Sejong of Joseon (15 May 1397 – 8 April 1450), personal name Yi Do (
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula
* Korean cuisine
* Korean culture
* Korean language
**Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl
**Korean dialects and the Jeju language
** ...
: 이도;
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 李祹), widely known as Sejong the Great (
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula
* Korean cuisine
* Korean culture
* Korean language
**Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl
**Korean dialects and the Jeju language
** ...
: 세종대왕;
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 世宗大王), was the fourth ruler of the
Joseon dynasty
Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and re ...
of
Korea
Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic o ...
. Initially titled Grand Prince Chungnyeong (
Korean
Korean may refer to:
People and culture
* Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula
* Korean cuisine
* Korean culture
* Korean language
**Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl
**Korean dialects and the Jeju language
** ...
: 충녕대군;
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 忠寧大君), he was born as the third son of
King Taejong
Taejong of Joseon (13 June 1367 – 8 June 1422), personal name Yi Bang-won ( Korean: 이방원; Hanja: 李芳遠), was the third ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea and the father of King Sejong the Great. Before ascending to the throne, he ...
and
Queen Wongyeong
Queen Wongyeong (원경왕후 민씨; 29 July 1365 – 18 August 1420) of the Yeoheung Min clan, was the primary wife of Taejong of Joseon, and the mother of Sejong the Great.
She was queen consort of Joseon from 1400, and was honored as Queen J ...
. In 1418, he was designated as
heir
Inheritance is the practice of receiving private property, titles, debts, entitlements, privileges, rights, and obligations upon the death of an individual. The rules of inheritance differ among societies and have changed over time. Officiall ...
after his eldest brother,
Crown Prince Yi Je, was stripped of his status. Today, King Sejong is regarded as one of the greatest leaders in Korean history.
Despite ascending to the throne after his father's voluntary abdication in 1418, Sejong was a mere figurehead while Taejong continued to hold the real power and govern the country up till his death in 1422. Sejong was the sole monarch for the next 28 years, although after 1439 he became increasingly ill, and starting from 1442, his eldest son, Crown Prince Yi Hyang (the future
King Munjong), acted as regent.
Sejong reinforced
Korean Confucian
Korean Confucianism is the form of Confucianism that emerged and developed in Korea. One of the most substantial influences in Korean intellectual history was the introduction of Confucian thought as part of the cultural influence from China.
T ...
and
Neo-Confucian
Neo-Confucianism (, often shortened to ''lǐxué'' 理學, literally "School of Principle") is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu (768–824) and Li Ao (772–841) in th ...
policies, and enacted major legal amendments (공법, 貢法). He personally created and promulgated the Korean
alphabet
An alphabet is a standardized set of basic written graphemes (called letters) that represent the phonemes of certain spoken languages. Not all writing systems represent language in this way; in a syllabary, each character represents a syll ...
(today known as
hangul
The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul, . Hangul may also be written as following South Korea's standard Romanization. ( ) in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. The let ...
),
encouraged advancements in science and technology, and introduced measures to stimulate economic growth. He dispatched military campaigns to the north and instituted the ''Samin Jeongchaek'' ("Peasants Relocation Policy"; 사민정책, 徙民政策) to attract new settlers to the region. To the south, he helped subjugate
Japanese pirates
''Wokou'' (; Japanese language, Japanese: ''Wakō''; Korean language, Korean: 왜구 ''Waegu''), which literally translates to "Japanese pirates" or "dwarf pirates", were pirates who raided the coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th centur ...
, during the
Ōei Invasion
The , known as the Gihae Expedition ( (己亥東征)) or Conquest of Tsushima (대마도 정벌(對馬島征伐)) in Korean, was a 1419 invasion from Joseon against wokou (Japanese pirate) bases on Tsushima Island, which is located in the middle ...
.
Name
Although the appellation "the Great" (대왕, 大王) was posthumously given to almost every monarch from the
Goryeo
Goryeo (; ) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unificati ...
and
Joseon
Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and re ...
dynasties, this style is usually associated with
Gwanggaeto and Sejong.
Early life
He was born on 10 April 1397, which was later adjusted to 15 May, after Korea's adoption of the
Gregorian calendar
The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It was introduced in October 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years dif ...
in 1896. This date is his officially recognized birthday, and is celebrated along with National Teachers Day in South Korea.
Sejong was the son of
King Taejong
Taejong of Joseon (13 June 1367 – 8 June 1422), personal name Yi Bang-won ( Korean: 이방원; Hanja: 李芳遠), was the third ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea and the father of King Sejong the Great. Before ascending to the throne, he ...
by his wife,
Queen Wongyeong
Queen Wongyeong (원경왕후 민씨; 29 July 1365 – 18 August 1420) of the Yeoheung Min clan, was the primary wife of Taejong of Joseon, and the mother of Sejong the Great.
She was queen consort of Joseon from 1400, and was honored as Queen J ...
.
[''Encyclopedia of World History'', Vol II, P362 Sejong, Edited by Marsha E. Ackermann, Michael J. Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, Mark F. Whitters, ] When he was twelve, he became Grand Prince Chungnyeong (충녕대군). During childhood, he was favored by his father over his two older brothers.
As the third son of the king, his ascension to the throne was unique. Taejong's eldest son,
Yi Je (이제), was named
heir apparent
An heir apparent, often shortened to heir, is a person who is first in an order of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person; a person who is first in the order of succession but can be displaced by the b ...
in 1404. However, his free spirited nature as well as his preference for hunting and leisure activities resulted in his removal from the position in June 1418. Though it is said that he abdicated in favor of Sejong, there are no definitive records. Taejong's second son,
Grand Prince Hyoryeong
Grand Prince Hyoryeong (Hangul: 효령대군, Hanja: 孝寧大君; 6 January 1396 – 12 June 1486), personal name Yi Bo (Hangul: 이보, Hanja: 李補), was the second son and fifth child of King Taejong of Joseon and his wife, Queen Wongyeong ...
(효령대군), became a
Buddhist
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
monk upon the elevation of his younger brother.
Following Yi Je's demotion, Taejong moved quickly to secure his third son's place as heir apparent, and the government was purged of officials who disagreed with the change. In September 1418, Taejong abdicated. However, even in retirement he continued to influence government policy. Sejong's surprising political skill and creativity did not become apparent until after his father's death in 1422.
Governance
Religion
King Sejong reorganized the government by appointing people from different social classes as civil servants. Furthermore, he performed government ceremonies according to
Confucianism
Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or ...
, and encouraged people to behave according to the teachings of
Confucius
Confucius ( ; zh, s=, p=Kǒng Fūzǐ, "Master Kǒng"; or commonly zh, s=, p=Kǒngzǐ, labels=no; – ) was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. C ...
.
He suppressed
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...
by banning outside monks from entering
Hanseong
Seoul (; ; ), officially known as the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea.Before 1972, Seoul was the ''de jure'' capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) as stated iArticle 103 of ...
(modern
Seoul
Seoul (; ; ), officially known as the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea.Before 1972, Seoul was the ''de jure'' capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) as stated iArticle 103 ...
