The Junkers Ju 86 was a

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

monoplane A monoplane is a fixed-wing aircraft configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a biplane or other types of multiplanes, which have multiple planes. A monoplane has inherently the highest efficiency and lowest drag of any wing con ...

bomber A bomber is a military combat aircraft designed to attack ground and naval targets by dropping air-to-ground weaponry (such as bombs), launching torpedoes, or deploying air-launched cruise missiles. The first use of bombs dropped from an air ...

and civilian

airliner An airliner is a type of aircraft for transporting passengers and air cargo. Such aircraft are most often operated by airlines. Although the definition of an airliner can vary from country to country, an airliner is typically defined as an ai ...

designed in the early 1930s, and employed by various air forces on both sides during

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

. The civilian model Ju 86B could carry ten passengers. Two were delivered to

Swissair Swissair AG/ S.A. (German: Schweizerische Luftverkehr-AG; French: S.A. Suisse pour la Navigation Aérienne) was the national airline of Switzerland between its founding in 1931 and bankruptcy in 2002. It was formed from a merger between Bal ...

and five to

Deutsche Luft Hansa ''Deutsche Luft Hansa A.G.'' (from 1933 styled as ''Deutsche Lufthansa'' and also known as ''Luft Hansa'', ''Lufthansa'', or DLH) was a German airline, serving as flag carrier of the country during the later years of the Weimar Republic and t ...

. In addition a single civilian Ju 86Z was delivered to Sweden's

AB Aerotransport AB Aerotransport (ABA) was a Swedish government-owned airline which operated during the first half of the 20th century and was merged into what would become the SAS Group. ABA was established on 27 March 1924 under the name Aktiebolaget Aerotr ...

Design and development

In 1934, a specification for a modern twin-engined aircraft, capable of operating both as a high-speed airliner for the German airline Luft Hansa and as a medium bomber for the nascent

Luftwaffe The ''Luftwaffe'' () was the aerial-warfare branch of the German '' Wehrmacht'' before and during World War II. Germany's military air arms during World War I, the '' Luftstreitkräfte'' of the Imperial Army and the '' Marine-Fliegerabt ...

, was issued to both

Junkers Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG (JFM, earlier JCO or JKO in World War I, English: Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works) more commonly Junkers , was a major German aircraft and aircraft engine manufacturer. It was founded there in Dessau, Ge ...

and

Heinkel Heinkel Flugzeugwerke () was a German aircraft manufacturing company founded by and named after Ernst Heinkel. It is noted for producing bomber aircraft for the Luftwaffe in World War II and for important contributions to high-speed flight, with ...

. Five prototypes were ordered from each company; the Junkers Ju 86 and

Heinkel He 111 The Heinkel He 111 is a German airliner and bomber designed by Siegfried and Walter Günter at Heinkel Flugzeugwerke in 1934. Through development, it was described as a " wolf in sheep's clothing". Due to restrictions placed on Germany after t ...

.Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 15. Junkers' design was a low-winged twin-engined

, of all-metal

stressed skin In mechanical engineering, stressed skin is a type of rigid construction, intermediate between monocoque and a rigid frame with a non-loaded covering. A stressed skin structure has its compression-taking elements localized and its tension-taking ...

construction. Unlike most of Junkers' previous designs, it discarded the typical corrugated skinning in favour of smooth metal skinning which helped to reduce drag. The craft was fitted with a narrow track retractable-main gear

conventional undercarriage Conventional landing gear, or tailwheel-type landing gear, is an aircraft undercarriage consisting of two main wheels forward of the center of gravity and a small wheel or skid to support the tail.Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Term ...

with a fixed

tailwheel Conventional landing gear, or tailwheel-type landing gear, is an aircraft undercarriage consisting of two main wheels forward of the center of gravity and a small wheel or skid to support the tail.Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Term ...

