James Gay Sawkins (1806–July 20, 1878) was an artist, geologist, copper miner, and illustrator. He was a member of the

Geological Society of London The Geological Society of London, known commonly as the Geological Society, is a learned society based in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest national geological society in the world and the largest in Europe with more than 12,000 Fellows. Fe ...

who joined and led research during England's West Indian Geological Surveys of the islands of

Trinidad Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is often referred to as the southernmos ...

and

Jamaica Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...

. He also worked in the mining industries of Jamaica, Peru, Hawaii, and Australia. Circa 1849, Sawkins testified against Navy general Joseph Warren Revere in a

Naval Court of Inquiry Naval Board of Inquiry and Naval Court of Inquiry are two types of investigative court proceedings, conducted by the United States Navy in response to an event that adversely affects the performance, or reputation, of the fleet or one of its ship ...

due to Revere's possible affair with his wife, Octavia "Rosa" Sawkins.Naval Board of Inquiry, Case Number 1238, April 15, 1850. Available through

Morris County Park Commission The Morris County Park Commission (MCPC) is a board of commissioners that manages parks, facilities, and historic sites in Morris County, New Jersey. It is the largest county park system in New Jersey. Russel Myers was its first Secretary-Direct ...

's Fosterfields Joseph Warren Revere Documents in Subject Research Files. Afterwards, from 1859 to 1862, he worked under English naturalist

Lucas Barrett Lucas Barrett (14 November 1837 – 19 December 1862) was an English natural history, naturalist and geologist. He was the director of the Jamaican Geological Survey from 1859 to 1862. He was a young member of the Geological Society of London, Geo ...

on the Jamaican Geological Survey, which was part of England's geology research of the West Indies. After Barrett's untimely death in 1862, Sawkins took over as the leader of the research team. In 1950, geologist H. R. Hose claimed Sawkin's 1869 ''Reports on the Geology of Jamaica'' "form the basis of all subsequent work in Jamaica." For example, in 2021, Sawkins's 1869 research was used by wildlife ecologist Dr. Susan Koenig to persuade

NEPA The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is a United States environmental law that promotes the enhancement of the environment and established the President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). The law was enacted on January 1, 1970.Un ...

to protect the Jamaican

Cockpit Country Cockpit Country is an area in Trelawny and Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Ann, Manchester and the northern tip of Clarendon parishes in Jamaica. The land is marked by steep-sided hollows, as much as deep in places, which are separated ...

from

bauxite Bauxite is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. It is the world's main source of aluminium and gallium. Bauxite consists mostly of the aluminium minerals gibbsite (Al(OH)3), boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)) and diaspore (α-AlO(O ...

mining. In 2011,

Nicholas Mirzoeff Nicholas Mirzoeff is a visual culture theorist and professor in the Department of Media, Culture and Communication at New York University. He is best known for his work developing the field of visual culture and for his many books and his widely u ...

stated that "Sawkins's careful anthropological style...concentrated on observation rather than moral commentary." The

Honolulu Museum of Art The Honolulu Museum of Art (formerly the Honolulu Academy of Arts) is an art museum in Honolulu, Hawaii. The museum is the largest of its kind in the state, and was founded in 1922 by Anna Rice Cooke. The museum has one of the largest single col ...

, Mission House Museum (Honolulu, Hawaii) and the

National Library of Australia The National Library of Australia (NLA), formerly the Commonwealth National Library and Commonwealth Parliament Library, is the largest reference library in Australia, responsible under the terms of the ''National Library Act 1960'' for "mainta ...

(Canberra) are among the public collections holding works by James Gay Sawkins.

Personal life

Sawkins was born in 1806 in

Southampton Southampton () is a port city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire in southern England. It is located approximately south-west of London and west of Portsmouth. The city forms part of the South Hampshire built-up area, which also covers Po ...

, England. He was a native of

Yeovil Yeovil ( ) is a town and civil parishes in England, civil parish in the district of South Somerset, England. The population of Yeovil at the last census (2011) was 45,784. More recent estimates show a population of 48,564. It is close to Somer ...

