Khakassia (russian: Хакасия; kjh, Хакасия, Хакас Чирі, ''Khakasiya'', ''Khakas Çiri''), officially the Republic of Khakassia (russian: Республика Хакасия, r=Respublika Khakasiya, ; kjh, Хакас Республиказы, tr. ''Khakas Respublikazy''), is a
federal subject (a
republic
A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...
) of
Russia. Its
capital city is
Abakan, which is also the largest city in the republic. As of the
2010 Census, the republic's population was 532,403.
Geography
The republic is located in the southwestern part of Eastern
Siberia and borders
Krasnoyarsk Krai in the north and east, the
Tuva Republic in the southeast and south, the
Altai Republic
The Altai Republic (; russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, Respublika Altay, ; Altai: , ''Altay Respublika''), also known as Gorno-Altai Republic, and colloquially, and primarily referred to in Russian to distinguish from the neighbour ...
in the south and southwest, and
Kemerovo Oblast in the west and northwest. It stretches for from north to south and for from east to west. Mountains (eastern slopes of
Kuznetsk Alatau and the
Abakan Range) cover two-thirds of the republic's territory and serve as the natural boundaries of the republic. The highest point is
Kyzlasov Peak. The remaining territory is flat, with the
Minusinsk Hollow being the most prominent feature. The
Yenisei is the largest river in the republic. Other significant rivers include the
Abakan,
Tom
Tom or TOM may refer to:
* Tom (given name), a diminutive of Thomas or Tomás or an independent Aramaic given name (and a list of people with the name)
Characters
* Tom Anderson, a character in ''Beavis and Butt-Head''
* Tom Beck, a character ...
’,
Bely Iyus,
Black Iyus, and the
Chulym (between the Yenisei and the eastern mountains), with all except the Abakan part of the
Ob river basin. There are over three hundred lakes in the republic, both salt- and fresh-water. Climate is continental, with the average annual temperature of . Natural resources are abundant and include iron, gold, silver, coal, oil, and natural gas.
Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42 which is located in period 5 and group 6. The name is from Neo-Latin ''molybdaenum'', which is based on Ancient Greek ', meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lea ...
deposits are the largest in Russia. Forests cover the south and the west of the republic.
History
The territory of modern Khakassia formed the core of the
Yenisei Kirghiz state from the 6th century CE. In the 13th century, following defeat by the
Mongols, the majority of the Kyrgyz people migrated southwest to
Central Asia to the area of present-day
Kyrgyzstan. Modern
Khakas people regard themselves as the descendants of those Kyrgyz who remained in
Siberia. Khakassia was incorporated into the Russian state under
Peter the Great
Peter I ( – ), most commonly known as Peter the Great,) or Pyotr Alekséyevich ( rus, Пётр Алексе́евич, p=ˈpʲɵtr ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ, , group=pron was a Russian monarch who ruled the Tsardom of Russia from t ...
().
This incorporation was confirmed in a treaty - the - between Russia and China in 1729. As it was common to deport convicted criminals from
European Russia
European Russia (russian: Европейская Россия, russian: европейская часть России, label=none) is the western and most populated part of Russia. It is geographically situated in Europe, as opposed to the cou ...
to Siberia, forts were quickly constructed in Khakassia (1707 and 1718). Many prisoners remained even after release. Many of the indigenous Khakas people converted to the
Russian Orthodox faith and gradually abandoned their nomadic way of life.
By the time of the
1917 Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government ...
, Russians made up approximately half of the population. Under
Soviet rule, autonomy was granted on 20 October 1930, when the
Khakas Autonomous Oblast
The Khakas Autonomous Oblast (russian: Хакасская автономная область; Khakas language, Khakas: Хакас автоном облазы), abbreviated as Khakas AO (russian: Хакасская АО; Khakas language, Khakas: ...
was established. The borders of the autonomous oblast are the same as the borders of the modern Khakas Republic.
During the 1920s and 1930s, the Soviet authorities resettled an estimated quarter of a million Russians in the region. These were followed by 10,000
Volga Germans deported during
World War II. By the time of the 1959 Census, ethnic Khakas people represented little more than 10% of the population of the Khakas oblast.
Until 1991, the Khakas Autonomous Oblast was administratively subordinated to
Krasnoyarsk Krai. In July 1991, it was elevated in status to that of a Soviet socialist republic within the Russian Federation, and in February 1992 it became the Republic of Khakassia.
Administrative divisions
Demographics
Population:
Vital statistics
: Source
Russian Federal State Statistics Service
In 2007, the republic recorded a positive natural increase of population for the first time in many years (Although very small, less than +0.01% per year), being one of the 20 Russian regions to have a positive natural population growth rate.
Ethnic groups
According to the 2010 Russian Census,
ethnic
Russians make up 81.7% of the republic's population, while the ethnic
Khakas are only 12.1%. Other groups include
ethnic Germans (1.1%),
Ukrainians (1%),
Tatars (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
Religion
According to a 2012 survey,
31.6% of the population of Khakassia adheres to the
Russian Orthodox Church, 6% are unaffiliated
Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or are members of other (non-Russian)
Orthodox church
Orthodox Church may refer to:
* Eastern Orthodox Church
* Oriental Orthodox Churches
* Orthodox Presbyterian Church
* Orthodox Presbyterian Church of New Zealand
* State church of the Roman Empire
* True Orthodox church
See also
* Orthodox (dis ...
es. 2% of the population adheres to
Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or Khakas
Tengrism and folk religion, 1% to
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...
, 1% to forms of
Protestantism, 0.4% to forms of
Hinduism (
Vedism,
Krishnaism or
Tantrism) and another 0.4% to
Tibetan Buddhism. In addition, 38% of the population declares to be "
spiritual but not religious
"Spiritual but not religious" (SBNR), also known as "spiritual but not affiliated" (SBNA), is a popular phrase and initialism used to self-identify a life stance of spirituality that does not regard organized religion as the sole or most valuable ...
", 16% is
atheist
Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...
, and 2.6% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.
Economy
The main industries in the republic are coal mining, ore mining, and timber.
Transport
The road network is most developed around the major cities of the centre, west, and southwest.
Federal highway R-257 runs through Khakassia. Other major highways include the regional highway A161 south from R-257 in Abakan along the Abakan valley to Abaza and across the mountains to Ak-Dovurak (Tuva). The most developed sections of roads are Abakan -
Sayanogorsk, Abakan - Beya, Abakan - Abaza, Abakan - Sorsk, Bograd - Shira - Kopyevo, and Kopyevo - Priiskovy.
Roads to other smaller settlements are mainly dirt roads, although they are currently being replaced with a hard surface.
663 km of railways, electrified from Abakan to Kaltas. Other non-electrified sections are Tigey - Kopievo, Askiz - Abaza, Biskamzha - Toya.
The section of the Tigey-Kopyёvo railway and further to Uzhur, Achinsk connects two railway arteries: the Trans-Siberian Railway and Yuzhsib (South-Siberian: Taishet - Abakan - Novokuznetsk - Artyshta - Barnaul - Kulunda - Pavlodar - Astana - Tobol - Kartaly - Magnitogorsk). In addition to Abakan, the central station is Biskamzha. The city of Sayanogorsk is connected to the railway network through the station Kamyshta.
Airports: Abakan International Airport has regular flights to Moscow, Norilsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, and Krasnoyarsk.
Sports
Sayany-KhakassiaOfficial home page
/ref> has been playing in the highest division of Russian bandy
Bandy is a winter sport and ball sport played by two teams wearing ice skates on a large ice surface (either indoors or outdoors) while using sticks to direct a ball into the opposing team's goal. The international governing body for bandy is ...
, the Russian Bandy Super League, for a long time, but was relegated after the 2012–13 season. Now they play in the 2nd highest division.
Views of Khakassia
File:View of Khakassia.jpg, A view in Khakassia.
File:Abakan08.jpg, A megalith near the village of Safronov, Khakassia.
File:Sunset in Khakassia.jpg, Sunset near the town of Askiz, Khakassia.
File:Rapeseed field in Khakassia 1.jpg, Rapeseed field in Khakassia.
File:Река Белый Июс.jpg, Bely Iyus river.
See also
* List of Chairmen of the Supreme Council of Khakassia
* Music in Khakassia
Khakassia is a region in Russia. The Khakas people are Turkic, and their culture, including music, has some similarities to the culture of Tuva, a neighboring region in Central Asia. Like Tuva, throat-singing is practiced in Khakassia, often a ...
* Altai-Sayan region
The Altai-Sayan region is an area of Inner Asia proximate to the Altai Mountains and the Sayan Mountains, near to where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together. This region is one of the world centers of temperate plant diversity. Its ...
References
Notes
Sources
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*
*
{{Use mdy dates, date=December 2014
Central Asia
Russian-speaking countries and territories
States and territories established in 1991
Observer members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture