville, the smaller capital of the neighboring Republic of the Congo, forming the world's closest pair of capital cities despite being separated by a four-kilometer-wide unbridged span of the Congo River.

Kinshasa also functions as one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and is administratively divided into 24 communes, which are further subdivided into 365 neighborhoods. With an expansive administrative region, over 90 percent of the province's land remains rural, while urban growth predominantly occurs on its western side. Kinshasa is the largest nominally Francophone urban area globally, with French being the language of government, education, media, public services and high-end commerce, while Lingala is used as a lingua franca in the street. The city's inhabitants are popularly known as '' Kinois'', with the term " Kinshasans" used in English terminology.

The National Museum of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is DRC's most prominent and central museum. The College of Advanced Studies in Strategy and Defense is the highest military institution in DRC and Central Africa. The National Pedagogical University is DRC's first pedagogical university and one of Africa's top pedagogical universities. N'Djili International Airport is the largest airport in the nation. In 2015, Kinshasa was designated as a City of Music by UNESCO and has been a member of the Creative Cities Network since then. Nsele Valley Park is the largest urban park in Kinshasa, housing a range of fauna and flora. According to the 2016 annual ranking, Kinshasa is Africa's most expensive city for expatriate employees, ahead of close to 200 global locations.

Toponymy

There are several theories about the origin of the name ''Kinshasa''. Paul Raymaekers, an anthropologist and ethnologist, suggests that the name derives from the combination of the Kikongo and Kihumbu languages. The prefix "''Ki(n)''" signifies a hill or inhabited area and "''Nsasa''" or "''Nshasa''" refers to a bag of salt. According to Raymackers, ''Kinshasa'' was a significant trading site where people from the Lower Congo (now Kongo Central Province) and South Atlantic Ocean exchanged salt for goods such as iron, slaves and ivory brought by those from the Upper Congo (now Tshopo Province). However Hendrik van Moorsel, an anthropologist, historian and researcher, proposes that Bateke fishermen traded fish for cassava with locals along the riverbank, and the place of this exchange was called "''Ulio''". In Teke, "exchange" is "''Utsaya''", and "place of exchange" is "''Intsaya''". Thus, the name evolved from ''Ulio'' to ''Intsaya'', and later, under the influence of Kikongo, transformed into ''Kintsaya'', eventually becoming ''Kinshasa''. ''Kinshasa'', also known as ''N'shasa'', is regarded as the primary "place of exchange" on the southern bank of the Pool Malebo, where bartering occurred even before the commercial boom of Kintambo.

The name ''Nshasa'' is believed to originate from the Teke verb "''tsaya''" (''tsaa''), meaning "to exchange", and the noun "''intsaya''" (''insaa''), referring to any market or place of exchange. It was at this location that Teke brokers traded ivory and slaves from the Banunu slave traders, often mistaken for the Yanzi, for European trade items brought by the Zombo and Kongo people. Despite the various theories, the historical name of ''Kinshasa'' is known to have been ''Nshasa'', as documented by Henry Morton Stanley during his crossing of Africa from Zanzibar to Boma in 1874–1877 when he mentioned visiting "the king of Nshasa" on 14 March 1877.

History

Prior to the establishment of Kinshasa, the area was for a time part of the Anziku Kingdom. By about 1698, it had become an essentially independent domain known as Nkonkobela.

The city was established as a trading post by Henry Morton Stanley in 1881. It was named Léopoldville in honor of Stanley's employer King Leopold II of the Belgians. He would then proceed to take control of most of the Congo Basin as the Congo Free State, not as a colony but as his private property. The post flourished as the first navigable port on the Congo River above Livingstone Falls, a series of rapids over below Leopoldville. At first, all goods arriving by sea or being sent by sea had to be carried by porters between Léopoldville and Matadi, the port below the rapids and from the coast. The completion of the Matadi-Kinshasa portage railway, in 1898, provided an alternative route around the rapids and sparked the rapid development of Léopoldville. In 1914, a pipeline was installed so that crude oil could be transported from Matadi to the upriver steamers in Leopoldville. By 1923, the city was elevated to capital of the Belgian Congo, replacing the town of Boma in the Congo estuary, pursuant to the Royal Decree of 1 July 1923, countersigned by the Minister of the Colonies, Louis Franc. Before this, Léopoldville was designated an "urban district", encompassing exclusively the communes of Kintambo and the current Gombe, which burgeoned around Ngaliema Bay. Then the communes of Kinshasa, Barumbu, and Lingwala emerged. In the 1930s, these communes predominantly housed employees of Chanic, Filtisaf, and Utex Africa.

In 1941, legislative ordinance n°293/AIMO of 25 June 1941, conferred Kinshasa the status of a city and established an Urban Committee (''Comité Urbain''), with an allocated area of 5,000 hectares and a population of 53,000. Concurrently, it became the colony's capital, the Congo-Kasaï Province's capital, and the Moyen Congo district. The city was demarcated into two zones: the urban zone, comprising Léo II, Léo-Ouest, Kalina, Léo-I, or Léo-Est, and Ndolo; and the indigenous zone to the south. The urban populace swelled in 1945 with the cessation of forced labor, facilitating the influx of native Africans from rural regions. Léopoldville then became predominantly inhabited by the Bakongo ethnic group.

In the 1950s, planned urban centers such as Lemba, Matete, and a segment of Ndjili were established to accommodate workers from the Limete industrial zone. Lovanium University, the colony's inaugural university, was founded in 1954. By 1957, Léopoldville comprised eleven communes and six adjunct regions: Kalamu, Dendale (present-day Kasa-Vubu commune), Saint Jean (now Lingwala), Ngiri-Ngiri, Kintambo, Limete, Bandalungwa, Léopoldville (current Gombe), Barumbu, Kinshasa, and Ngaliema; along with the adjunct regions of Lemba, Binza, Makala, Kimwenza, Kimbanseke, and Kingasani. Subsequently, the adjunct regions of Ndjili and Matete were incorporated.

After gaining its independence on 30 June 1960, following riots in 1959, the Republic of the Congo elected its first prime minister, Patrice Lumumba whose perceived pro-Soviet leanings were viewed as a threat by Western interests. This being the height of the Cold War, the U.S. and Belgium did not want to lose control of the strategic wealth of the Congo, in particular its uranium. Less than a year after Lumumba's election, the Belgians and the U.S. bought the support of his Congolese rivals and set in motion the events that culminated in Lumumba's assassination. In 1964, Moïse Tshombe decreed the expulsion of all nationals of Republic of the Congo, Burundi and Mali, as well as all political refugees from Rwanda. In 1965, with the help of the U.S. and Belgium, Joseph-Désiré Mobutu seized power in the Congo. He initiated a policy of " Authenticity", attempting to renativize the names of people and places in the country. On 2 May 1966, the government announced that the nation's major cities would be restored to their pre-colonial names, effective on 30 June, the sixth anniversary of independence. Léopoldville was renamed ''Kinshasa'', for a village named Kinshasa that once stood near the site. Kinshasa grew rapidly under Mobutu, drawing people from across the country who came in search of their fortunes or to escape ethnic strife elsewhere, thus adding to the many ethnicities and languages already found there.