) and reduced the seven schools of Buddhism down to two, ''Seon'' and ''Gyo'', drastically decreasing the power and wealth of the religious leaders. One of the key factors in this suppression was Sejong's reform of the land system. This policy resulted in temple lands being seized and redistributed for development, with the monks losing large amounts of economic influence. During the
Goryeo dynasty
Goryeo (; ) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unificati ...
, monks wielded a strong influence in politics and the economy. With the dominant powers of Joseon now being devout Confucianists, Buddhism was considered a false philosophy and the monks were viewed as corrupted by power and money. The
Seokbosangjeol
The ''Seokbosangjeol'' (釋譜詳節) is a Korean biography of Gautama Buddha, together with a selection of his sermons, collected and compiled by Prince Suyang (later King Sejo) of Joseon.
The book is translated from Chinese sources, including t ...
, a 24-volume Korean-language translation of Chinese Buddhist texts (a biography of Buddha and some of his sermons), was commissioned and published in Sejong's reign by his son Suyang, as an act of mourning for Queen Soheon.
In 1427, Sejong also gave a decree against the Huihui (
Korean Muslim) community that had held special status and
stipend
A stipend is a regular fixed sum of money paid for services or to defray expenses, such as for scholarship, internship, or apprenticeship. It is often distinct from an income or a salary because it does not necessarily represent payment for work pe ...
s since
Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fifth ...
's
rule over Goryeo. The Huihui were forced to abandon their headgear, to close down their "ceremonial hall" (a
mosque
A mosque (; from ar, مَسْجِد, masjid, ; literally "place of ritual prostration"), also called masjid, is a place of prayer for Muslims. Mosques are usually covered buildings, but can be any place where prayers ( sujud) are performed, ...
in the city of
Gaegyeong
Kaesong (, ) is a special city in the southern part of North Korea (formerly in North Hwanghae Province), and the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and subsequent Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close to ...
, in present-day
Kaesong
Kaesong (, ) is a special city in the southern part of North Korea (formerly in North Hwanghae Province), and the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and subsequent Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close t ...
) and worship like everyone else. No further mention of Muslims exist during the
Joseon era
Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and re ...
.
Economy
In the early years of the Joseon dynasty, the economy was based on a
barter
In trade, barter (derived from ''baretor'') is a system of exchange in which participants in a transaction directly exchange goods or services for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money. Economists distingu ...
system with cloth, grain, and cotton being the most common forms of currency. In 1423, under King Sejong’s administration, the government attempted to develop a national currency modeled off of the
Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...
's ''
Kaiyuan Tongbao
The Kaiyuan Tongbao (), sometimes romanised as ''Kai Yuan Tong Bao'' or using the archaic Wade-Giles spelling ''K'ai Yuan T'ung Pao'', was a Tang dynasty cash coin that was produced from 621 under the reign of Emperor Gaozu and remained in prod ...
''. The ''
Joseon Tongbo
The Joseon Tongbo (Hangul: 조선통보; Hanja: 朝鮮通寶) was an inscription used on Korean cash coins during the Joseon period first from 1423 until 1425 and later again from 1625 until 1633. Initially the attempt to introduce coinage to ...
'' was a bronze coin, backed by a silver standard, with 150 coins being equal to 600 grams of silver. Production of the Joseon Tongbo ceased in 1425 because they were too expensive to make, with the exchange rate falling to less than the intrinsic value of the coin.
Foreign policy
Sejong collaborated closely with China's
Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
. In relations with
Jurchen people
Jurchen (Manchu: ''Jušen'', ; zh, 女真, ''Nǚzhēn'', ) is a term used to collectively describe a number of East Asian Tungusic-speaking peoples, descended from the Donghu people. They lived in the northeast of China, later known as Manchu ...
, he installed ten military posts (사군육진, 四郡六鎭), in the northern part of the
peninsula
A peninsula (; ) is a landform that extends from a mainland and is surrounded by water on most, but not all of its borders. A peninsula is also sometimes defined as a piece of land bordered by water on three of its sides. Peninsulas exist on all ...
.
He opened three ports to trade with Japan. However, he also launched
expeditions
Exploration refers to the historical practice of discovering remote lands. It is studied by geographers and historians.
Two major eras of exploration occurred in human history: one of convergence, and one of divergence. The first, covering most ...
to crush Japanese pirates (known as ''
Waegu
''Wokou'' (; Japanese: ''Wakō''; Korean: 왜구 ''Waegu''), which literally translates to "Japanese pirates" or "dwarf pirates", were pirates who raided the coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th century to the 16th century.[East China Sea
The East China Sea is an arm of the Western Pacific Ocean, located directly offshore from East China. It covers an area of roughly . The sea’s northern extension between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula is the Yellow Sea, separated b ...]
.
Military
King Sejong was an effective military planner. He created various military regulations to strengthen the safety of his kingdom, and supported the advancement of
military technology
Military technology is the application of technology for use in warfare. It comprises the kinds of technology that are distinctly military in nature and not civilian in application, usually because they lack useful or legal civilian application ...
, including
cannon
A cannon is a large- caliber gun classified as a type of artillery, which usually launches a projectile using explosive chemical propellant. Gunpowder ("black powder") was the primary propellant before the invention of smokeless powder ...
development. Different kinds of mortars and fire
arrow
An arrow is a fin-stabilized projectile launched by a bow. A typical arrow usually consists of a long, stiff, straight shaft with a weighty (and usually sharp and pointed) arrowhead attached to the front end, multiple fin-like stabilizers c ...
s were tested as well as the use of
gunpowder
Gunpowder, also commonly known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, carbon (in the form of charcoal) and potassium nitrate (saltpeter). ...
.
In June 1419, under the advice and guidance of his father, Sejong embarked upon the
Ōei Invasion
The , known as the Gihae Expedition ( (己亥東征)) or Conquest of Tsushima (대마도 정벌(對馬島征伐)) in Korean, was a 1419 invasion from Joseon against wokou (Japanese pirate) bases on Tsushima Island, which is located in the middle ...
. The ultimate goal of this military expedition was to remove the nuisance of
Japanese pirates
''Wokou'' (; Japanese language, Japanese: ''Wakō''; Korean language, Korean: 왜구 ''Waegu''), which literally translates to "Japanese pirates" or "dwarf pirates", were pirates who raided the coastlines of China and Korea from the 13th centur ...
who had been operating close to
Tsushima Island
is an island of the Japanese archipelago situated in-between the Tsushima Strait and Korea Strait, approximately halfway between Kyushu and the Korean Peninsula. The main island of Tsushima, once a single island, was divided into two in 1671 b ...
. During the invasion, 245 Japanese were killed, and another 110 were captured in combat, while 180 Korean soldiers died. More than 150 kidnap victims (146 Chinese and 8 Koreans) were also liberated. A truce was made in July 1419 and the Joseon army returned to the Korean peninsula, but no official documents were signed until 1443. In this agreement, known as the
Treaty of Gyehae
The Gyehae Treaty was signed in 1443 ("gyehae" is the Korean name of the year in the sexagenary cycle) between the Joseon dynasty and Sō Sadamori as a means of controlling Japanese piracy and legitimizing trade between Tsushima island and three ...
, the ''
daimyo
were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominally ...
'' of Tsushima promised to pay tribute to the king of Joseon, and in return, the Joseon court rewarded the
Sō clan
were a Japanese clan claiming descent from Taira no Tomomori. Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). ''Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon''; Papinot, (2003)"Toki," ''Nobiliare du Japon'', p. 56 retrieved 2013-5-10. The clan go ...
with preferential rights regarding trade between the two countries.
In 1433, Sejong sent
Gim Jong-seo (김종서, 金宗瑞), a prominent general, to the north to destroy the
Jurchens
Jurchen (Manchu language, Manchu: ''Jušen'', ; zh, 女真, ''Nǚzhēn'', ) is a term used to collectively describe a number of East Asian people, East Asian Tungusic languages, Tungusic-speaking peoples, descended from the Donghu people. They ...
(later known as the
Manchus
The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) and Q ...
). Gim's military campaign captured several fortresses, pushed north, and expanded Korean territory, to the
Songhua River
The Songhua Postal Romanization, or Sunghwa River (also Haixi or Xingal, russian: Сунгари ''Sungari'') is one of the primary List of rivers of China, rivers of China, and the longest tributary of the Amur. It flows about from the Chang ...
. Four counties and six commanderies were established to safeguard the people from the Jurchens.
Science, technology, and agriculture
![Korean Waterclock](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Korean_Waterclock.jpg)
In 1420, King Sejong's love for science led him to create an institute within
Gyeongbok Palace
Gyeongbokgung (), also known as Gyeongbokgung Palace or Gyeongbok Palace, was the main royal palace of the Joseon dynasty. Built in 1395, it is located in northern Seoul, South Korea. The largest of the '' Five Grand Palaces'' built by the Joseo ...
known as the
Hall of Worthies
The Hall of Worthies, or Jiphyeonjeon (; ), was a royal research institute set up by Sejong the Great of the Korean Joseon Dynasty in March 1420. Set up during the beginning of his reign, King Sejong staffed the Hall of Worthies with talented sc ...
(''Jiphyeonjeon''; literally "Jade Hall"; 집현전, 集賢殿). The institute was responsible for conducting scientific research with the purpose of advancing the country's technology. The Hall of Worthies was meant to be a collection of Joseon's best and brightest thinkers, with the government offering grants and scholarships to encourage young scholars to attend.
Sejong promoted the sciences.
He wanted to help farmers so he decided to create a farmer's handbook. The book—''Nongsa Jikseol'' (농사직설, 農事直說)—contained information about the different farming techniques that were gathered by scientists from different regions of Korea.
These techniques were needed in order to maintain the newly adopted methods of intensive and continuous cultivation.
One of his close associates was the great inventor
Jang Yeong-sil
Jang Yeong-sil (; ; 1390 – after 1442) was a Korean mechanical engineer, scientist, and inventor during the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897). Although Jang was born as a peasant, King Sejong allowed Jang to work at the royal palace. Jang's invent ...
(장영실, 蔣英實). As a young person, Jang was a naturally creative and smart thinker. Sejong noticed his skill and immediately called him to his court in Hanseong. Upon giving Jang a government position and funding for his inventions, officials protested, believing a person from the lower classes should not rise to power among nobles. Sejong instead believed he merited support because of his ability. Jang Yeong-sil created new significant designs for
water clock
A water clock or clepsydra (; ; ) is a timepiece by which time is measured by the regulated flow of liquid into (inflow type) or out from (outflow type) a vessel, and where the amount is then measured.
Water clocks are one of the oldest time-m ...
s,
armillary sphere
An armillary sphere (variations are known as spherical astrolabe, armilla, or armil) is a model of objects in the sky (on the celestial sphere), consisting of a spherical framework of rings, centered on Earth or the Sun, that represent lines of ...
s, and
sundial
A sundial is a horological device that tells the time of day (referred to as civil time in modern usage) when direct sunlight shines by the apparent position of the Sun in the sky. In the narrowest sense of the word, it consists of a flat ...
s.
In 1442, Jang Yeong-sil made one of the world's first standardized
rain gauges named ''
Cheugugi
Cheugugi (Hangul: 측우기, Hanja: 測雨器) is the first well-known rain gauge invented and used during the Joseon dynasty of Korea. It was invented and supplied to each provincial offices during the King Sejong the Great's reign. As of 2010, on ...
''.
This model has not survived, with the oldest existing Korean rain gauge being made in 1770, during the reign of
King Yeongjo
Yeongjo of Joseon (31 October 1694 – 22 April 1776), personal name Yi Geum (Korean: 이금, Hanja: 李昑), was the 21st monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was the second son of King Sukjong, by his concubine Royal Noble Consort Suk ...
. According to the
Daily Records of the Royal Secretariat
''Seungjeongwon ilgi'' or ''Journal of the Royal Secretariat'' is a daily record of ''Seungjeongwon'', Royal Secretariat during the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (1392–1910), which records the king's public life and his interactions with the bureaucrac ...
(승정원일기, 承政院日記), Yeongjo wanted to revive the glorious times of King Sejong the Great, and so he read chronicles from that era. When he came across the mention of a rain gauge, Yeongjo ordered a reproduction. Since there is a mark of the
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...
ruler
Qianlong
The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799), also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, born Hongli, was the fifth Emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1735 t ...
(r. 1735–96), dated 1770,
[Kim (1998), 51.] this Korean-designed rain gauge is sometimes misunderstood as having been imported from China.
In 1434, Jang Yeong-sil, tasked by King Sejong, invented the ''Gabinja'' (갑인자, 甲寅字), a new type of
printing press
A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a printing, print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in wh ...
. This printing press was said to be twice as fast as the previous model and was composed of copper-zinc and lead-tin alloys.
![Korean celestial globe](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Korean_celestial_globe.jpg)
Sejong also wanted to reform the
Korean calendar
The traditional Korean calendar or Dangun calendar () is a lunisolar calendar. Dates are calculated from Korea's meridian (135th meridian east in modern time for South Korea), and observances and festivals are based in Korean culture.
Koreans m ...
system, which was at the time based upon the
longitude
Longitude (, ) is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the surface of the Earth, or another celestial body. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter l ...
of the Chinese capital.
[Kim (1998), 57.] He had his astronomers create a calendar with the Joseon capital of
Hanseong
Seoul (; ; ), officially known as the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea.Before 1972, Seoul was the ''de jure'' capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) as stated iArticle 103 of ...
as the primary meridian.
This new system allowed Joseon astronomers to accurately predict the timing of solar and lunar
eclipses
An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object or spacecraft is temporarily obscured, by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer. This alignment of three ce ...
.
In the realm of
traditional Korean medicine
Traditional Korean medicine (known in North Korea as Koryo medicine) refers to the forms of traditional medicine practiced in Korea.
History
Korean medicine traditions originated in ancient and prehistoric times and can be traced back as far a ...
, two important treatises were written during his reign. These were the ''Hyangyak Jipseongbang'' and the ''Euibang Yuchwi'', which historian Kim Yong-sik says represents "the Koreans' efforts to develop their own system of medical knowledge, distinct from that of China".
Public welfare
In 1426, Sejong enacted a law that granted government ''
nobi
''Nobi'' were members of the slave class during the Korean dynasties of Goryeo and Joseon. Legally, they held the lowest rank in medieval Korean society. Like the slaves, serfs, and indentured servants of the Western Hemisphere, ''nobi'' wer ...
'' (slave) women 100 days of
maternity leave
Parental leave, or family leave, is an employee benefit available in almost all countries. The term "parental leave" may include maternity, Paternity (law), paternity, and adoption leave; or may be used distinctively from "maternity leave" and ...
after childbirth, which, in 1430, was lengthened by one month before childbirth. In 1434, he also granted the husbands 30 days of paternity leave.
In order to provide equality and fairness in taxation for the common people, Sejong issued a royal decree to administer a nationwide public opinion poll regarding a new tax system called ''Gongbeop'' in 1430. Over the course of five months, the poll surveyed 172,806 people, of which approximately 57% responded with approval for the proposed reform.
Joseon's economy depended on the agricultural output of the farmers, so Sejong allowed them to pay more or less tax according to the fluctuations of economic prosperity and hard times. Because of this, farmers could worry less about tax quotas and instead work at maintaining and selling their crops.
It is said that once, when the palace had a significant surplus of food, the king distributed it to poor peasants who needed it.
Literature
In 1429, ''Nongsa Jikseol'' ("Explanations of Agriculture"; 농사직설, 農事直說) was compiled. It was the first book about Korean farming, dealing with agricultural subjects such as planting, harvesting, and soil treatment.
Sejong was also a writer. He composed the famous ''
Yongbieocheonga
''Yongbieocheonga'', literally ''Songs of the Dragons Flying to Heaven'', was the first work written in Hangul. The book was published in 1447 and written by Jeong Inji (정인지, 鄭麟趾), An Ji (안지, 安止), and Kwon Jae (권제, 權踶). ...
'' ("Songs of Flying Dragons"; 1445), ''Seokbo Sangjeol'' ("Episodes from the Life of Buddha"; July 1447), ''Worin Cheongang Jigok'' ("Songs of the Moon Shining on a Thousand Rivers"; July 1447), and ''Dongguk Jeongun'' ("Dictionary of Proper Sino-Korean Pronunciation"; September 1447).
Arts
One of Sejong’s closest friends and mentors was the 15th century musician
Park Yeon
Bak Yeon or Park Yeon (; 20 August 1378 - 23 March 1458) was a government official, scholar, writer, astronomer and musician in the Early Joseon Dynasty period, who was a teacher of King Sejong and created Armillary sphere Honcheonui, Water cloc ...
. Together they composed over two hundred musical arrangements. Sejong’s independent musical compositions include the ''Chongdaeop'' ("Great Achievements"), ''Potaepyeong'' ("Preservation of Peace"), ''Pongnaeui'' ("Phoenix"), and ''Yominrak'' ("A Joy to Share with the People"). ''Yominrak'' continues to be a standard piece played by modern traditional Korean orchestras, while ''Chongdaeop'' and ''Potaepyeong'' are played during the ''
Jongmyo Jerye
''Jongmyo Jerye'' or ''Jongmyo Daeje'' is a rite held for worshipping the late kings and queens of the Joseon Dynasty in Jongmyo Shrine, Seoul, South Korea. It is held every year on the first Sunday of May. The Jongmyo rite is usually accompanie ...
'' (memorials honoring the kings of the Joseon dynasty).
In 1418, during Sejong's reign, scholars developed the ''Pyeongyeong'' (편경, 編磬), a
lithophone
A lithophone is a musical instrument consisting of a rock or pieces of rock which are struck to produce musical notes. Notes may be sounded in combination (producing harmony) or in succession (melody). It is an idiophone comparable to instrumen ...
modeled off of the Chinese ''
Bianqing
The ''bianqing'' ( Chinese: 编磬) is a traditional Chinese percussion instrument consisting of a set of L-shaped flat stone chimes known as ''qing'', played melodically. The chimes were hung in a wooden frame and struck with a mallet. Along w ...
''. The Pyeongyeong is a percussion instrument consisting of two rows of 8
pumice
Pumice (), called pumicite in its powdered or dust form, is a volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough-textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals. It is typically light-colored. Scoria is another vesicular vol ...
slabs hung on a decorative wooden frame with a 16-tone range and struck with an
ox horn mallet. It was manufactured using pumice mined from the
Gyeonggi Province
Gyeonggi-do (, ) is the most populous province in South Korea. Its name, ''Gyeonggi'', means "京 (the capital) and 畿 (the surrounding area)". Thus, ''Gyeonggi-do'' can be translated as "Seoul and the surrounding areas of Seoul". Seoul, the na ...
and was primarily used for ceremonies.
Hangul
![Hunmin jeong-eum](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Hunmin_jeong-eum.jpg)
King Sejong profoundly affected Korea's history with the creation and introduction of ''
hangul
The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul, . Hangul may also be written as following South Korea's standard Romanization. ( ) in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. The let ...
'', the native phonetic writing system for the
Korean language
Korean ( South Korean: , ''hangugeo''; North Korean: , ''chosŏnmal'') is the native language for about 80 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the official and national language of both North Korea and South Korea (geographic ...
.
Although it is widely assumed that he ordered the
Hall of Worthies
The Hall of Worthies, or Jiphyeonjeon (; ), was a royal research institute set up by Sejong the Great of the Korean Joseon Dynasty in March 1420. Set up during the beginning of his reign, King Sejong staffed the Hall of Worthies with talented sc ...
to invent the script, contemporary records such as the ''
Veritable Records of King Sejong'' and
Jeong In-ji
Jeong In-ji (; December 28, 1396 – November 26, 1478) was a Korean Neo-Confucian scholar, historian who served as Vice Minister of Education or Deputy Chief Scholar (Head of Office for Special Advisors) during the reign of King Sejong the Gre ...
's preface to the ''
Hunminjeongeum Haerye
''Hunminjeongeum Haerye'' (Hanja: 訓民正音解例; literally: "Explanations and Examples of the Correct/Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People"), or simply ''Haerye'', is a commentary on the ''Hunminjeongeum'', the original promulgati ...
'' emphasize that Sejong invented it himself.
Before the creation of the new letters, people in the country primarily wrote using
Classical Chinese
Classical Chinese, also known as Literary Chinese (古文 ''gǔwén'' "ancient text", or 文言 ''wényán'' "text speak", meaning
"literary language/speech"; modern vernacular: 文言文 ''wényánwén'' "text speak text", meaning
"literar ...
alongside phonetic writing systems based on Chinese script that predated hangul by hundreds of years, including
''idu'', ''
hyangchal
''Hyangchal'' (, literally "vernacular letters", "local letters", or "corresponded sound") is an archaic writing system of Korea and was used to transcribe the Korean language in Chinese characters. Using the ''hyangchal'' system, Chinese chara ...
'', ''
gugyeol
Gugyeol, also ''kwukyel'', is a system for rendering texts written in Classical Chinese into understandable Korean. It was chiefly used during the Joseon Dynasty, when readings of the Chinese classics were of paramount social importance. Thus, ...
'', and ''
gakpil''.
However, due to the fundamental differences between the Korean and Chinese languages, and the large number of characters that needed to be studied, the lower classes, who often lacked the privilege of
education
Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty. Va ...
, had much difficulty in learning how to write. To assuage this problem, King Sejong created this unique alphabet (which numbered 28 letters at its introduction, of which four letters have become obsolete) to promote literacy among the common people. Each consonant letter is based on a simplified diagram of the patterns made by the human speech organs (the mouth, tongue and teeth) when producing the sound related to the character, while vowels were formed by combinations of dots and lines representing heaven (a circular dot), earth (a horizontal line) and humanity (a vertical line).
Morphemes
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful constituent of a linguistic expression. The field of linguistic study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
In English, morphemes are often but not necessarily words. Morphemes that stand alone a ...
are built by writing the characters in syllabic blocks. The blocks of letters are then strung together
linearly
Linearity is the property of a mathematical relationship (''function'') that can be graphically represented as a straight line. Linearity is closely related to '' proportionality''. Examples in physics include rectilinear motion, the linear r ...
.
Hangul was completed in 1443 and published in 1446 along with a 33-page manual titled ''
Hunminjeongeum
''Hunminjeong'eum'' () is a document describing an entirely new and native script for the Korean language. The script was initially named after the publication but later came to be known as hangul. Originally containing 28 characters, it was c ...
'', explaining what the letters are as well as the philosophical theories and motives behind them. The manual purported that anyone could learn the alphabet in a matter of days. People previously unfamiliar with it can typically pronounce Korean words accurately after only a few hours of study.
King Sejong faced backlash from the
noble class as many disapproved of the idea of a common writing system, with some openly opposing its creation. Many within the nobility believed that giving the peasants the ability to read and write would allow them to find and abuse loopholes within the law. Others felt that hangul would threaten their families’ positions in court by creating a larger pool of civil servants. The Joseon elite continued to use the Chinese ''
hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
'' long after Sejong’s death. Hangul was often treated with contempt by those in power and received criticism in the form of nicknames, including ''eonmun'' ("vulgar script"), ''amkeul'' ("women’s script"), and ''ahaekkeul'' ("children’s script"). Despite this, the system gained popularity among women and fiction writers.
In 1504, the study and publication of hangul was banned by
Yeonsangun
Yeonsangun of Joseon or Prince Yeonsan of Joseon (23 November 1476 – 20 November 1506), personal name Yi Yung ( Korean: 이융; Hanja: 李㦕), was the tenth ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. Often considered the worst tyrant in Joseon's ...
. Its spread and preservation can be largely attributed to three main factors: books published for women, its use by Buddhist monks, and the introduction of
Christianity in Korea
The practice of Christianity in Korea is marginal in North Korea, but significant in South Korea, where it revolves around two of its largest branches, Protestantism and Catholicism, accounting for 8.6 millionAccording to figures compiled by ...
in 1602. Hangul was brought into the mainstream culture in the 16th century, due to a renaissance in literature and poetry. It continued to gain popularity well into the 17th century, and gained wider use after a period of nationalism in the 19th century. In 1849, it was adopted as Korea’s national writing system, and saw its first use in official government documents. After the
Treaty of 1910, hangul was outlawed again until the
liberation of Korea
The surrender of the Empire of Japan in World War II was announced by Emperor Hirohito on 15 August and formally signed on 2 September 1945, bringing the war's hostilities to a close. By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy ...
in 1945.
Death
![Sejong tomb 1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Sejong_tomb_1.jpg)
Sejong was blinded by diabetes complications that eventually took his life in 1450. He was buried at
''Yeongneung'' (, ), in the same mound as his wife,
Queen Soheon
Queen Soheon (소헌왕후 심씨, 12 October 1395 – 19 April 1446), of the Cheongsong Sim clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and queen consort of Yi Do, King Sejong and the mother of Yi Hyang, King Munjong and Yi Yu, King Sejo ...
, who died four years earlier. The tomb is located in
Yeoju
Yeoju () is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Yeoju was a county but was raised to the status of a city in September 2013. Together with the neighboring city of Icheon, it is known as a major center of contemporary South Korean ceramics, ...
,
Gyeonggi Province
Gyeonggi-do (, ) is the most populous province in South Korea. Its name, ''Gyeonggi'', means "京 (the capital) and 畿 (the surrounding area)". Thus, ''Gyeonggi-do'' can be translated as "Seoul and the surrounding areas of Seoul". Seoul, the na ...
,
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and sharing a Korean Demilitarized Zone, land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed ...
.
His successor was his first son, Yi Hyang (posthumously honored as
King Munjong). Sejong judged that the sickly Munjong was unlikely to live long, and on his deathbed asked the scholars from the
Hall of Worthies
The Hall of Worthies, or Jiphyeonjeon (; ), was a royal research institute set up by Sejong the Great of the Korean Joseon Dynasty in March 1420. Set up during the beginning of his reign, King Sejong staffed the Hall of Worthies with talented sc ...
to look after his young grandson,
Danjong
Danjong of Joseon (18 August 1441 – 17 November 1457), personal name Yi Hong-wi (Korean: 이홍위; Hanja: 李弘暐), was the sixth ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was forced to abdicate by his uncle, Grand Prince Suyang (the futu ...
. As predicted, Munjong died two years after his ascension, and the political stability enjoyed in the past decades disintegrated when Danjong became the sixth king of Joseon at the age of twelve. Eventually, Sejong's second son, Grand Prince Suyang (later known as
King Sejo
Sejo of Joseon (2 November 1417 – 23 September 1468), personal name Yi Yu (Korean: 이유; Hanja: 李瑈), sometimes known as Grand Prince Suyang (Korean: 수양대군; Hanja: 首陽大君), was the seventh ruler of the Joseon dynasty of K ...
), usurped the throne in 1455. When
six court officials were implicated in a plot to restore his nephew, Sejo abolished the Hall of Worthies and executed Danjong along with several ministers who served during Sejong's reign.
Family
*Father:
King Taejong of Joseon (조선 태종) (13 June 1367 – 30 May 1422)
**Grandfather:
King Taejo of Joseon
Taejo of Joseon (4 November 1335 – 27 June 1408), born Yi Seong-gye (), was the founder and first ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. After ascending to the throne, he changed his name to Yi Dan (), and reigned from 1392 to 1398. He was ...
(조선 태조) (27 October 1335 – 18 June 1408)
**Grandmother:
Queen Sinui
Queen Sinui (Hangul: 신의왕후 한씨, Hanja: 神懿王后 韓氏; 1337 – 21 October 1391), of the Cheongju Han clan, was the first wife of Yi Seong-gye (future Taejo of Joseon). She was the mother of King Jeongjong and King Taejong.
She ...
of the
Cheongju Han clan
The Cheongju Han clan (Hangul: 청주 한씨, Hanja: 淸州 韓氏) is a Korean noble family. It is also called the House of Han or the Han clan of Cheongju.
It is considered one of the most prominent clans since the Gojoseon period. In the Sil ...
(신의왕후 한씨) (September 1337 – 21 October 1391)
*Mother:
Queen Wongyeong
Queen Wongyeong (원경왕후 민씨; 29 July 1365 – 18 August 1420) of the Yeoheung Min clan, was the primary wife of Taejong of Joseon, and the mother of Sejong the Great.
She was queen consort of Joseon from 1400, and was honored as Queen J ...
of the
Yeoheung Min clan
The Yeoheung Min clan () is a Korean clan that traces its origin to Yeoju, Gyeonggi Province. The 2015 Korean Census counted 167,124 members of the Yeoheung Min clan.
Origin
The Yeoheung Min clan's progenitor was Min Ching-do (민칭도, 閔 ...
(원경왕후 민씨) (11 July 1365 – 10 July 1420)
**Grandfather: Min Je (민제) (1339 – 1408)
**Grandmother: Lady Song of the
Yeosan Song clan
Yeosan Song clan () is one of the oldest Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan was in Yeosan, present day Iksan, North Jeolla Province
North Jeolla Province (; ''Jeollabuk-do''), also known as Jeonbuk, is a province of South Korea. North Jeolla has a ...
(여산 송씨) (1342 – 1424)
Consorts and their respective issue(s):
#
Queen Soheon of the Cheongsong Shim clan (소헌왕후 심씨) (12 October 1395 – 19 April 1446)
## Princess Jeongso (정소공주) (1412 – 1424), first daughter
[As a legitimate daughter of the king, her title properly translates to "Royal Princess" (''Gongju''; 공주, 公主).]
##
Crown Prince Yi Hyang (왕세자 이향) (15 November 1414 – 1 June 1452), first son
## Princess Jeongui (정의공주) (1415 – 11 February 1477), second daughter
##
Yi Yu, Grand Prince Suyang (수양대군 이유) (2 November 1417 – 23 September 1468), second son
## Yi Yong, Grand Prince Anpyeong (안평대군 이용) (18 October 1418 – 18 November 1453), third son
##
Yi Gu, Grand Prince Imyeong (임영대군 이구) (6 January 1420 – 21 January 1469), fourth son
## Yi Yeo, Grand Prince Gwangpyeong (광평대군 이여) (2 May 1425 – 7 December 1444), fifth son
## Yi Yu, Grand Prince Geumseong (금성대군 이유) (5 May 1426 – 7 November 1457), seventh son
## Yi Im, Grand Prince Pyeongwon (평원대군 이임) (18 November 1427 – 16 January 1445), ninth son
## Yi Yeom, Grand Prince Yeongeung (영응대군 이염) (23 May 1434 – 2 February 1467), fifteenth son
# Royal Noble Consort Yeong of the Jinju Gang clan (영빈 강씨)
[Concubine of the first senior rank (''Bin''; 빈, 嬪).]
##
Yi Yeong, Prince Hwaui (화의군 이영) (1425 – 1460), sixth son
# Royal Noble Consort Shin of the Cheongju Gim clan (신빈 김씨) (1406 – 4 September 1464)
## ''Third daughter'' (? – 1426)
## Yi Jeung, Prince Gyeyang (계양군 이증) (1427 – 16 August 1464), eighth son
## Yi Gong, Prince Uichang (의창군 이공) (1428 – 1460), tenth son
## ''Fifth daughter'' (? – 1429)
## Yi Chim, Prince Milseong (밀성군 이침) (1430 – 1479), twelfth son
## Yi Yeon, Prince Ikhyeon (익현군 이연) (1431 – 1463), fourteenth son
## Yi Dang, Prince Yeonghae (영해군 이당) (1435 – 1477), seventeenth son
## Yi Geo, Prince Damyang (담양군 이거) (1439 – August 1450), eighteenth son
# Royal Noble Consort Hye of the
Cheongju Yang clan
Cheongju Yang clan () is one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan is in Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province. According to the research held in 2015, the number of Cheongju Yang clan’s member was 38161. Their founder was who was a 43 th descenda ...
(혜빈 양씨) (? – 9 November 1455)
## Yi Eo, Prince Hannam (한남군 이어) (5 October 1429 – 29 June 1459), eleventh son
## Yi Hyeon, Prince Suchun (수춘군 이현) (1431 – 1455), thirteenth son
## Yi Jeon, Prince Yeongpung (영풍군 이전) (17 September 1434 – 22 July 1456), sixteenth son
# Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Miryang Park clan (귀인 박씨)
[Concubine of the first junior rank (''Gwi-in''; 귀인, 貴人). Promoted in 1428.]
# Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Jeonju Choe clan (귀인 최씨)
# Royal Consort Sug-ui of the Jo clan (숙의 조씨)
# Royal Consort Sug-yong of the Hong clan (숙용 홍씨) (? – 4 February 1452)
# Royal Consort Sug-won of the Yi clan (숙원 이씨)
## Princess Jeongan (정안옹주) (1438 – 1461), seventh daughter
# Court Lady Song (상침 송씨) (1396 – 1463)
## Princess Jeonghyeon (정현옹주) (1425 – 1480), fourth daughter
# Court Lady Cha (사기 차씨) (? – 10 July 1444)
## ''Sixth daughter'' (1430 – 1431)
Ancestry
Legacy
Statue and museum exhibit
In 2009, a bronze statue of King Sejong was placed on a concrete pedestal on the boulevard of
Gwanghwamun Square
Gwanghwamun Plaza (, also known as Gwanghwamun Square) is a public open space on Sejongno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea. The plaza was opened on 1 August 2009 by the Seoul Metropolitan Government and is part of the City's plans for environmenta ...
and directly in front of the
Sejong Center for the Performing Arts
Sejong Center for the Performing Arts is the largest arts and cultural complex in Seoul, South Korea. It has an interior area of 53,202m². It is situated in the center of the capital, on Sejongno, a main road that cuts through the capital city o ...
in Seoul. The sculptor was Kim Young-won. The pedestal contains one of the several entrances to the 3,200 m
2 underground museum exhibit entitled "The Story of King Sejong". It was unveiled on
Hangul Day
The Korean Alphabet Day, known as Hangeul Day () in South Korea, and Chosŏn'gŭl Day () in North Korea, is a national Korean commemorative day marking the invention and proclamation of Hangul (), the Korean alphabet, by the 15th century Korea ...
in celebration of the 563rd anniversary of the invention of the Korean alphabet.
Namesake from Sejong
Sejong Street (''Sejongno''; 세종로, 世宗路) and the
Sejong Centre for the Performing Arts, both located in central
Seoul
Seoul (; ; ), officially known as the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea.Before 1972, Seoul was the ''de jure'' capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) as stated iArticle 103 ...
, are named after King Sejong.
In early 2007, the government of the
Republic of Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its east ...
decided to create a special administrative district from a part of the
South Chungcheong Province
South Chungcheong Province ( ko, 충청남도, ''Chungcheongnam-do''), also known as Chungnam, is a province of South Korea. South Chungcheong has a population of 2,059,871 (2014) and has a geographic area of 8,204 km2 (3,168 sq mi) located in ...
, near what is presently
Daejeon
Daejeon () is South Korea's fifth-largest metropolis, with a population of 1.5 million as of 2019. Located in the central-west region of South Korea alongside forested hills and the Geum River, the city is known both for its technology and ...
. The district was named "
Sejong Special Autonomous City
Sejong (; ), officially the Sejong Special Self-Governing City (), is a special self-governing city and ''de facto'' administrative capital of South Korea.
Sejong was founded in 2007 as the new planned capital of South Korea from many parts of ...
".
Portrait in Korean currency
![10000_won_serieVI_obverse](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/10000_won_serieVI_obverse.jpeg)
A portrait of Sejong is featured on the 10,000 won banknote of the
South Korean won
The Korean Republic won, unofficially the South Korean won ( Symbol: ₩; Code: KRW; Korean: 대한민국 원) is the official currency of South Korea. A single won is divided into 100 jeon, the monetary subunit. The jeon is no longer used f ...
, along with various scientific tools invented under his reign.
In popular culture
Dramas and films
His life was depicted in the
KBS historical drama ''
The Great King, Sejong
''The Great King, Sejong'' () is a 2008 South Korean historical television series depicting the life of the fourth monarch of Joseon, Sejong the Great (played by Kim Sang-kyung). Considered one of the greatest kings in Korean history, Sejong c ...
'' in 2008.
* Portrayed by Han In-soo in the 1983
MBC TV series ''500 Years of Joseon dynasty: Tree with Deep Roots.''
* Portrayed by
Song Jae-ho
Song Jae-ho (born Song Jae-eon; 10 March 1937 – 7 November 2020) was a South Korean actor.
Career
He made his acting debut in 1959, and became best known for his work in 1970s and 1980s Korean cinema, notably ''Yeong-ja's Heydays'' (1975). S ...
in the 1998–2000
KBS TV series ''King and Queen.''
* Portrayed by
Lee Hyun-woo and
Kim Sang-kyung
Kim Sang-kyung (born June 1, 1972; ) is a South Korean actor. He is known for his leading roles in ''Memories of Murder'' (2003) and ''May 18'' (2007).
Two of his films directed by Hong Sang-soo, ''Tale of Cinema'' (2005) and '' Ha Ha Ha'' (20 ...
in the 2008
KBS2
The Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) () is the national broadcaster of South Korea. Founded in February 1927, it is one of the leading South Korean television and radio broadcasters.
KBS operates seven radio networks, ten television channels, a ...
TV series ''
The Great King, Sejong
''The Great King, Sejong'' () is a 2008 South Korean historical television series depicting the life of the fourth monarch of Joseon, Sejong the Great (played by Kim Sang-kyung). Considered one of the greatest kings in Korean history, Sejong c ...
.''
* Portrayed by
Ahn Sung-ki
Ahn Sung-ki (born January 1, 1952) is a South Korean actor. One of the country's most respected actors, he has appeared in more than 130 films during his career of over 60 years.
Career
A native of Seoul, Ahn was the son of a veteran filmmaker ...
in the 2008 film ''
The Divine Weapon
''The Divine Weapon'' () is a 2008 South Korean film.
Plot
During the reign of King Sejong the Great, Joseon Korea faces increasing hostility from Ming China. Ming China, without restraint, mounts unrelenting demands against the Korean crown, ...
''.
* Portrayed by
Jeon Moo-song
Jeon Moo-song (born September 28, 1941) is a South Korean actor. Jeon began his career on stage in the play 'Chunhyangjeon' in 1964 and has since been active in Korean theatre, film and television. In 1977, he performed as the title character ...
in the 2011
JTBC
JTBC (shortened from ''Joongang Tongyang Broadcasting Company'' (; stylized as jtbc) is a South Korean nationwide pay television network. Its primary shareholder is JoongAng Holdings, with a 25% stake. It was launched on 1 December 2011. JTBC ...
TV series ''
Insu, The Queen Mother
''Insu, the Queen Mother'' () is a 2011 South Korean historical television series, starring Chae Shi-ra, Hahm Eun-jung, Kim Young-ho, Kim Mi-sook, Baek Sung-hyun and Jeon Hye-bin. Focusing on the fierce power struggle among three women in the ro ...
''.
* Portrayed by Kang San,
Song Joong-ki
Song Joong-ki (; born September 19, 1985) is a South Korean actor. He rose to fame in the historical coming-of-age drama ''Sungkyunkwan Scandal'' (2010) and the variety show '' Running Man'' (2010–2011) as one of the original cast members. S ...
and
Han Suk-kyu
Han Suk-kyu (born November 3, 1964) is a South Korean actor. One of the leading actors of Korean cinema, Han's notable works include ''Green Fish'' (1997), '' No. 3'' (1997), ''Christmas in August'' (1998), '' Shiri'' (1999), ''The Scarlet Letter ...
in the 2011
SBS TV series ''
Deep Rooted Tree
''Deep Rooted Tree'' () is a 2011 South Korean television series starring Han Suk-kyu, Jang Hyuk and Shin Se-kyung. Based on the novel of the same name by Lee Jung-myung, it aired on SBS from 5 October to 22 December 2011 on Wednesdays and Thu ...
''.
* Portrayed by
Ju Ji-hoon
Ju Ji-hoon (born May 16, 1982) is a South Korean actor and model. His first leading role was in the 2006 hit drama ''Princess Hours''. His other notable works include ''The Devil'', '' Antique'', ''Mask'', '' Along with the Gods: The Two Worlds'' ...
in the 2012 film ''
I Am the King
''I Am the King'' (, also known as ''I Am a King'') is a 2012 South Korean historical comedy film, starring Ju Ji-hoon, Park Yeong-gyu, Baek Yoon-sik, Byun Hee-bong and Kim Su-ro. Inspired by Mark Twain's 1881 novel ''The Prince and the Pauper'', ...
''.
* Portrayed by
Yoon Doo-joon
Yoon Doo-joon (born July 4, 1989), better known mononymously as Doojoon, is a South Korean singer and actor. He is the leader of the South Korean boy group Highlight.
Early life
Yoon Doo-joon was born in Goyang, South Korea on July 4, 1989 ...
in the 2015
MBC TV series ''
Splash Splash Love
''Splash Splash Love'' () is a South Korean television series starring Kim Seul-gi and Yoon Doo-joon. It initially aired on web platform Naver TV Cast in a 10-episode format. It was then broadcast by MBC on December 13 and 20, 2015 in two 60-mi ...
''.
* Portrayed by
Nam Da-reum
Nam Da-reum (born June 13, 2002) is a South Korean actor. He began his career as a child actor, having played young versions of the leading characters in several popular Korean dramas, and best known for his lead role in '' Beautiful World'' (2 ...
in the 2015
SBS TV series ''
Six Flying Dragons
''Six Flying Dragons'' () is a South Korean television series starring Yoo Ah-in, Kim Myung-min, Shin Se-kyung, Byun Yo-han, Yoon Kyun-sang and Chun Ho-jin. It aired on SBS on Mondays and Tuesdays at 22:00 for 50 episodes beginning on Octobe ...
.''
* Portrayed by
Kim Sang-kyung
Kim Sang-kyung (born June 1, 1972; ) is a South Korean actor. He is known for his leading roles in ''Memories of Murder'' (2003) and ''May 18'' (2007).
Two of his films directed by Hong Sang-soo, ''Tale of Cinema'' (2005) and '' Ha Ha Ha'' (20 ...
in the 2016
KBS1
The Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) () is the national broadcaster of South Korea. Founded in February 1927, it is one of the leading South Korean television and radio broadcasters.
KBS operates seven radio networks, ten television channels, a ...
TV series ''
Jang Yeong-sil
Jang Yeong-sil (; ; 1390 – after 1442) was a Korean mechanical engineer, scientist, and inventor during the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897). Although Jang was born as a peasant, King Sejong allowed Jang to work at the royal palace. Jang's invent ...
''.
* Portrayed by
Han Suk-kyu
Han Suk-kyu (born November 3, 1964) is a South Korean actor. One of the leading actors of Korean cinema, Han's notable works include ''Green Fish'' (1997), '' No. 3'' (1997), ''Christmas in August'' (1998), '' Shiri'' (1999), ''The Scarlet Letter ...
in the 2019 film ''
Forbidden Dream
''Forbidden Dream'' () is a 2019 South Korean historical drama film directed by Hur Jin-ho and written by Jung Bum-shik and Lee Ji-min. Based on a true story, it portrays Sejong the Great (Han Suk-kyu), king of the Joseon dynasty of Korea, a ...
.''
* Portrayed by
Song Kang-ho
Song Kang-ho (born January 17, 1967) is a South Korean actor. Song made his film debut in ''The Day a Pig Fell into the Well'' (1996), and came to national prominence with a series of critically acclaimed performances, including ''No. 3'' (1997) ...
in the 2019 film ''
The King's Letters.''
* Portrayed by
Jang Dong-yoon
Jang Dong-yoon (born July 12, 1992) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his leading roles in the popular television series ''School 2017'' (2017), ''The Tale of Nokdu'' (2019), and ''Search'' (2020).
Early life
After finishing high ...
in the 2021
SBS TV series ''
Joseon Exorcist
''Joseon Exorcist'' () is a South Korean historical-supernatural television series. The series, directed by Shin Kyung-soo and written by Park Gye-ok, stars Jang Dong-yoon, Park Sung-hoon and Kam Woo-sung. The series follows the fight of the r ...
.''
* Portrayed by Kim Min-ki in the 2021–2022
KBS1
The Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) () is the national broadcaster of South Korea. Founded in February 1927, it is one of the leading South Korean television and radio broadcasters.
KBS operates seven radio networks, ten television channels, a ...
TV Series ''
The King of Tears, Lee Bang-won
''The King of Tears, Lee Bang-won'' () is a South Korean television series starring Joo Sang-wook in the title role. With this series, KBS is reviving the historical drama series after 5 years, as the last KBS historical series ''Jang Yeong-si ...
''.
Video games
*Leader of the Korean civilization in ''
Sid Meier's Civilization V
''Sid Meier's Civilization V'' is a 4X video game in the ''Civilization'' series developed by Firaxis Games. The game was released on Microsoft Windows on September 21, 2010, on OS X on November 23, 2010, and on Linux on June 10, 2014.
In '' ...
.''
*Leader of the Korean civilization in ''
Civilization Revolution 2
''Sid Meier's Civilization Revolution 2'' is a 4X turn-based strategy video game for portable platforms, developed in 2014 by Firaxis Games with Sid Meier as designer. It is a spin-off of the ''Civilization'' series and a sequel to '' Civilizati ...
.''
* King Sejong Station LE, a major tournament map in the game ''
StarCraft II: Heart of the Swarm.''
*Starting ruler of Korea in ''
Europa Universalis IV
''Europa Universalis IV'' is a 2013 grand strategy video game in the ''Europa Universalis'' series, developed by Paradox Development Studio and published by Paradox Interactive as a sequel to ''Europa Universalis III'' (2007). The game was rele ...
.''
See also
*
King Sejong Institute
King Sejong Institute () is the brand name of Korean-language institutes established by the South Korean government around the world since 2007. The institute's name refers to Sejong the Great, the inventor of the Korean alphabet. As of June 20 ...
*
King Sejong Station
The King Sejong Station is a research station for the Korea Antarctic Research Program that is named after King Sejong the Great of Joseon (1397–1450).
Established on February 17, 1988, it consists of 11 facility buildings and two observato ...
*
Sejong Center
Sejong Center for the Performing Arts is the largest arts and cultural complex in Seoul, South Korea. It has an interior area of 53,202m². It is situated in the center of the capital, on Sejongno, a main road that cuts through the capital city o ...
*
Sejong City
Sejong (; ), officially the Sejong Special Self-Governing City (), is a special self-governing city and ''de facto'' administrative capital of South Korea.
Sejong was founded in 2007 as the new planned capital of South Korea from many parts of ...
*
*
Sejongno
Sejongno (), also known as Sejong-daero, is a street that runs through Jongno-gu in downtown Seoul. It is named after King Sejong the Great of Joseon. The street is 600 meters in length, but due to its central location it is of great symbolic ...
*
UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize The UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize (Korean, Hangeul : 유네스코 세종대왕 문해상) is an annual prize awarded to three institutions, organizations or individuals "for their contribution to the fight against illiteracy."
It is funded by t ...
*
Hunminjeongeum
''Hunminjeong'eum'' () is a document describing an entirely new and native script for the Korean language. The script was initially named after the publication but later came to be known as hangul. Originally containing 28 characters, it was c ...
*
Hangul
The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul, . Hangul may also be written as following South Korea's standard Romanization. ( ) in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. The let ...
Notes
Further reading
*Kim, Yung Sik. (1998). "Problems and Possibilities in the Study of the History of Korean Science," ''Osiris'' (2nd series, Volume 13, 1998): 48–79.
*''King Sejong the Great: the Light of Fifteenth Century Korea'',
Young-Key Kim-Renaud,
International Circle of Korean Linguistics
The International Circle of Korean Linguistics is a scholarly organization dedicated to the promotion of awareness of, the dissemination of information about, and the facilitation of communication among those in the field of, Korean language and l ...
, 1992, softcover, 119 pages, .
*Kim-Renaud, Young-Key. 2000. Sejong's theory of literacy and writing. ''Studies in the Linguistic Sciences'' 30.1:13–46.
*Gale, James Scarth. ''History of the Korean People'' Annotated and introduction by Richard Rutt. Seoul: Royal Asiatic Society, 1972.
External links
King Sejong's Confucian Humanism in the Early Choson PeriodLocation of the four forts and the six postsKing Sejong the Great: The Everlasting Light of Korea.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sejong The Great
1397 births
1450 deaths
15th-century Korean monarchs
Creators of writing systems
Deaths from diabetes
Linguists from Korea
Korean Buddhists
Korean Confucianists
People from Seoul