, and twin fins and rudders. It was intended to be powered by

Junkers Jumo 205 The Jumo 205 aircraft engine was the most famous of a series of aircraft diesel engines produced by Junkers. The Jumo 204 first entered service in 1932. Later engines of this type comprised the experimental Jumo 206 and Jumo 208, with the Jumo 2 ...

diesel engine The diesel engine, named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression; thus, the diesel engine is a so-cal ...

s, which although heavy, gave better fuel consumption than conventional petrol engines.Smith and Kay 1972, pp. 370–371. Bundesarchiv Bild 141-2401, Flugzeug Junkers Ju 86

Bundesarchiv Bild 141-2401, Flugzeug Junkers Ju 86

The design featured the distinctive Junkers ''doppelflügel'' control surfaces on the wing, similar to those on the

Junkers Ju 52 The Junkers Ju 52/3m (nicknamed ''Tante Ju'' ("Aunt Ju") and ''Iron Annie'') is a transport aircraft that was designed and manufactured by German aviation company Junkers. Development of the Ju 52 commenced during 1930, headed by German aero ...

. These were hinged below the wing's trailing edge, with the outboard section on each side functioning as an

aileron An aileron (French for "little wing" or "fin") is a hinged flight control surface usually forming part of the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. Ailerons are used in pairs to control the aircraft in roll (or movement around ...

, and the inner section functioning as a

wing flap A flap is a high-lift device used to reduce the stalling speed of an aircraft wing at a given weight. Flaps are usually mounted on the wing trailing edges of a fixed-wing aircraft. Flaps are used to reduce the take-off distance and the landing ...

. The bomber aircraft had a crew of four; a pilot, navigator, radio operator/ bombardier and gunner. Defensive armament consisted of three machine guns, situated at the nose; at a dorsal position; and within a retractable ventral position. Bombs were carried vertically in four fuselage cells behind the cockpit.Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 18. The airliner version replaced the bomb cells with seating for ten passengers, with fuel tanks being moved from the fuselage to the wings. Jumo 205s were unavailable when the first prototype airframe was completed. Instead, the bomber-configured Ju 86ab1 was fitted with Siemens SAM 22

radial engine The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel. It resembles a stylized star when viewed from the front, and is ...

s and flew for the first time on 4 November 1934. The second prototype, also a bomber, flew in January 1935. The third Ju 86, the first civil prototype, flew on 4 April 1935.Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 17. Production of pre-series military and civil aircraft started in late 1935, with full production of the Ju 86A-1 bomber commencing in April 1936. Production quickly switched to the improved Ju 86D with a modified tail cone to improve stability.Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 19. Early use of the Jumo-powered Ju 86 bomber in the

Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlism, Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebeli ...

showed that it was inferior to the He 111, with the diesel engines being unsuitable for rough treatment during combat;Dressel and Griel 1994, p.22. and production plans were cut back. One Ju 86 had already been converted to use radial engines as a testbed for possible export versions, and this showed improved reliability. Production switched to a version powered by the

BMW 132 The BMW 132 was a nine-cylinder radial aircraft engine produced by BMW starting in 1933. Design and development BMW took over a license for manufacturing air-cooled radial engines from Pratt & Whitney on 3 January 1928. The nine-cylinder mode ...

engine, the Ju 86E, with production continuing until 1938.Green and Swanborough 1982, pp. 27–28. Ju-86K-2 pecs

Civil variants, introduced in 1936, were designated Ju 86Z in three different models differing in their engines. The Jumo-engined Ju 86Z-1 (corresponding to the former B-0 or C-1) was sold to Swissair (one), Airlines of Australia (one), and LAN-Chile (three). The BMW 132H-powered Ju 86Z-2 was sold to DLH (two) and the para-military Manchukuo Air Transport (five or more). The

Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet The Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet was a widely used American aircraft engine. Developed by Pratt & Whitney, 2,944 were produced from 1926 through 1942. It first flew in 1927. It was a single-row, 9-cylinder air-cooled radial design. Displacemen ...

-engined Ju 86Z-7 was delivered to

(ABA) of Sweden (one, for use as a mail carrier),

Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano S.A.M. (abbreviated LAB and internationally known as LAB Airlines), was the flag carrier and principal airline of Bolivia from 1925 until it ceased operations in 2010. Before its demise it was headquartered in Cochabamba ...

(three), and

South African Airways South African Airways (SAA) is the flag carrier airline of South Africa. Founded in 1934, the airline is headquartered in Airways Park at O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg and operated a hub-and-spoke network, serving ten dest ...