Unrest in 1991 and the First Congo War

In 1991 the city had to fend off rioting soldiers, who were protesting the government's failure to pay them. Subsequently a rebel uprising began, which in 1997 finally brought down the regime of Mobutu.

Prelude to the First Congo War, Mobutu's fall, foreign involvement, and onset of human rights violations

The eruption of the First Congo War (1996–1997), closely tied to the aftermath of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, significantly intensified instability in Kinshasa and across the broader region. Following the genocide, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), under Paul Kagame, launched military operations into eastern Zaire, not only targeting Hutu insurgents but also committing large-scale violence against Hutu civilians. UNHCR consultant Robert Gersony estimated that between 5,000 and 10,000 people were killed monthly in mid-1994 alone. The influx of over two million Rwandan Hutu refugees into eastern Zaire further exacerbated security and humanitarian tensions, particularly in provinces such as South Kivu. President Mobutu's regime proved incapable of managing the crisis, thus facilitating the conditions for war. By 1996, foreign-backed militias—including the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), the Ugandan People's Defence Force (UPDF), and Burundi's ''Forces Armées Burundaises'' (FAB)—began supporting Congolese Tutsi groups such as the Banyamulenge. Belgian legal and political scholar Filip Reyntjens describes the First Congo War as the convergence of two overlapping goals: the genuine resistance of Congolese Tutsi, who feared retaliation, and the strategic use of this resistance by the Rwandan government to justify the RPA's military involvement in Zaire.

The fall of Kinshasa in May 1997 to the Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed ''Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo'' (AFDL), led by Laurent-Désiré Kabila, marked the beginning of serious human rights abuses in the capital. In the days following the city's capture, AFDL and RPA forces carried out extrajudicial killings, acts of torture, rape, and targeted former regime officials as well as members of the elite Special Presidential Division (DSP). On 17 May, Mobutu was overthrown in an AFDL-led coup. Between 18 and 22 May 1997, volunteer teams from the Congolese Red Cross collected between 228 and 318 bodies in Kinshasa and its outskirts and evacuated wounded civilians to local medical facilities. Reports from the United Nations Special Rapporteur and the United Nations Mapping Team indicate that the security situation deteriorated further between May and June 1997. During this period, AFDL and RPA units, often with the participation of civilians, carried out public executions, frequently incinerating the bodies in neighborhoods such as Masina, Matete, and Kingabwa (Limete commune). At the GLM (''Groupe Litho Moboti'') building, detainees—many of them former members of the Zairean Armed Forces (''Forces Armées Zaïroises''; FAZ) or political opponents—were routinely executed and their bodies discarded in the Congo River, a practice halted only after intervention by human rights advocates alerted by local fishermen. In September 1997, the security crisis in Kinshasa was compounded by cross-border shelling from Brazzaville. Armed factions involved in a separate conflict in Brazzaville launched artillery fire into Kinshasa between 29 September and 1 October, killing at least 21 civilians. In retaliation, FAC and RPA forces shelled Brazzaville for two consecutive days.

Systematic torture and detention conditions

Security forces also engaged in systemic torture and abuse. In June and July 1997, detainees in military prisons at Kokolo and Tshatshi camps suffered ill-treatment that led to numerous deaths from torture, disease, and medical neglect. Reports from late 1997 indicate that at least 24 wounded former members of the Rwandan Armed Forces (''Forces Armées Rwandaises'', ex-FAR) soldiers disappeared after being transferred from hospitals to military camps, where they were subjected to threats and degrading treatment. The militarization of Kinshasa's public life continued under the new regime. Units of the Congolese Air Force (''Force Aérienne Congolaise'', FAC) and the RPA, particularly the young child soldiers known as ''Kadogo'', imposed harsh disciplinary measures on civilians, including public floggings and whippings with the ''chicotte'', a "leather-thonged whipping device". These punishments often resulted in severe internal injuries and deaths due to internal bleeding.

Systemic sexual violence, authoritarian repression, and crackdowns on political opposition

Beginning in June 1997, the new authorities ordered ex-FAZ to undergo political re-education at Kitona military base in Bas-Congo (now Kongo Central). In their absence, soldiers from the newly formed FAC and the RPA occupied military camps in Kinshasa, including CETA and Tshatshi, where they raped large numbers of women and girls—many of whom were family members of ex-FAZ soldiers. Victims were often subjected to sexual slavery and forced domestic labor. At Kokolo military camp, similar atrocities occurred, including gang rapes and the random abduction and assault of women in nearby neighborhoods. At a location known as "''Camp Américain''", particularly brutal crimes were reported, including the case of a girl who was gang-raped, tortured, and had hot wax poured over her genitals. Violence against women extended beyond military compounds. Numerous reports from the period indicate that FAC and RPA soldiers carried out systematic sexual violence across Kinshasa, including against sex workers and women detained arbitrarily.

Political repression under Kabila's new government intensified after the prohibition of political party activity. Opposition activists and their families were frequently subjected to harassment, arbitrary arrest, and torture. Women related to political figures were especially vulnerable to sexual violence during state crackdowns. Activists from major opposition parties such as the '' Parti Lumumbiste Unifié'' (PALU), '' Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social'' (UDPS), and the ''Front pour la Survie de la Démocratie au Congo'' (FSDC) were frequent targets. In July 1997, FAC and RPA soldiers killed between one and four PALU members during a protest crackdown and injured several others. The residence of PALU leader Antoine Gizenga was ransacked, resulting in the death of an activist and the severe beating of six more. Documented cases of torture and rape continued into 1998. Notably, on 10 December 1997, two sisters of the FSDC president were gang-raped by FAC and RPA personnel. The FSDC leader himself, a former Mobutu loyalist, was arrested in February 1998 and subjected to torture while detained in both the central prison and the Mikonga military training facility.

Second Congo War

The eruption of the Second Congo War in August 1998 plunged Kinshasa into a period of acute insecurity and military confrontation. The conflict was precipitated by a dramatic breakdown in relations between President Laurent-Désiré Kabila and his former allies in Rwanda and Uganda. Kabila accused these states of undermining Congolese sovereignty and harboring ambitions to orchestrate a ''coup d'état''. Allegations also surfaced that the United States had provided indirect support to Rwanda during this period, including claims of military training by the Rwanda Interagency Assessment Team (RIAT), ostensibly to secure access to the DRC's vast mineral wealth. American individuals and institutions, such as Roger Winter of the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, were further implicated in allegedly abetting insurgent activities. In response to these tensions, President Kabila dismissed Rwandan General James Kabarebe from his position as Chief of Staff and demanded the withdrawal of all Rwandan military personnel from Congolese territory. This move provoked a swift counteroffensive, as Rwanda and Uganda backed the formation of a new rebel group—the ''Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie'' (RCD)—which launched its rebellion from the city of Goma on 2 August 1998. The insurrection was spearheaded by mutinous units within the Congolese armed forces in coordination with Rwandan, Ugandan, and Burundian troops. Within weeks, RCD forces had captured large swathes of territory in the eastern and northern parts of the country, including regions of North and South Kivu, Orientale Province, North Katanga, and Équateur Province. Their advance toward Kinshasa and the western province of Bas-Congo was halted by military intervention from Angola and Zimbabwe, both of which deployed troops in support of Kabila's government.

This escalation led to the effective partition of the DRC. Kabila's administration, reinforced by military contingents from Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Chad, and Sudan, retained authority over the western and central regions. Conversely, the eastern part of the country fell under the control of the RCD's military wing, the ''Armée Nationale Congolaise'' (ANC), which was supported by Rwandan, Ugandan, and Burundian forces. In response, Kabila aligned with a range of non-state actors and militias, notably the Mayi-Mayi as well as Rwandan and Burundian Hutu rebel groups including the '' Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie'' (FDD) and the ''Armée de Libération du Rwanda'' (ALiR), the latter composed in part of former members of the Rwandan Armed Forces and the Interahamwe militia. Uganda, while occupying substantial portions of Orientale Province, simultaneously sponsored the establishment of the '' Mouvement pour la Libération du Congo'' (MLC), under the leadership of Jean-Pierre Bemba, to administer the Ugandan-controlled regions of Équateur. Diverging strategic interests between Uganda and Rwanda eventually led to a split within the RCD itself, giving rise to two rival factions: the Rwanda-aligned RCD–Goma and the Uganda-supported RCD–ML. Despite their military superiority, these rebel coalitions faced persistent challenges in exerting full administrative and security control over rural areas, where they were met with sustained resistance from local militias, interethnic hostility, and community mistrust.

Armed confrontation and urban warfare

By late August 1998, Kinshasa became the theater of direct armed confrontation. Forces of the ANC, RPA, and UPDF clashed with troops from FAC and the Zimbabwe Defence Forces (ZDF) for control of the capital. The ZDF employed heavy artillery to bombard densely populated neighborhoods, including Kimbanseke, Masina, Ndjili, and the village of Kingatoko, located near the border of Bas-Congo Province. These attacks resulted in the deaths of approximately 50 civilians and left 282 wounded, who were admitted to medical facilities across the capital during the night of 27 to 28 August. The shelling campaign led to mass displacement, as residents fled to safer parts of the city. The ZDF's indiscriminate use of heavy weapons failed to differentiate between military and civilian targets, striking hospitals, religious buildings, and other non-combatant infrastructure. In some instances, Congolese military authorities exacerbated civilian casualties by ordering residents to remain in their homes, thereby preventing rebel fighters from taking shelter in abandoned buildings and leaving civilians exposed to sustained bombardment.

Targeting of humanitarian workers and strategic infrastructure

During the same period, humanitarian workers became direct victims of violence. On 28 August 1998, in Mont-Ngafula, FAC soldiers brutally killed two Red Cross volunteers—one by crushing his skull—as they attempted to rescue victims in the Mitendi and Mbenseke areas. The incident left several others severely wounded. Rebel forces further escalated the crisis by targeting strategic infrastructure. On 13 August 1998, troops from the ANC, RPA, and UPDF seized the Inga hydroelectric power station in Bas-Congo Province, halting its turbines for three weeks. This act deprived Kinshasa and parts of Bas-Congo of electricity and water, critically affecting essential services such as hospitals. As a result, mortality rates—particularly among children—increased markedly in medical facilities.

Systematic human rights violations, authoritarian repression, and crackdowns on Cabindan separatists

From the onset of the conflict, Congolese security forces were implicated in widespread human rights abuses, including extrajudicial executions, torture, rape, and arbitrary detentions. Political opponents and ordinary civilians alike were subject to these violations with near-total impunity. Between August 1998 and January 2001, approximately 50 incident reports were submitted to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and its mechanisms, including the Working Groups on arbitrary detention and enforced disappearances, and the Special Rapporteurs on torture and extrajudicial killings.

Particularly severe abuses were inflicted on members of opposition political parties such as the UDPS and PALU. Victims were often detained in notorious facilities such as the ''Police d'intervention rapide'' (PIR), the ''Direction des renseignements généraux et services spéciaux'' (DRGS, also known as Kin Mazière), the Ipkin (ex-Circo), and the Kokolo military camp. These sites became centers for torture, sexual violence, and in some cases, extrajudicial execution. A significant crackdown occurred on 28 October 2000, when President Kabila's security services arrested at least 93 individuals—including 60 soldiers and 33 civilians from North Kivu, South Kivu, and Maniema—on accusations of plotting a ''coup d'état'' involving Anselme Masasu Nindaga, a founding member of the AFDL. While some detainees were summarily executed or tortured to death, others were held for over three years and released only after a government-issued general amnesty.

As part of its military alliance with Angola, the Kinshasa government also acted against members of the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC), a separatist movement advocating independence for the Angolan province of Cabinda. Between 1998 and 1999, the DRC's security forces shuttered FLEC offices in Kinshasa and arrested numerous Cabindan militants. Many of those detained were reportedly tortured; others were forcibly transferred to Angola or remain missing to this day.

Joseph Kabila's rise to power and the shift in the conflict

Following the assassination of President Laurent-Désiré Kabila on 16 January 2001, the Democratic Republic of the Congo entered a new phase in the protracted national crisis. His son and successor, Joseph Kabila, was swiftly installed as president and sought to redirect the country's trajectory through diplomacy and political dialogue. Central to his early agenda was the de-escalation of armed conflict and the promotion of national reconciliation, particularly through the organization of the Inter-Congolese Dialogue (ICD). This initiative aimed to convene representatives from the government, rebel movements, political opposition, and civil society in a comprehensive peace process. In March 2001, the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) deployed personnel to key conflict zones to oversee compliance with the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement. However, despite these peacebuilding measures, violence persisted, especially in the eastern provinces of North and South Kivu. The region remained mired in conflict involving various armed factions, including the Mayi-Mayi militias, the FDD, the ALiR, and the ANC.

The formal opening of the Inter-Congolese Dialogue took place on 25 February 2002 in Sun City, South Africa. A preliminary power-sharing accord was reached on 19 April 2002 between President Joseph Kabila and Jean-Pierre Bemba. While the agreement marked progress, it was met with resistance from RCD-Goma and influential opposition parties, notably the UDPS. A significant diplomatic breakthrough occurred on 30 July 2002, when the governments of Rwanda and the DRC signed a peace agreement in Pretoria. Under its terms, Rwanda agreed to withdraw its troops from Congolese territory in return for the disarmament and repatriation of Hutu militias, including the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR). A parallel agreement was signed with Uganda in Luanda on 6 September 2002, outlining a withdrawal plan for Ugandan forces and aiming to restore stability in the war-torn Ituri Province. By the end of that year, the disengagement of foreign military forces had begun, with troops from Rwanda, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Angola, and Namibia initiating their withdrawal. The culmination of these efforts was the signing of the Global and All-Inclusive Agreement in Pretoria on 17 December 2002. The accord laid the foundation for a transitional power-sharing government and the integration of former belligerents into a unified national army. Despite its ambitions, the peace process remained vulnerable to setbacks. On 1 April 2003, delegates at the Inter-Congolese Dialogue ratified the agreement in Sun City, accompanied by a memorandum detailing transitional governance structures and the integration of armed groups. On 30 June 2003, transitional institutions were formally inaugurated, marking a tentative step toward political stabilization.