, a town in

Somerset, England ( en, All The People of Somerset) , locator_map = , coordinates = , region = South West England , established_date = Ancient , established_by = , preceded_by = , origin = , lord_lieutenant_office =Lord Lieutenant of Somerset , lord_ ...

. At the age of 14, he moved to

Baltimore, Maryland Baltimore ( , locally: or ) is the List of municipalities in Maryland, most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland, fourth most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic, and List of United States cities by popula ...

with his family, where he made his living painting miniature portraits on ivory. He achieved a professorship of drawing at an unspecified Virginia college. In his youth, he travelled to "regions west of the Mississippi," which had only been acquired by the U.S. in 1803. He briefly lived in New Orleans, Louisiana. He visited Hawaii from January, 1850 to June, 1852. After working in Australia, he returned to England in 1855. At the age of 18, Sawkins married an unidentified woman of 35 years. The couple had two daughters. However, she died some time before 1849. Nevertheless, this marriage would later complicate his allegations against Revere. Some time before 1849, Sawkins married Octavia "Rosa" Sawkins, a British teacher from

Nassau, New Providence Nassau ( ) is the capital city, capital and largest city of the Bahamas. With a population of 274,400 as of 2016, or just over 70% of the entire population of the Bahamas, Nassau is commonly defined as a primate city, dwarfing all other towns in ...

. The couple exhibited unusual behavior which bordered on psychological abuse.

Gold rush A gold rush or gold fever is a discovery of gold—sometimes accompanied by other precious metals and rare-earth minerals—that brings an onrush of miners seeking their fortune. Major gold rushes took place in the 19th century in Australia, New Z ...

hopeful Andrew S. Church described his candid 1849 observation of the Sawkins couple in his 1901 ''Memoirs:''

twas evident that an angry discussion was under way, as the shrieking treble would not be silenced at the command of one we took to be an Englishman... osawas weeping and pleading "to go back home" while the man was swinging his arms and explaining excitedly, "My God, it is impossible, it cannot be." Soon the lady rushed out of the modern rocking-chair in which she had been performing antics worthy of a circus, and ran into the adobe building where we heard a door slam and a bolt snap. Then the man
ames Ames may refer to: Places United States * Ames, Arkansas, a place in Arkansas * Ames, Colorado * Ames, Illinois * Ames, Indiana * Ames, Iowa, the most populous city bearing this name * Ames, Kansas * Ames, Nebraska * Ames, New York * Ames, Ok ...
noticed us, saying, "How do you do, Gentlemen, are you from the city?"

The above occurred in November 1849. Church describes Rosa Sawkins as "young lady" with a "surly companion," claiming "

ames Ames may refer to: Places United States * Ames, Arkansas, a place in Arkansas * Ames, Colorado * Ames, Illinois * Ames, Indiana * Ames, Iowa, the most populous city bearing this name * Ames, Kansas * Ames, Nebraska * Ames, New York * Ames, Ok ...

Sawkins appeared little inclined to allow any comradeship with his wife" including objecting to Church's attempt to offer her his overcoat during a windy boat ride. On March 27, 1855, Sawkins married Mary Hussey Brodie, daughter of

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

Whig politician William Bird Brodie.

Career

Illustrations

From 1830 to 1835, Sawkins lived in Mexico, earning his wealth as a painter while researching mineral resources of the country. After briefly living in New Orleans, Sawkins lived in Cuba from 1835 to 1845, where he made living from art commissions as well as mineral operations. In 1837, Sawkins created various scenic and architectural illustrations of Mitla, Mexico for historian

Brantz Mayer Brantz Mayer (September 27, 1809 - February 23, 1879) was an American author, lawyer, and historian. In 1844, he founded the Maryland Historical Society, which is today the oldest cultural institution in the U.S. state of Maryland. Early life B ...

's nonfiction book, ''Observations on Mexican History and Archaeology, With a Special Notice of Zapotec Remains''. The book was published by Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in June 1856.Mitla Mitla is the second-most important archeological site in the state of Oaxaca in Mexico, and the most important of the Zapotec culture. The site is located 44 km from the city of Oaxaca, in the upper end of the Tlacolula Valley, one of the ...