- SAA - (17). The ABA aircraft was later transferred to the

Swedish Air Force The Swedish Air Force ( sv, Svenska flygvapnet or just ) is the air force branch of the Swedish Armed Forces. History The Swedish Air Force was created on 1 July, 1926 when the aircraft units of the Army and Navy were merged. Because of the e ...

, with which it served, under the designation Tp 9, until 1958. South African Airways' original intention was to have its Ju 86s powered by 745 hp

Rolls-Royce Kestrel The Kestrel or type F is a 21 litre (1,300 in³) 700 horsepower (520 kW) class V-12 aircraft engine from Rolls-Royce, their first cast-block engine and the pattern for most of their future piston-engine designs. Used during the interwar ...

s. Six aircraft for SAA, flown with these engines, were refitted with Hornets before delivery, and the remainder were also Hornet-powered. The Ju 86K was an export model, also built under license in Sweden by Saab as the B 3 with (905 hp)

Bristol Mercury The Bristol Mercury is a British nine-cylinder, air-cooled, single-row, piston radial engine. Designed by Roy Fedden of the Bristol Aeroplane Company it was used to power both civil and military aircraft of the 1930s and 1940s. Developed from ...

XIX

s. Several aircraft remained in service with the

until 1958."B 3 - Junkers Ju 86K (1936-1958)."
''Avrosys.nu''. Retrieved: 23 July 2009. A few were converted for radio interception activities.

Operational history

Junkers Ju 86P high altitude reconnaissance plane c1940

The bomber was field-tested in the

by the

Condor Legion The Condor Legion (german: Legion Condor) was a unit composed of military personnel from the air force and army of Nazi Germany, which served with the Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War of July 1936 to March 1939. The Condor Legio ...

. Four Ju 86D-1s arrived in Spain in early February 1937, but after a few sorties one of them was shot down in late February–early March 1937 by Republican fighters. A replacement aircraft was sent from Germany, but after two more were damaged in landing accidents, the remaining two aircraft were sold to the Nationalist air force, remaining in service until at least the end of the Civil War. The Ju 86 had proved to be generally inferior to the

evaluated at the same time.Green and Swanborough 1982, pp. 20–21. A single ''Gruppe'' of Ju 86 bombers ( III KG 1) remained in operational service at the start of the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposi ...

and were used in the

1939 invasion of Poland The invasion of Poland (1 September – 6 October 1939) was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union which marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week afte ...

, but replaced soon after. The diesel-engined Ju 86A and Ds were retired, while the radial-engined Ju 86E and Gs were transferred to bomber training schools.Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 28. In late 1942, available aircraft, including Ju 86s, were pulled out of the training schools to reinforce the ''Luftwaffe''s transport force in its attempt to supply the German 6th Army, besieged at Stalingrad. The Ju 86s formed two transport ''Gruppen'', equipped with 58 aircraft, operating out of Tatsinskaya Airfield. They were unsuited to the transport role, and suffered heavy losses (42 Ju 86s were lost by the end of January 1943) before being forced out of the airlift when the Soviets captured Tatsinskaya, not having the range to reach Stalingrad from the replacement airfields. The survivors returned to the training role. In January 1940, the ''Luftwaffe'' tested the

prototype A prototype is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process. It is a term used in a variety of contexts, including semantics, design, electronics, and software programming. A prototype is generally used to ...

Ju 86P with a longer

wingspan The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the other wingtip. For example, the Boeing 777–200 has a wingspan of , and a wandering albatross (''Diomedea exulans'') caught in 1965 had a wingspan o ...

pressurized {{Wiktionary Pressurization or pressurisation is the application of pressure in a given situation or environment. Industrial Industrial equipment is often maintained at pressures above or below atmospheric. Atmospheric This is the process b ...

cabin, Junkers Jumo 207A-1 turbocharged two-stroke, opposed-piston diesel engines and a two-man crew. The Ju 86P could fly higher than 12,000 m (39,000 ft), where it was felt to be safe from enemy

fighters Fighter(s) or The Fighter(s) may refer to: Combat and warfare * Combatant, an individual legally entitled to engage in hostilities during an international armed conflict * Fighter aircraft, a warplane designed to destroy or damage enemy warplan ...

. The British

Westland Welkin The Westland Welkin was a British twin-engine heavy fighter from the Westland Aircraft Company, designed to fight at extremely high altitudes, in the stratosphere; the word ''welkin'' meaning "the vault of heaven" or the upper atmosphere. Firs ...

and Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9PD were developed specifically to counter this threat. The aircraft used on the Allied side in World War II were 17 early-model units that had been in use by

. When war broke out, the planes were militarised and armed as bombers with defensive guns and external bomb racks. These aircraft were initially used for coastal patrols along with the sole Ju 86K-1, playing an important role in the interception of the German

blockade runner A blockade runner is a merchant vessel used for evading a naval blockade of a port or strait. It is usually light and fast, using stealth and speed rather than confronting the blockaders in order to break the blockade. Blockade runners usua ...

SS ''Watussi'' in December 1939. In May 1940, they were used to re-equip No. 12 Squadron SAAF, which was deployed in the East African Campaign from June 1940. It flew its first bombing missions on 14 June 1940. As more modern aircraft became available, the South African Ju 86s were passed from squadron to squadron, seeing their last use with No. 22 Squadron SAAF, which used it along with the

Avro Anson The Avro Anson is a British twin-engined, multi-role aircraft built by the aircraft manufacturer Avro. Large numbers of the type served in a variety of roles for the Royal Air Force (RAF), Fleet Air Arm (FAA), Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) ...

in the coastal reconnaissance role, finally retiring its Ju 86s in September 1942. Hungary used its Ju 86s to bomb Slovakian airfields and defensive positions during the

Slovak–Hungarian War The Slovak–Hungarian War, or Little War ( hu, Kis háború, sk, Malá vojna), was a war fought from 23 March to 31 March 1939 between the First Slovak Republic and Hungary in eastern Slovakia. Prelude After the Munich Pact, which weakened C ...

in March 1939. From June 1941, Hungary's Ju 86s began to be replaced by Italian

Caproni Ca.135 The Caproni Ca.135 was an Italian medium bomber designed in Bergamo, Italy, Bergamo in Italy by Cesare Pallavicino. It flew for the first time in 1935, and entered service with the Peruvian Air Force in 1937, and with the ''Regia Aeronautica'' (I ...

bombers. An independent bomber squadron, equipped with a mix of Ju 86s and Ca 135s was deployed in support of the Hungarian

Gyorshadtest The ''Gyorshadtest'' (variously translated "Rapid Corps", "Fast Corps" or "Mobile Corps") was the most modern and best-equipped mechanized unit of the Royal Hungarian Army (''Magyar Királyi Honvédség'') at the beginning of World War II. Howeve ...

(or Fast Corps) during the German-led invasion of the Soviet Union, but the Ju 86 was withdrawn from front line service by Hungary during 1942. Satisfied with the trials of the new Ju 86P prototype, the ''Luftwaffe'' ordered that some 40 older-model bombers be converted to Ju 86P-1 high-

altitude Altitude or height (also sometimes known as depth) is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The exact definition and reference datum varies according to the context ...

bombers and Ju 86P-2 photo-

reconnaissance aircraft A reconnaissance aircraft (colloquially, a spy plane) is a military aircraft designed or adapted to perform aerial reconnaissance with roles including collection of imagery intelligence (including using photography), signals intelligence, as ...

, with pressurized fuselage, no armament, and a crew of two. Those operated successfully for some years over Britain, the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...

and North Africa. During early 1941 the reconnaissance version flew sorties over Britain, but these stopped when Hitler invaded Russia (

Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa (german: link=no, Unternehmen Barbarossa; ) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during the Second World War. The operation, code-named afte ...

). By mid-1942 the pressurized bomber version was available, and flew about a dozen nuisance raids over southern England. After the RAF mounted a special interception squadron using modified Spitfire Mk IXs, and one bomber attempting a raid on Portsmouth was intercepted on 12 September 1942, no further flights over England were attempted. In August 1942, a modified Supermarine Spitfire V shot one down over Egypt at an altitude of some 14,500 m (49,000 ft); when two more were lost, Ju 86Ps were withdrawn from service in 1943. Junkers developed the Ju 86R for the ''Luftwaffe'', using larger wings and new engines capable of even higher altitudes - up to 16,000 m (52,500 ft) - but production was limited to prototypes.