Nevertheless, President Joseph Kabila—who remained in power until 2019—faced persistent opposition in Kinshasa. His controversial victory in the 2006 presidential election triggered widespread unrest in the capital, prompting the deployment of European Union forces (EUFOR RD Congo) to support the MONUC in maintaining order. Further unrest emerged in 2016 when the Independent National Electoral Commission (''Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante'', CENI) announced a two-year delay in holding new presidential elections. The decision ignited mass demonstrations in September and December of that year, characterized by street barricades, violent clashes, and a significant civilian death toll. Schools and businesses across Kinshasa were shuttered amid the turmoil.DR Congo election: 17 dead in anti-Kabila protests
", ''BBC'', 19 September 2016.

Geography

Location

Kinshasa is strategically situated on the southern bank of the expansive Malebo Pool, spanning 9,965 square kilometers, configured in a grand crescent shape atop a low-lying, flat terrain with an average elevation hovering around 300 meters. Positioned between latitudes 4° and 5° and longitudinal coordinates 15° to 16°32 east, Kinshasa is flanked by the provinces of Mai-Ndombe, Kwilu, and Kwango to the east, while the Congo River delineates its western and northern boundaries, naturally demarcating the border with the Republic of the Congo. To the south, it is demarcated by the Kongo Central Province.

The Congo River is the second longest river in Africa after the Nile and has the continent's greatest discharge. As a waterway it provides a means of transport for much of the Congo Basin; it is navigable for river barges between Kinshasa and Kisangani; many of its tributaries are also navigable. The river is an important source of hydroelectric power, and downstream from Kinshasa it has the potential to generate power equivalent to the usage of roughly half of Africa's population.

Relief

Topographically, Kinshasa has a marshy, alluvial plain, with altitudes ranging from 275 to 300 meters, along with hilly terrain that elevates from 310 to 370 meters. The city has four principal features: the Malebo Pool, a vast expanse of water with islands and islets; the Kinshasa Plain, which is a highly urbanizable space, but susceptible to drainage issues; the Terrace, which is a series of low ridges overlooking the plain; and the Hills Area, which is characterized by deep valleys and cirque-shaped formations.

The Malebo Pool spans over 35 kilometers in length and 25 kilometers in width and is encircled by Ngaliema Municipality to the west and Maluku Municipality to the east, traversing through Gombe, Barumbu, Limete, Masina, and Nsele municipalities. The Kinshasa Plain has a banana-like shape and is surrounded by eastward-oriented hills. Its low sandy alluvial masses extend from Maluku Municipality in the east to the western foothills of Ngaliema, covering approximately 20,000 hectares.

The Terrace is mainly situated in the city's western expanse, between N'djili and Mount Ngafula. It comprises stony blocks of soft sandstone and silica-covered yellow clay, topped with brown silt, and ranges from 10 to 25 meters in height. It retains vestiges of an ancient surface. The Hills Area commences several kilometers from the Malebo Pool and is characterized by deep valleys and cirque-shaped formations. These hills reach heights surpassing 700 meters and exhibit gentle, rounded contours sculpted by local rivers. While their eastern counterparts may reflect remnants of the Batéké Plateau, their origins in the west and south remain enigmatic. Their natural erosion processes are exacerbated by human intervention, sometimes assuming catastrophic proportions.

Hydrography

Kinshasa's hydrographic network encompasses the Congo River and its principal left bank tributaries, traversing the city from south to north. These include the Lukunga, Ndjili, Nsele, Bombo, or Mai-Ndombe rivers and the Mbale. Unfortunately, these waterways are polluted due to the city's demographic pressures and inadequate sanitation.

Geology

Geologically, the soil in Kinshasa is of the Arenoferrasol category, characterized by fine sands with a clay content typically below 20%, low organic matter, and absorbent complex saturation. The basement is composed of Precambrian bedrock, featuring finely stratified red sandstone often infused with feldspar. This rock is visible at the rapids' base near Mount Ngaliema and south of the N'djili River, and effectively withstands erosive forces.

Vegetation

Kinshasa's vegetation comprises gallery forests, grassy formations, ruderal plant groups, and aquatic formations. These gallery forests, found along the main watercourses within humid valleys of the Congolese guinéo ombrophile type, have degraded into highly exploited pre-forest fallows, manifesting as reclusive foresters of varying ages. Ruderal plant groups line railway tracks within narrow strips, reflecting the region's vegetation cover's discontinuity and repetition. Kinshasa is home to diverse vegetation types, each intricately linked to specific ecological parameters.

Residential and commercial areas

Kinshasa is a city of sharp contrasts, with affluent residential and commercial areas and three universities alongside sprawling slums.Jean Flouriot,
Kinshasa 2005. Trente ans après la publication de l’Atlas de Kinshasa
", ''Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer'' 261, January–March 2013; doi:10.4000/com.6770. The older and wealthier part of the city (''ville basse'') is located on a flat area of alluvial sand and clay near the river, while many newer areas are found on the eroding red soil of surrounding hills.Matthieu Kayembe Wa Kayembe, Mathieu De Maeyer et Eléonore Wolff,
Cartographie de la croissance urbaine de Kinshasa (R.D. Congo) entre 1995 et 2005 par télédétection satellitaire à haute résolution
", ''Belgeo'' 3–4, 2009; doi:10.4000/belgeo.7349.Joe Trapido,
Kinshasa's Theater of Power
", ''New Left Review'' 98, March/April 2016. Older parts of the city were laid out on a geometric pattern, with ''de facto'' racial segregation becoming ''de jure'' in 1929 as the European and African neighborhoods grew closer together. City plans of the 1920s–1950s featured a '' cordon sanitaire'' or buffer between the white and black neighborhoods, which included the central market as well as parks and gardens for Europeans.Luce Beeckmans & Liora Bigon, "The making of the central markets of Dakar and Kinshasa: from colonial origins to the post-colonial period”; ''Urban History'' 43(3), 2016; doi:10.1017/S0963926815000188.

Urban planning in post-independence Kinshasa has been limited. The ''Mission Française d'Urbanisme'' drew up some plans in the 1960s which envisioned a greater role for automobile transportation but did not predict the city's significant population growth. Thus much of the urban structure has developed without guidance from a master plan. According to UN-Habitat, the city is expanding by eight square kilometers per year. It describes many of the new neighborhoods as slums, built in unsafe conditions with inadequate infrastructure. Nevertheless, spontaneously developed areas have in many cases extended the grid street plan of the original city.

Administrative divisions

Kinshasa is both a city (''ville'' in French) and a province, one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nevertheless, it has city subdivisions and is divided into 24 communes (municipalities), which in turn are divided into 369 quarters and 21 embedded groupings. Maluku, the rural commune to the east of the urban area, accounts for 79% of the total land area of the city-province, with a population of 200,000–300,000. The communes are grouped into four districts which are not in themselves administrative divisions.

* Funa District
** Bandalungwa
** Bumbu
** Kalamu
** Kasa-Vubu
** Makala
** Ngiri-Ngiri
** Selembao
* Lukunga District
** Barumbu
** Gombe
** Kinshasa
** Kintambo
** Lingwala
** Mont Ngafula
** Ngaliema
* Mont Amba District
** Kisenso
** Lemba
** Limete
** Matete
** Ngaba
* Tshangu District
** Kimbanseke
** Maluku
** Masina
** Ndjili (N'Djili)
** Nsele (N'Sele)

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Kinshasa has a tropical wet and dry climate (''Aw''). Its lengthy rainy season spans from October through May, with a relatively short dry season, between June and September. Kinshasa lies south of the equator, so its dry season begins around its winter solstice, which is in June. This is in contrast to African cities further north featuring this climate where the dry season typically begins around December. Kinshasa's dry season is slightly cooler than its wet season, though temperatures remain relatively constant throughout the year.