Geology

he likely learned through autonomous research and running various mineral operations in Cuba and Peru. The 1848 announcement of gold in California led him to move to the state the same year, representing a Peruvian mining corporation. Shortly afterward, he organized a Naval Court of Inquiry against Revere, one of his tenants. His gold rush undertaking failed, and he subsequently became a mine inspector in

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only stat ...

and

Queensland, Australia ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , established_ ...

. In 1854, Sawkins visited the island of

Tongatapu Tongatapu is the main island of Tonga and the site of its capital, Nukualofa. It is located in Tonga's southern island group, to which it gives its name, and is the country's most populous island, with 74,611 residents (2016), 70.5% of the nation ...

to examine the damage caused by an earthquake. During this time, he created a portrait of Tongatapu "Queen Charlotte," a.k.a. Sālote Lupepauʻu. In 1857, the

Colonial Office The Colonial Office was a government department of the Kingdom of Great Britain and later of the United Kingdom, first created to deal with the colonial affairs of British North America but required also to oversee the increasing number of col ...

in London set up the West Indian Geological Survey, a geology research team. The first area of interest was the island of

. The Director of the group was George Parks Wall, assisted by James Gay Sawkins, an American working as a copper miner in Jamaica. Wall resigned in 1859 following the completion of the Trinidad research. Sawkins must still have been interested, as he signed up for the next archaeological survey: Jamaica. The group would be led by 22-year-old English geologist

. On April first, 1859, James G. Sawkins and his wife Octavia "Rosa" Sawkins arrived at St. Thomas, Jamaica via a

mail steamer Packet boats were medium-sized boats designed for domestic mail, passenger, and freight transportation in European countries and in North American rivers and canals, some of them steam driven. They were used extensively during the 18th and 19th ...

; they had sailed from the

Port-of-Spain Port of Spain (Spanish: ''Puerto España''), officially the City of Port of Spain (also stylized Port-of-Spain), is the capital of Trinidad and Tobago and the third largest municipality, after Chaguanas and San Fernando. The city has a municip ...

Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago (, ), officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous much smaller islands, it is situated south of ...

. Sawkins brought scientific instruments used in his geological survey of Trinidad. Here, they met Alice Maria Barrett and her husband

, the leader of the geological expedition. During this meeting, Sawkins learned he would not receive sufficient pay. Upon arriving in

Kingston, Jamaica Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica, located on the southeastern coast of the island. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects the town of Port Royal and the Norman Manley Inter ...

on April fifth, Sawkins arranged a meeting with

John Peter Grant Sir John Peter Grant, GCMG, KCB, (28 November 1807 – 6 January 1893), was a British colonial administrator who served as Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal (1859–1862) and as Governor of Jamaica. Life John Peter Grant was born in London on 28 ...

, then colonial

governor of Jamaica This is a list of viceroys in Jamaica from its initial occupation by Spain in 1509, to its independence from the United Kingdom in 1962. For a list of viceroys after independence, see Governor-General of Jamaica. For context, see History of Jamai ...

. After Barrett wrote a persuasive letter to statesman

Edward Bulwer-Lytton Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton, PC (25 May 180318 January 1873) was an English writer and politician. He served as a Whig member of Parliament from 1831 to 1841 and a Conservative from 1851 to 1866. He was Secret ...

asking to increase Sawkins's pay so he would not resign, Sawkins's pay was increased and he remained on the project. In 1859, Sawkins and C. B. Brown found gold in specimens of

copper carbonate Copper carbonate may refer to : ;Copper (II) compounds and minerals * Copper(II) carbonate proper, (neutral copper carbonate): a rarely seen moisture-sensitive compound. * Basic copper carbonate (the "copper carbonate" of commerce), actually a cop ...

at the Stamford Hill or Charing Cross Mines north-east of

May Pen, Jamaica May Pen is the capital and largest town in the parish of Clarendon Parish, Jamaica, Clarendon in Middlesex County, Jamaica, Middlesex County, Jamaica. It is located on the Rio Minho river (Jamaica's longest), and is a major market centre for th ...

. In 1860, G. P. Wall published ''Report on the geology of Trinidad; or, Part I. of the West Indian survey,'' compiled by himself and Sawkins. The results were not satisfactory to British geologist Roderick Murchison. As a result, Murchison refused to elect the leader of the next survey, which indirectly meant he would not promote Sawkins. Paleontologist Stephen Donovan claims, "It is perhaps inevitable that Sawkins should feel some disappointment, a sense of frustration, perhaps bitterness against the authorities who had failed to promote him, and had put a very young man ucas Barrettover him." In 1869, Sawkins published ''Reports on the Geology of Jamaica'' which sets out a definitive map and results of the new group's 1859–1869 research. The decade's research was conducted by Sawkins, G. P. Wall,

, Arthur Lennox, and C. B. Brown. On April 12, 1869, Roderick I. Murchison succinctly described Barrett's and Sawkins's leadership:

Mr. Lucas Barrett, a young palæontologist of merit, was appointed to the vacant place, and he, in conjunction with Mr. Sawkins, had made considerable progress in a brief period, particularly by correlating the organic remains of the Jamaica limestones with their congeners in Europe, when unfortunately he was drowned whilst searching in a diving bell for marine remains beneath the sea. Mr. Sawkins then became the Director of the Survey, aided for a short time by Mr. Arthur Lennox, who, having soon retired from ill health, was replaced by Mr. Brown, the present associate of Mr. Sawkins in preparing this volume with its maps and diagrams.

In 1871, he published ''Geological Observations of

British Guiana British Guiana was a British colony, part of the mainland British West Indies, which resides on the northern coast of South America. Since 1966 it has been known as the independent nation of Guyana. The first European to encounter Guiana was S ...

'' (today known as

Guyana Guyana ( or ), officially the Cooperative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America. Guyana is an indigenous word which means "Land of Many Waters". The capital city is Georgetown. Guyana is bordered by the ...

) in the ''Quarterly Journal of the

.'' At this time, he retired to London, England.

Allegations against Revere

Circa 1849, Sawkins housed various renters at his home in

San Rafael, California San Rafael ( ; Spanish language, Spanish for "Raphael (archangel), St. Raphael", ) is a city and the county seat of Marin County, California, Marin County, California, United States. The city is located in the North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area), ...

, including

gold rush A gold rush or gold fever is a discovery of gold—sometimes accompanied by other precious metals and rare-earth minerals—that brings an onrush of miners seeking their fortune. Major gold rushes took place in the 19th century in Australia, New Z ...

hopefuls such as Andrew S. Church. One of Sawkins's tenants was Joseph Warren Revere, a Navy general and the grandson of Paul Revere. After a series of incidents which he later testified, James Sawkins suspected that Rosa Sawkins and Revere had entered into an affair. He assembled a

Naval Board of Inquiry Naval Board of Inquiry and Naval Court of Inquiry are two types of investigative court proceedings, conducted by the United States Navy in response to an event that adversely affects the performance, or reputation, of the fleet or one of its shi ...

composed of officer

James Glynn James Glynn (1800–1871) was a U.S. Navy officer who in 1848 distinguished himself by being the first American to negotiate successfully with the Japanese during the " Closed Country" period. James Glynn entered the United States Navy on March 4 ...

, officer Charles W. Pickering, and judge William E. Levy to convene on the USS ''Warren'' to "inquire into the truth of the serious allegations" against Revere. During the trial, witnesses described seeing Sawkins and Revere sitting together on a hammock, frequently meeting in Sawkins's room, and visiting the house of Chapita Miranda together (described during the court proceeding as "a house of ill fame," "an improper place"). On November 26, 1849, James Sawkins entered his home and greeted Revere with a handshake, noticing he was "trembling and cold." Sawkins testified:

Entering my wife's room, she was sitting in a rocking chair with her head inclined down. Putting my hand on her table I asked her what was the matter. That she received with an expression of countenance I never saw her before. "James, I am no longer your wife; don't come near me; don't touch me; hate me, for I hate you. I will never live with you again."

James said he ran to a nearby Mr. Murphy and asked what had happened. He claimed Mr. Murphy led him to the veranda and said, "Chloroform or some damnable drug has been given to your poor wife." When James found that the laudanum bottle in the medicine cabinet was empty, he asked his wife what became of it and she said she drank it, i.e.

attempted suicide A suicide attempt is an attempt to die by suicide that results in survival. It may be referred to as a "failed" or "unsuccessful" suicide attempt, though these terms are discouraged by mental health professionals for implying that a suicide resu ...

. James Sawkins "became alarmed for her mind," because he recalled her mother had also had some type of

psychosis Psychosis is a condition of the mind that results in difficulties determining what is real and what is not real. Symptoms may include delusions and hallucinations, among other features. Additional symptoms are incoherent speech and behavior ...

. The next morning, Rosa did not allow James to force her into her room, leading to a physical altercation in which both fell to the ground. Rosa left the home. James and Revere set out via horseback to find her, but did not succeed. They searched again at dawn. Three days later, James led a search party into the woods, where a

carman In Celtic mythology, Carman or Carmun was a warrior and sorceress from Athens who tried to invade Ireland in the days of the Tuatha Dé Danann, along with her three sons, Dub ("black"), Dother ("evil") and Dian ("violence"). She used her magica ...

informed James that Rosa had escaped to

Pacheco, California Pacheco is a census-designated place (CDP) in Contra Costa County, California. The population was 3,685 at the 2010 census. It is bounded by Martinez to the north and west, respectively; it is bounded by Concord to the east, and Pleasant Hi ...

. James brought Rosa back to the house and promised to get her a lawyer so that a divorce could be filed. The following day, James began to suspect that Rosa Sawkins and Revere had had an affair. Rosa asked James not to injure Revere, blaming herself for her actions and mental health. James Sawkins claimed that Rosa Sawkins said,

I gave myself up to Revere, what passed I scarcely know, but remorse was too great to bear. I flew to the Laudinum bottle and emptied it at one draught in the hopes of killing myself. Oh, that I had died, but now I love him; yes, James, to the bottom of my soul and I will live for him alone.

Rosa Sawkins was denied work as a teacher as a result of the case. In the end, Revere was charged with "having deprived Mr. James G. Sawkins of his wife," Rosa Sawkins. This led to his resignation; he was later Court-martialed for a different reason. Revere would go on to publish multiple pamphlets in an attempt to clear his name.

Death and legacy

Sawkins retired to London in 1871 after publishing his ''Geological Observations of

''. He died on July 20, 1878 in

Turnham Green Turnham Green is a public park on Chiswick High Road, Chiswick, London, and the neighbourhood and conservation area around it; historically, it was one of the four medieval villages in the Chiswick area, the others being Old Chiswick, Little S ...

London, England London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major s ...

. A brief biography was published in the ''Quarterly Journal of the

'' as well as

Frank Cundall Frank Cundall Fellow of The Society of Antiquaries of London, FSA, Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, FRHS, Member of the Order of the British Empire, OBE, (17 January 1858 – 15 November 1937) was an English art historian, editor and autho ...

's 1914 ''Catalogue of the Portraits in the Jamaica History Gallery of the

Institute of Jamaica The Institute of Jamaica (IOJ), founded in 1879, is the country's most significant cultural, artistic and scientific organisation:'' Cundall stated,

awkinsspent nearly fifty years wandering over the face of the earth and will be remembered for his "Reports on the Geology of Jamaica," published in 1869...The mineralogical specimens which he collected are in the museum of the Institute of Jamaica.''''

Gallery

File:James Gay Sawkins - Vista de la Plaza de San Francisco.jpg, View of the Plaza of

San Francisco San Francisco (; Spanish language, Spanish for "Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the List of Ca ...

, 19th century File:James Gay Sawkins, England, 1806-1878, Kailua-Kona with Hualalai, Hulihee Palace and Church, 1852.jpg,

Kailua-Kona Kailua-Kona is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hawaii County, Hawaii, United States. It is also known as Kailua (a name it shares with a community located on the windward side of Oahu), as Kona (a name it shares ...

with Hualalai, Hulihe'e Palace and Church, 1852 File:Lahaina, West Maui, Sandwich Islands, watercolor and pencil, by James Gay Sawkins (2).jpg, Natives on beach of

Lahaina, Hawaii Lahaina ( haw, Lāhainā) is the largest census-designated place (CDP) in West Maui, Maui County, Hawaii, United States and includes the Kaanapali and Kapalua beach resorts. As of the 2020 census, the CDP had a resident population of 12,702. La ...

, 1855 File:Lahaina, West Maui, Sandwich Islands, watercolor and pencil, by James Gay Sawkins (1).jpg,

landscape, 1855 File:A view in the crater of Kiluea, 1855, watercolour by James Gay Sawkins (1).jpg, A view in the center of Hawaiian volcano Kiluea, 1855 File:Jalapa, Mexico, 1858, watercolour by James Gay Sawkins.jpg, Jalapa, Mexico, 1858 File:The narrows, Demerara River, 1855, watercolour by James Gay Sawkins.jpg,

Demerara River The Demerara River is a river in eastern Guyana that rises in the central rainforests of the country and flows to the north for 346 kilometres until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. Georgetown, Guyana's largest seaport and capital, is situated o ...

, 1855 File:Cascade of lava near Hookaima, 1855, watercolour by James Gay Sawkins.jpg, Cascade of lava near Hoʻokena, Hawaii, 1855 File:Remains of an ancient gateway near Kolonya, Tongataho, 1853, watercolour by James Gay Sawkins.jpg, Remains of an ancient gateway near Kolonya, Tongataho, 1853 File:'Mrs Gerrit P. Judd and her Daughter Juliet Isabel', oil on canvas painting by James Gay Sawkins, 1850, Mission House Museum (Honolulu).jpg, Portrait of

Laura Fish Judd Laura Fish Judd (April 2, 1804October 2, 1872) was an American missionary, teacher and historian noted for her works on the Hawaiian Kingdom, Kingdom of Hawaii. In 1827, she married Gerrit P. Judd, an American missionary who was appointed adv ...

and her daughter Juliet Isabel, 1850 File:Kamehameha I, portrait by James Gay Sawkins.jpg, Posthumous portrait of

Kamehameha I Kamehameha I (; Kalani Paiea Wohi o Kaleikini Kealiikui Kamehameha o Iolani i Kaiwikapu kaui Ka Liholiho Kūnuiākea; – May 8 or 14, 1819), also known as Kamehameha the Great, was the conqueror and first ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii. T ...

, 1850 File:Cleaning the kalo, Sandwich Islands, 1852, watercolour by James Gay Sawkins.jpg, Cleaning the kalo, Hawaii, 1852 File:Queen Charlotte of Tongatabu, 1854, watercolour by James Gay Sawkins.jpg,

Queen Charlotte Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Sophia Charlotte; 19 May 1744 – 17 November 1818) was Queen of Great Britain and of Ireland as the wife of King George III from their marriage on 8 September 1761 until the union of the two kingdoms ...

of Tongatabu, 1854 File:A native of Tongatabu warrior, 1854, watercolour by James Gay Sawkins.jpg, Native

warrior, 1854

References

* Forbes, David W., "Encounters with Paradise: Views of Hawaii and its People, 1778-1941", Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1992, 89–147. * Sawkins, James Gay "A pictorial tour of Hawaii, 1850-1852: watercolors, paintings, & drawings by James Gay Sawkins, with an account of his life & travels", San Francisco, Book Club of California, 1991. {{DEFAULTSORT:Sawkins, James Gay 19th-century British painters British male painters People from Yeovil 1806 births 1878 deaths Painters from Hawaii 19th-century British male artists Geologists Illustrators History of Marin County, California Geology of Jamaica 19th century in Jamaica 19th century in Trinidad and Tobago 19th century in British Guiana Geological Society of London