Surviving aircraft

Only one Junkers Ju 86 is known to exist today. The aircraft was built in Germany and sold to Sweden in 1938. Before it was retired from Swedish service in 1958, the aircraft was used in the 1955 movie ''

Des Teufels General ''The Devil's General'' (german: Des Teufels General) is a 1955 black and white West German film based on the play of the same title by Carl Zuckmayer. The film features Curd Jürgens as General Harras, Marianne Koch, Viktor de Kowa, Karl John ...

''. It is on permanent static display at the Swedish Air Force Museum near

Linköping Linköping () is a city in southern Sweden, with around 105,000 inhabitants as of 2021. It is the seat of Linköping Municipality and the capital of Östergötland County. Linköping is also the episcopal see of the Diocese of Linköping (Church ...

Variants

;Ju 86abl :First bomber prototype. ;Ju 86bal :Second transport prototype. ;Ju 86cb :Third bomber prototype. ;Ju 86V4 :Prototype for the Ju 86B commercial transport aircraft. ;Ju 86V5 :Prototype for the Ju 86A bomber aircraft. ;Ju 86A-0 :13 pre-production bomber aircraft. ;Ju 86A-1 :Initial bomber version. ;Ju 86B-0 :Seven pre-production transport aircraft. ;Ju 86C-1 :Six transport aircraft for Deutsche Luft Hansa, powered by two

C diesel engines. ;Ju 86D-1 :Bomber version. ;Ju 86E-1 :Bomber version for the ''Luftwaffe'', powered by two BMW 132F radial engines. ;Ju 86E-2 :Powered by two BMW 132N radials. Bundesarchiv Bild 141-2402, Flugzeug Junkers Ju 86

Bundesarchiv Bild 141-2402, Flugzeug Junkers Ju 86

;Ju 86G-1 :Fitted with a round glass nose. ;Ju 86E-2 :Uprated version of the Ju 86E-1. ;Ju 86K-1 :Export version for South Africa and Sweden. ;Ju 86K-2 :Export version for Hungary. ;Ju 86K-4 :Export version for Sweden, similar to the Ju 86K-1, but fitted with two

Bristol Pegasus The Bristol Pegasus is a British nine-cylinder, single-row, air-cooled radial aero engine. Designed by Roy Fedden of the Bristol Aeroplane Company, it was used to power both civil and military aircraft of the 1930s and 1940s. Developed from t ...

III radials. ;Ju 86K-5 :Swedish-built bomber aircraft, powered by two Swedish-built Bristol Pegasus XII radials. ;Ju 86K-6 :Export version for Chile ;Ju 86K-7 :Export version for Austria and Portugal with BMW 132 radials. ;Ju 86K-13 :Swedish-built bomber aircraft, fitted with Swedish or Polish-built Pegasus engines. ;Ju 86P-1 :High-altitude bomber version, fitted with two Jumo 207 diesel engines and with

turbocharger In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (often called a turbo) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to pro ...

s. ;Ju 86P-2 :High-altitude photo reconnaissance version, still equipped for bombing. Same engines as P-1. ;Ju 86R-1 :High-altitude photo reconnaissance version. Retained Jumo 207 engines. ;Ju 86R-2 :High-altitude bomber version. ;Ju 86R-3 :Powered by two Jumo 208 engines. ;Ju 86Z series :Civil export models ;Ju 186 :Proposed four-engined high-altitude bomber aircraft. Not built. ;Ju 286 :Proposed six-engined high-altitude bomber aircraft. Not built. ;K 85 :Proposed torpedo bomber version for the Swedish Air Force.

Operators

Military operators

;Austria *

Austrian Air Force The Austrian Air Force (german: Österreichische Luftstreitkräfte, , Austrian Air Combat Force) is a component part of the Austrian Armed Forces. History The Austrian Air Force in its current form was created in May 1955 by the victorious A ...