Parks and gardens

Kinshasa is home to a diverse range of parks and gardens:

* Nsele Valley Park, the largest urban park in the city situated along the Nsele River, offers a setting for outdoor activities. It features picnic areas, walking trails, and viewpoints overlooking the river.
* Parc Présidentiel, situated along the Congo River, is a park in Kinshasa. The park offers ponds, pools, and fountains, while the Théâtre de Verdure serve as venues for cultural performances. The park's mini zoo has a diverse array of animals.
* Jardin Zoologique, located in the heart of Gombe commune, is a zoo in Kinshasa. The zoo houses a wide variety of mammals, reptiles, and birds.
* Jardin Botanique de Kinshasa, situated in Gombe, is a botanical garden that showcases the city's botanical treasures. The botanical garden houses an array of plants and colorful flowers.
* Lola ya Bonobo, located south of Kinshasa, is the world's only sanctuary for orphaned bonobos. Situated at the Petites Chutes de la Lukaya, it provides a safe and nurturing environment for endangered primates.

Demographics

An official census conducted in 1984 counted 2.6 million residents. Since then, all estimates are extrapolations. The estimates for 2005 fell in a range between 5.3 million and 7.3 million. In 2017, the most recent population estimate for the city, it has a population of 11,855,000.

According to UN-Habitat, 390,000 people immigrate to Kinshasa annually, fleeing warfare and seeking economic opportunity.Gianluca Iazzolino,
Kinshasa, megalopolis of 12 million souls, expanding furiously on super-charged growth
"; ''Mail & Guardian Africa'', 2 April 2016.

According to a projection (2016) the population of metropolitan Kinshasa will increase significantly, to 35 million by 2050, 58 million by 2075 and 83 million by 2100, making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world.

Language

The official language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, of which Kinshasa is the capital, is French (See: Kinshasa French vocabulary). Kinshasa is the largest officially Francophone city in the world, though many residents struggle to speak it.
A third factor is simply a demographic one. At least one in ten Congolese live in Kinshasa. With its population exceeding eleven million, it is the second-largest city in sub-Saharan Africa (after Lagos). It is also the second-largest French-speaking city in the world, according to Paris (even though only a small percentage of Kinois speak French correctly), Although Lingala is widely used as a spoken language, French is the language of street signs, posters, newspapers, government documents, schools; it dominates plays, television, and the press, and it is used in vertical relationships among people of different social classes. People of the same class, however, speak the Congolese languages (Kikongo, Lingala, Tshiluba or Swahili) among themselves.

While the culture is dominated by the Francophonie, a complex multilingualism is present in Kinshasa. Many in the francophonie of the 1980s labelled Zaïre as the second-largest francophone country, and Kinshasa as the second-largest francophone city. Yet Zaïre seemed unlikely to escape a complex multilingualism. Lingala was the language of music, of presidential addresses, of daily life in government and in Kinshasa. But if Lingala was the spoken language of Kinshasa, it made little progress as a written language. French was the written language of the city, as seen in street signs, posters, newspapers and in government documents. French dominated plays and television as well as the press; French was the language of the national anthem and even for the doctrine of authenticity. Zairian researchers found French to be used in vertical relationships among people of uneven rank; people of equal rank, no matter how high, tended to speak Zairian languages among themselves. Given these limits, French might have lost its place to another of the leading languages of Zaïre – Lingala, Tshiluba, or Swahili – except that teaching of these languages also suffered from limitations on its growth. Kinshasa hosted the 14th Francophonie Summit in October 2012.

Government and politics

The head of Kinshasa ''ville-province'' has the title of Gouverneur. has been governor since 21 June 2024. Each commune has its own Bourgmestre.

Although political power in the DRC is fragmented, Kinshasa as the national capital represents the official center of sovereignty, and thus of access to international organizations and financing, and of political powers such as the right to issue passports. Kinshasa is also the primate city of the DRC with a population several times larger than the next-largest city, Lubumbashi.

The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, known by its French acronym MONUSCO (formerly MONUC) has its headquarters in Kinshasa. In 2016, the UN placed more peacekeepers on active duty in Kinshasa in response to the unrest directed against Kabila, at that time. Critics, including recently the US ambassador to the UN, have accused the peacekeeping mission of supporting a corrupt government.

Other non-governmental organizations play significant roles in local governance. Since 2016, the Belgian development agency (''Coopération technique belge''; CTB) has sponsored the ''Programme d'Appui aux Initiatives de Développement Communautaire'' (Paideco), a 6-million-euro program aimed at economic development. It began work in Kimbanseke, a hill commune with population verging on one million.

Economy

Mining sector and export growth

In 2022, Kinshasa's GDP exceeded initial expectations by expanding 8.5%, as reported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The mining industry in the DRC has been instrumental in maintaining a positive economic outlook, even amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Raw material exports, particularly cobalt and copper, have experienced historically high prices, resulting in substantial investment in the industry. Parenthetically, production has increased, and Covid-related restrictions have eased, leading to sustained economic growth.

Fiscal performance and debt sustainability

Despite facing external challenges, including the repercussions of the Russo-Ukrainian War, the DRC has shown fiscal stability. In 2022, tax performance exceeded projections, showcasing improved revenue generation. However, increased expenditures related to security concerns and internal arrears resulted in a deterioration of the overall budget balance. Nevertheless, the DRC's debt risk remains moderate, with public debt at 24.7% of GDP. The approval of the third review of the IMF program reflects the satisfactory performance of the country's reform efforts.

Companies, foreign exchange reserves, international support

Big manufacturing companies such as Marsavco S.A., All Pack Industries and Angel Cosmetics are located in the center of town (Gombe) in Kinshasa.

There are many other industries, such as Trust Merchant Bank, located in the heart of the city. Food processing is a major industry, and construction and other service industries also play a significant role in the economy.

Although home to only 13% of the DRC's population, Kinshasa accounts for 85% of the Congolese economy as measured by gross domestic product.Innocent Chirisa, Abraham Rajab Matamanda, & Liaison Mukarwi, "Desired and Achieved Urbanisation in Africa: In Search of Appropriate Tooling for a Sustainable Transformation”; in Umar Benna & Indo Benna, eds., ''Urbanization and Its Impact on Socio-Economic Growth in Developing Regions''; IGI Global, 2017, ; pp
101
��102. A 2004 investigation found 70% of inhabitants employed informally, 17% in the public sector, 9% in the formal private sector, and 3% other, of a total 976,000 workers. Most new jobs are classified as informal. By the end of 2022, Kinshasa's foreign exchange reserves had seen a significant improvement, soaring past $4.5 billion. The DRC benefits from support and partnerships with several global organizations and financial institutions, including the IMF, World Bank, African Development Bank, European Union, China and France.

The People's Republic of China has been heavily involved in the Congo since the 1970s, when they financed the construction of the Palais du Peuple and backed the government against rebels in the Shaba war. In 2007–2008 China and Congo signed an agreement for an $8.5 billion loan for infrastructure development. Chinese entrepreneurs are gaining an increasing share of local marketplaces in Kinshasa, displacing in the process formerly successful Congolese, West African, Indian, and Lebanese merchants.

Mean household spending in 2005 was the equivalent of US$2,150, amounting to $1 per day per person. The median household spending was $1,555, 66 cents per person per day. Among the poor, more than half of this spending goes to food, especially bread and cereal.

Education

Kinshasa is home to several education institutes, covering a wide range of disciplines, including civil engineering, nursing, and journalism. The city is also home to three large universities and an arts school:
* Académie de Design (AD)
* Institut Supérieur d'Architecture et Urbanisme
* Pan-African University of the Congo
* University of Kinshasa
* Université Libre de Kinshasa
*
* Congo Protestant University
* Université Chretienne de Kinshasa
* National Pedagogy University
* National Institute of Arts
* Institut Supérieur de Publicité et Médias
* Centre for Health Training (CEFA)

Primary and secondary schools:
* Lycée Prince de Liège (primary and secondary education, French Community of Belgium curriculum)
* Prins van Luikschool Kinshasa (primary education, Flanders curriculum)
* Lycée Français René Descartes (primary and secondary education, French curriculum)
* The American School of Kinshasa
* Allhadeff School

The education system in DRC is plagued by low coverage, low quality and poor educational infrastructure, especially in rural areas. According to USAID (2018), 3.5 million children of primary school age are out of school, and 44% of those who do attend school started only after age six. Various statistical estimates by UNESCO, (2013) regarding secondary and tertiary education also reveal the difficulties facing the country. In DRC it is difficult to get a reliable estimate on the actual proportion of the population who can read and write, however, according to data from UIS (2016), the literacy rate of the population of 15 years and older in the country, is estimated to 77.04%. This rate is 88.5% for men and 66.5% for women. There is also a shortage of reading material, and certainly no culture of reading for pleasure.

Health and medicine

There are twenty hospitals in Kinshasa, plus various medical centers and polyclinics.

Culture

Located in Kinshasa are the National Museum and the Kinshasa Fine Arts Academy.

Kinshasa has a flourishing music scene which, since the 1960s, has operated under the patronage of the city's elite. The Orchestre Symphonique Kimbanguiste, formed in 1994, began using improved musical instruments and has since grown in means and reputation.

A pop culture ideal type in Kinshasa is the ''mikiliste'', a fashionable person with money who has traveled to Europe. Adrien Mombele, a.k.a. Stervos Niarcos, and musician Papa Wemba were early exemplars of the mikiliste style. La Sape, a linked cultural trend also described as dandyism, involves wearing flamboyant clothing.

Many Kinois have a negative view of the city, expressing nostalgia for the rural way of life, and a stronger association with the Congolese nation than with Kinshasa.Bill Freund, "City and Nation in an African Context: National Identity in Kinshasa”; ''Journal of Urban History'' 38(5), 2012; doi:10.1177/0096144212449141.

Places of worship

File: Preĝejo de Sankta Anna en Kinŝaso 01.jpg , Église Sainte-Anne de Kinshasa (Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)
File: Église Francophone CBCO Kintambo.jpg, Église Francophone CBCO Kintambo (Baptist Community of Congo)
File:Eglise Saint Léopold.jpg , Eglise Saint Léopold à Ngaliema, Kinshasa

Among the places of worship, which are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kinshasa (Catholic Church), Kimbanguist Church, Baptist Community of Congo (Baptist World Alliance), Baptist Community of the Congo River (Baptist World Alliance), The Salvation Army, Assemblies of God, Province of the Anglican Church of the Congo (Anglican Communion), The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints which has a temple and over 100 congregations in Kinshasa, Presbyterian Community in Congo (World Communion of Reformed Churches). There are also Muslim mosques. A Baha'i House of Worship is in construction. A Jewish synagogue, operated by the Chabad world movement, exist

Media

Press freedom is very low in the DRC, especially in Kinshasa. State run channels report little political news. Journalism is strictly controlled, with DRC scoring only 48.55% on the Press Freedom Index, in 2023.
Nevertheless, Kinshasa is home to several media outlets, including radio and List of television stations in Kinshasa, television stations, including state-run Radio-Télévision nationale congolaise (RTNC) and privately run Digital Congo and Raga TV.

Several national radio stations, including La Voix du Congo, which is operated by RTNC, UN-backed Radio Okapi are based in Kinshasa, as well as numerous local stations. The BBC is also available in Kinshasa on 92.6 FM.

The state-controlled Agence Congolaise de Presse news agency is based in Kinshasa, as well as several daily and weekly newspapers and news websites, including '' L'Avenir'' (daily), '' La Conscience'', '' LeCongolais'' (online), '' L'Observateur'' (daily), ''Le Phare'', ''Le Potentiel'', and '' Le Soft''.

Most of the media use French and Lingala to a large extent; very few use the other national languages.

Sports

Sports, especially football and martial arts are popular in Kinshasa. The city is home to the country's national stadium, the Stade des Martyrs (Stadium of the Martyrs). The Vita Club, Daring Club Motema Pembe and AS Dragons frequently draws large crowds, enthusiastic and sometimes rowdy, to the Stade des Martyrs. Dojos are popular and their owners influential.

In 1974, Kinshasa hosted The Rumble in the Jungle boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman, in which Ali defeated Foreman, to regain the World Heavyweight title.

Buildings and institutions

Kinshasa is home to the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo including:

* the Palais de la Nation, home of the President, in Gombe;
* the Palais du Peuple, meeting place of both houses of Parliament, Senate and National Assembly, in Lingwala;
* the Palais de Justice, in Gombe;
* the Cité de l'OUA, built for the Organization of African Unity in the 1970s and now serving government functions, in Ngaliema.

The Central Bank of the Congo has its headquarters on Boulevard Colonel Tshatshi, across the street from the Mausoleum of Laurent Kabila and the presidential palace.

Notable features of the city include the Gecamines Commercial Building (formerly SOZACOM) and Hotel Memling; L'ONATRA, the building of the Ministry of Transport; the central market; the Limete Tower.

Infrastructure and housing

The city's infrastructure for running water and electricity is generally in bad shape. The electrical network is in disrepair to the extent that prolonged and periodic blackouts are normal, and exposed lines sometimes electrify pools of rainwater.

Regideso, the national public company with primary responsibility for water supply in the Congo, serves Kinshasa only incompletely, and without uniform quality. Other areas are served by decentralized ''Associations des Usagers des Réseau d'Eau Potable'' (ASUREPs). Gombe uses water at a high rate (306 liters per day per inhabitant) compared to other communes (from 71 L/d/i in Kintambo down to 2 L/d/i in Kimbanseke).

The city is estimated to produce 6,300 m³ of trash and 1,300 m³ of industrial waste per day, with little to no capacity for disposal.

The housing market has seen rising prices and rents since the 1980s. Houses and apartments in the central area are expensive, with houses selling for a million dollars and apartments going for $5000 per month. High prices have spread outward from the central area as owners and renters move out of the most expensive part of the city. Gated communities and shopping malls, built with foreign capital and technical expertise, began to appear in 2006. Urban renewal projects have led in some cases to violent conflict and displacement. The high prices leave incoming refugees with few options for settlement besides illegal shantytowns such as Pakadjuma.

In 2005, 55% of households had televisions and 43% had mobile phones. 11% had refrigerators and 5% had cars.

Transport

The city-province has 5000 km of roadways, 10% of which are paved. The Boulevard du 30 Juin (Boulevard of 30 June) links the main areas of the central district of the city. Other roads also converge on Gombe. The east–west road network linking the more distant neighborhoods is weak and thus transit through much of the city is difficult. The quality of roads has improved somewhat, developed in part with loans from China, since 2000.

The public bus company for Kinshasa, created in 2003, is Transco (Transport au Congo).

Several companies operate registered taxis and taxi-buses, identifiable by their yellow color.
In addition, an Uber-style, mobile phone, app-based, taxi hailing service was introduced in 2023.

Air

The city has two airports: N'djili Airport (FIH) is the main airport with connections to other African countries as well as to Istanbul, Brussels, Paris and some other destinations. N'Dolo Airport, located close to downtown, is used for domestic flights only with small turboprop aircraft. Several international airlines serve Ndjili Airport including Kenya Airways, South African Airways, Ethiopian Airlines, Brussels Airlines, Air France and Turkish Airlines. An average of ten international flights depart each day from N'djili Airport. A small number of airlines provide domestic service from Kinshasa, for example Congo Airways and CAA. Both offer scheduled flights from Kinshasa to a limited number of cities inside DR Congo.

Rail

The Matadi–Kinshasa Railway connects Kinshasa with Matadi, Congo's Atlantic port. The line reopened in September 2015 after around a decade without regular service. There is an intermittent service, with a poor safety record.

According to the Société Commerciale des Transports et des Ports (SCTP), the Matadi-Kinshasa Railway (CFMK) has the highest transport of goods in import, 8 746 tonnes in January, 11,318 tonnes in February 10,032 tonnes in March, 7,244 tonnes in April, 5,024 tonnes in March and 7,745 tonnes in June. The monthly tonnage of exported goods reached only 1,000 tonnes in the month of March 2018. In January some 284 tonnes of goods were exported from the ports of Boma and Matadi, via the railway, and 711 tonnes in February, then 1,058 tonnes in March, 684 tonnes in April, 818 tonnes in May and 853 tonnes in June.

The monthly statistics for passenger traffic are as follows: 2,294 persons in January, 1,836 in February, 2065 in March, 2,660 in April, 1,952 in May and 2,660 in June.

The line connecting the port of Matadi to Kinshasa is 366 km long. Its distance has been since 3111 of 3112 feet or 42 inches (lane capped 1,067 meter): This railway belongs, in fact, to the National Railway Company of the Congo (''Société nationale des chemins de fer du Congo''; SNCC). It is only exploited by the SCTP, formerly ONATRA, according to an agreement signed by the two companies.

This line lost large shares of the market, following its lamentable state, insecurity on the rails (some trains are attacked), and the rehabilitation of the road along the rails in 2000. According to Congolese sources, an agreement with a Chinese construction company was signed in 2006, according to which this Chinese company will finance the renovation of the track, the rolling stock, the communication channels for the signaling, and the electrical power source. The ex-ONATRA has, in fact, opted for an aggressive commercial policy to revive the rails.

On June 30, 2018, the SCTP received two locomotives and 50 wagons from the African firm ARSS (African-Rolling Stock Solution).

In 2017, some 2.2 million tonnes of cement were produced by the two new start-up companies, PPC Barnet and Kongo Cement Factory (CIMKO). The SCTP did indeed transport part of this production to Kinshasa but the exact quantity was not communicated by the railway department of the company, the former DG Kimbembe Mazunga had communicated an agreed protocol of agreements with the cement manufacturers of Kongo-Central for the transport of their productions.

External transport

Kinshasa is the major river port of the Congo. The port, called 'Le Beach Ngobila' extends for about along the river, comprising scores of quays and jetties with hundreds of boats and barges tied up. Ferries cross the river to Brazzaville, a distance of about . River transport also connects to dozens of ports upstream, such as Kisangani and Bangui.

There are road and rail links to Matadi, the sea port in the Congo estuary from the Atlantic Ocean.

There are no rail links from Kinshasa further inland, and road connections to much of the rest of the country are few and in poor condition, although there has been a road built to the city of Kikwit (around 500 km away) that has been in operation since 2015 or so. It was recently extended to the small city of Tshikapa.

Social issues

Crime and punishment

Since the Second Congo War, the city has been striving to recover from disorder, with many youth gangs living and operating from Kinshasa's poorer areas. The U.S. State Department in 2010 informed travelers that Kinshasa and other major Congolese cities are generally safe for daytime travel, but to beware of robbers, especially in traffic jams and in areas near hotels and stores.

Some sources say that Kinshasa is extremely dangerous, with one source giving a homicide rate of 112 per 100,000 people per year. Another source cites a homicide rate of 12.3 per 100,000.O. Oko Elechi and Angela R. Morris, “Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Congo-Kinshasa)”; in Mahesh K. Nalla & Graeme R. Newman (eds.), ''Crime and Punishment around the World'', Volume 1: Africa and the Middle East; Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2010; pp
53
��56. By some accounts, crime in Kinshasa is not so rampant, due to relatively good relations among residents and perhaps to the severity with which even petty crime is punished.

While the military and National Police operate their own jails in Kinshasa, the main detention facility under the jurisdiction of the local courts is the Kinshasa Penitentiary and Re-education center in Makala. This prison houses much more than its nominal capacity of 1,000 inmates. In 2024, the population of Makala Prison was reported at 15,000.
The Congolese military intelligence organization, Détection Militaire des Activités Anti-Patrie ( DEMIAP) operates the Ouagadougou prison in Kintambo commune with notorious cruelty.

Street children

In the 2010s, street children or "Shegués", often orphaned, are subject to abuse by the police and military. Of the estimated 20,000 children living on Kinshasa's streets, almost a quarter are beggars, some are street vendors and about a third have some kind of employment. Some have fled from physically abusive families, notably step-parents, others were expelled from their families as they were believed to be witches, and have become outcasts.

Street children are mainly boys, but the percentage of girls is increasing according to UNICEF. Ndako ya Biso provides support for street children, including overnight accommodation for girls. There are also second generation street children.

These children have been the object of considerable outside study.

Notable people

International relations

Kinshasa is twinned with:

* Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
* Brussels, Belgium
* Johannesburg, South Africa

* Ankara, Turkey, since 2005

In popular culture

With its mix of culture, history, and lively atmosphere, Kinshasa has become a focus for filmmakers, musicians, writers, and artists.

Cinematic and TV representations

Kinshasa has been represented in various films, most notably in the film ''When We Were Kings'' (1996). This documentary chronicles the historic ''Rumble in the Jungle'' boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman, held in Kinshasa in 1974. The film showcases the electrifying atmosphere of the city during the momentous event.

In '' Viva Riva!'' (2010), directed by Djo Tunda Wa Munga, the film offers a gritty portrayal of the city's underworld, showing the tension between corruption, ambition, and survival.

Kinshasa's social complexities are explored in ''Félicité'' (2017), directed by Alain Gomis. The film explores themes of pliability, community, and the power of music in the face of adversity. The film portrayed the essence of Kinshasa, depicting its vivacious music scene and the struggles faced by its inhabitants with sensitivity and authenticity.

In 2019, The Widow (TV series) was released on Amazon Prime and the UK's ITV network. The mini-series tells the story of a woman searching for her husband in Kinshasa, after believing he'd been killed in a plane crash.

Literary depictions

Throughout history, authors have depicted the essence of Kinshasa in their writing, delving into its diverse Textile, cultural fabric, History, storied past, and the personal narratives of its residents. Fiston Mwanza Mujila's ''Tram 83'' depicts the city's nightlife while exploring themes of Postcolonialism, postcolonial Identity (social science), identity and the struggle for Social economy, social and Economic progressivism, economic progress. Meanwhile, In In Koli Jean Bofane, Koli Jean Bofane's novel ''Congo Inc.: Bismarck's Testament'' the city serves as a microcosm of post-colonial Congo, exploring themes of globalization, political corruption, and environmental degradation.

Music and dance

The music scene of Kinshasa has also made a significant impact on popular culture. Congolese rumba, a genre born in the city during the 1930s, continues to resonate globally. Artists like Franco Luambo, Franco Luambo Makiadi, Syran Mbenza, Le Grand Kallé, Nico Kasanda, Tabu Ley Rochereau, M'bilia Bel, Madilu System, Papa Noël Nedule, Vicky Longomba, Awilo Longomba, Pépé Kallé, Kanda Bongo Man, Nyboma, Nyboma Mwan'dido, Defao, General Defao, Papa Wemba, Koffi Olomide, Werrason, Abeti Masikini, Lokua Kanza, Fally Ipupa, and Ferré Gola have played a key role in popularizing Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congolese music on the international stage, infusing their compositions with Kinshasa's Pulse (music), pulsating rhythms and infectious energy. The infectious beats of Congolese music have influenced artists across continents, shaping genres like soukous and influencing international musicians such as Paul Simon and Vampire Weekend.

The city itself has been repeatedly immortalized in song. Tabu Ley Rochereau's 1971 track "Kinshasa" and Franco's 1980 composition "Kinshasa mboka ya makambo" ("Kinshasa, city of problems") reflect both pride and criticism, capturing the spirit and struggles of urban life. Cameroonian jazz saxophonist Manu Dibango echoed these themes in his nostalgic 1960s track "Twist à Léo", depicting the city's youth dancing to global rhythms during the twilight of the colonial era. In the aftermath of the 1990s conflicts, Kinshasa's music scene underwent a period of transformation. While many musicians shifted toward Gospel music, Christian gospel, others sought to reconnect with indigenous roots. The "''tradi-modern''" movement, spearheaded by acts such as Swédé Swédé and supported by Belgian producer Vincent Kenis, captured global attention with its raw, electrified sound. This led to the acclaimed ''Congotronics'' album series, which introduced international audiences to groups like Konono Nº1, Kasai Allstars, Staff Benda Bilili, and Mbongwana Star, who performed using handmade instruments and rudimentary amplification.

Contemporary projects have continued to build on this momentum. In 2011, the DRC Music collective—curated by Damon Albarn—recorded the collaborative album ''Kinshasa One Two'' in just five days, bringing together over fifty Congolese musicians and international producers to celebrate the city's eclectic musical creativity. Among the featured artists was Jupiter Bokondji, whose band Okwess International has championed ''bofenia rock'', a genre drawing from Congo's immense ethnic and musical diversity. His albums, such as ''Hotel Univers'' and ''Kin Sonic'', incorporate Congolese rhythms, Western Rock music, rock influences, and multilingual lyrics. The city has also become a site for international artistic exchange. Since 2009, the Royal Flemish Theatre, Koninklijke Vlaamse Schouwburg (KVS) has organized the Connexion Kin arts festival in the Limete, Limete commune, fostering collaborations between Kinshasa artists and European counterparts. A notable product of this initiative was the acclaimed 2014 performance ''Coup Fatal'', which combined Congolese guitar with classical opera, jazz, and contemporary choreography, earning praise at the Festival d'Avignon, Avignon Festival and in Brussels.

Rapper and singer Baloji (rapper), Baloji, born in Lubumbashi and raised in Belgium, returned to Kinshasa to record his 2011 album ''Kinshasa Succursale''. Blending Congolese rumba, hip-hop, funk, and Experimental music, experimental sounds, Baloji's work reflects a diasporic reconnection with Kinshasa's musical traditions while infusing them with modern, global sensibilities.

Visual arts and fashion

Kinshasa's street art scene has gained recognition globally, with talented artists using their creations to express social and political messages. Murals and graffiti, adorned with Color symbolism, colorful imagery, can be found throughout the city.

La Sape

The La Sape subculture, characterized by extravagant and dapper fashion choices, has become an emblem of Style (form of address), style, Self-expression values, self-expression, and Identity (social science), identity for the ''sapeurs'' of Kinshasa. It has gained Diplomatic recognition, international recognition through the lens of well-known photographers such as Daniele Tamagni. Tamagni's book ''Gentlemen of Bacongo'' (2009) showcases the impeccable style and distinct personalities of Kinshasa's ''sapeurs'', accentuating their taste in tailored suits, bold hues, and eye-catching accessories. The city serves as the epicenter of La Sape, with various neighborhoods, communes and districts hosting events like ''le concours'' or ''la fête'' where sapeurs can display their style. La Sape has also inspired popular music and cultural expressions in Kinshasa, with sapeurs often featured in Congolese music videos as symbols of refinement and sophistication. Musicians such as Papa Wemba have embraced La Sape as an essential part of their artistic identity.

Martial arts

WWE wrestler Shinsuke Nakamura uses a running knee strike, called the ''Kinshasa'', as his finisher, a reference to the eponymous city. The move was previously named as ''Bomaye'' (which translated to "kill him") during his time in New Japan Pro Wrestling but was renamed in 2016 when he was signed with the WWE for trademark reasons. Both ''Bomaye'' and ''Kinshasa'' are homages to Nakamura's mentor, Antonio Inoki, who received ''Bomaye'' as a nickname from Muhammad Ali when Inoki and Ali fought in 1976, with Ali first hearing ''Bomaye'' in Kinshasa during the Rumble In The Jungle.

See also

* Traffic robots in Kinshasa
* Lake Chad replenishment project

Films about Kinshasa

* ''Kinshasa Kids''
* ''Kinshasa palace''
* ''Kinshasa Symphony''

References

Bibliography

* Nzuzi, Francis Lelo (2008). ''Kinshasa: Ville et Environnement''. Paris: L'Harmattan, September 2008. .
* Pain, Marc (1984).
Kinshasa: la ville et la cité
'' Paris: Orstom, Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération.

External links

Official website of the city of Kinshasa

Map of the Belgian Congo
from 1896 includes a map of Kinshasa

Slideshow of 21 photos of Kinshasa
from 2013 to 2015 on Open Society Foundations website

Kinshasa: a travers le centre ville, May 2015
– footage from streets of Kinshasa

{{Authority control

Kinshasa,
1881 establishments in Africa
Capitals in Africa
Cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Communities on the Congo River
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of the Congo border crossings
Populated places established in 1881
Populated places in Kinshasa,