;Bolivia *

Bolivian Air Force The Bolivian Air Force ( es, Fuerza Aérea Boliviana or 'FAB') is the air force of Bolivia and branch of the Bolivian Armed Forces. History By 1938 the Bolivian air force consisted of about 60 aircraft (Curtiss Hawk fighters, Curtiss T-32 Co ...

;Chile *

Chilean Air Force "With full speed to the stars" , colours = Indigo White , colours_label = , march = Alte Kameraden , mascot = , anniversaries = 21 March ...

;Germany *''

'' ;Hungary *

Royal Hungarian Air Force The Hungarian Air Force ( hu, Magyar Légierő), is the air force branch of the Hungarian Defence Forces. The task of the current Hungarian Air Force is primarily defensive purposes. The flying units of the air force are organised into a single ...

;Portugal *

Portuguese Air Force , colours = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = 1 July , equipment = , equipment_label ...

;Romania * Romanian Air Force ;South Africa *

South African Air Force "Through hardships to the stars" , colours = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = , equipment ...

The SAAF operated 18 aircraft namely 17 Ju 86Z and one Ju 86K (from

). These aircraft were operated by 12 and 16 Squadron. ;Spain *

Spanish Air Force , colours = , colours_label = , march = Spanish Air and Space Force Anthem , mascot = , anniversaries = 10 December , equipment ...

;Sweden *

"T 3 - Junkers Ju 86K."
''Avrosys.nu''. Retrieved: 23 July 2009.

Civil operators

;Australia * Southern Airlines and Freighters of Australia ;Bolivia *

;Chile *

LAN Chile LATAM Airlines Chile (formerly LAN Airlines and LAN-Chile) is an airline based in Santiago, Chile, one of the founders of LATAM Airlines Group, Latin America's largest airline holding company. The main hub is Arturo Merino Benítez Internatio ...

;Germany *

Stroud 1966, p. 336. ;;Manchukuo (Manchuria) Ju86 Manchukuo Airways M-223

Manchukuo National Airways Manchuria Aviation Company(traditional Chinese/Kyūjitai: 滿洲航空株式會社; simplified Chinese: 满州航空株式会社; Shinjitai: 満州航空株式会社; Japanese Hepburn: ''Manshū Kōkū Kabushiki-gaisha, "MKKK"'') was the nation ...

Stroud 1966, pp. 337–338. ;South Africa *

Stroud 1966, pp. 336–337. ;Spanish State * Iberia Airlines ;Sweden *

Stroud 1966, p. 337. ;Switzerland *

Specifications (Ju 86 R-1)

Notes

Bibliography

* Bridgeman, Leonard. "The Junkers Ju 86P and Ju 86R." ''Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II''. London: Studio, 1946. . * Dressel, Joachim and Manfred Griehl. ''Bombers of the Luftwaffe''. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1994, . * * Green, William. ''War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Ten Bombers and Reconnaissance Aircraft''. London: Macdonald, 1968. * Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "Junkers Ju 86 ... The Dimorphus Dessauer". ''

Air Enthusiast ''Air Enthusiast'' was a British, bi-monthly, aviation magazine, published by the Key Publishing group. Initially begun in 1974 as ''Air Enthusiast Quarterly'', the magazine was conceived as a historical adjunct to ''Air International'' maga ...

'', Number Twenty, December 1982-March 1983, pp. 15–30. Bromley, UK: Pilot Press. * Hooton, E. R. ''War Over the Steppes: The Air Campaigns on the Eastern Front 1941–45''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2016. . * James, Derek N. ''Westland: A History''. Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing Ltd., 2002. . * Smith, J.R. and Antony L. Kay. ''German Aircraft of the Second World War'', London: Putnam, 1972. . * Stroud, John. ''European Transport Aircraft since 1910''. London: Putnam, 1966. * Sundgren, Anita. ''Flygvapenmuseum: The Swedish Air Force Museum.'' Linköping, Sweden: Edita Västra Aros AB, 2011. .

External links

Photo gallery of Junkers Ju 86K-4WW II German operating manual for Ju 86 G-1WW II German manual for Ju 86 P-1
{{Authority control 1930s German airliners 1930s German bomber aircraft 1940s German military reconnaissance aircraft World War II medium bombers of Germany Ju 086 Diesel-engined aircraft Low-wing aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1934 Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft