Julio Florencio Cortázar (26 August 1914 – 12 February 1984; ) was an

Argentine Argentines, Argentinians or Argentineans are people from Argentina. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural. For most Argentines, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their ...

and naturalised French

novelist A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living wage, living writing novels and other fiction, while other ...

short story A short story is a piece of prose fiction. It can typically be read in a single sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a single effect or mood. The short story is one of the old ...

writer, poet,

essayist An essay ( ) is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of a Letter (message), letter, a term paper, paper, an article (publishing), article, a pamphlet, and a s ...

, and

translator Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between ''trans ...

. Known as one of the founders of the

Latin American Boom The Latin American Boom () was a literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s when the work of a group of relatively young Latin American novelists became widely circulated in Europe and throughout the world. The Boom is most closely associated with ...

, Cortázar influenced an entire generation of Spanish-speaking readers and writers in America and Europe. He is considered to be one of the most innovative and original authors of his time, a master of history, poetic prose, and short stories as well as the author of many groundbreaking novels, a prolific author who inaugurated a new way of making literature in the Hispanic world by breaking classical molds. He is perhaps best known as the author of multiple narratives that attempt to defy the temporal linearity of traditional literature. Cortázar lived his childhood, adolescence, and incipient maturity in Argentina. In 1951, he settled in France for what would prove to be more than three decades. However, he also lived in Italy, Spain, and Switzerland.

Early life

Julio Cortázar was born on 26 August 1914, in

Ixelles (French language, French, ) or (Dutch language, Dutch, ) is one of the List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium. Located to the south-east of Pentagon (Brussels), Brusse ...

,Cortázar sin barba, by Eduardo Montes-Bradley. Random House Mondadori, Editorial Debate, Madrid, 2004 a municipality of

Brussels Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) is a Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium#Regions, region of Belgium comprising #Municipalit ...

, Belgium. According to biographer Miguel Herráez, his parents, Julio José Cortázar and María Herminia Descotte, were Argentine citizens, and his father was attached to the Argentine diplomatic service in Belgium. At the time of Cortázar's birth, Belgium was occupied by the German troops of

Kaiser Kaiser ( ; ) is the title historically used by German and Austrian emperors. In German, the title in principle applies to rulers anywhere in the world above the rank of king (). In English, the word ''kaiser'' is mainly applied to the emperors ...

Wilhelm II Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 until Abdication of Wilhelm II, his abdication in 1918, which marked the end of the German Empire as well as th ...

. After German troops arrived in Belgium, Cortázar and his family moved to

Zürich Zurich (; ) is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich. , the municipality had 448,664 inhabitants. The ...

where María Herminia's parents, Victoria Gabel and Louis Descotte (a French national), were waiting in neutral territory. The family group spent the next two years in Switzerland, first in

, then

Geneva Geneva ( , ; ) ; ; . is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland and the most populous in French-speaking Romandy. Situated in the southwest of the country, where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the ca ...

, before moving for a short period to

Barcelona Barcelona ( ; ; ) is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second-most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within c ...

. The Cortázars settled outside of

Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, controlled by the government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Argentina. It is located on the southwest of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires is classified as an Alpha− glob ...

by the end of 1919. Cortázar's father left when Julio was six, and the family had no further contact with him. Cortázar spent most of his childhood in Banfield, a suburb south of Buenos Aires, with his mother and younger sister. The home in Banfield, with its backyard, was a source of inspiration for some of his stories. Despite this, in a letter to Graciela M. de Solá on 4 December 1963, he described this period of his life as "full of servitude, excessive touchiness, terrible and frequent sadness." He was a sickly child and spent much of his childhood in bed reading. His mother, who spoke several languages and was a great reader herself, introduced her son to the works of

Jules Verne Jules Gabriel Verne (;''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary''. ; 8 February 1828 – 24 March 1905) was a French novelist, poet and playwright. His collaboration with the publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel led to the creation of the ''Voyages extraor ...

, whom Cortázar admired for the rest of his life. In the magazine ''Plural'' (issue 44, Mexico City, May 1975) he wrote: "I spent my childhood in a haze full of goblins and elves, with a sense of space and time that was different from everybody else's".

Education and teaching career

Cortázar obtained a qualification as an elementary school teacher at the age of 18. He would later pursue higher education in

philosophy Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...

and

languages Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and signed forms, and may also be conveyed through writing. Human language is ch ...

at the

University of Buenos Aires The University of Buenos Aires (, UBA) is a public university, public research university in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is the second-oldest university in the country, and the largest university of the country by enrollment. Established in 1821 ...

Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, but left for financial reasons without receiving a degree. According to biographer Montes-Bradley, Cortázar taught in at least two high schools in Buenos Aires Province, one in the city of Chivilcoy, the other in Bolivar. In 1938, using the pseudonym of Julio Denis, he self-published a volume of

sonnet A sonnet is a fixed poetic form with a structure traditionally consisting of fourteen lines adhering to a set Rhyme scheme, rhyming scheme. The term derives from the Italian word ''sonetto'' (, from the Latin word ''sonus'', ). Originating in ...

s, ''Presencia.'' He later repudiated this work, saying in a 1977 interview for Spanish television that publishing it was his only transgression to the principle of not publishing any books until he was convinced that what was written in them was what he meant to say. In 1944, he became professor of

French literature French literature () generally speaking, is literature written in the French language, particularly by French people, French citizens; it may also refer to literature written by people living in France who speak traditional languages of Franc ...

at the National University of Cuyo in Mendoza, but owing to political pressure from Peronists, he resigned the position in June 1946. He subsequently worked as a translator and as director of the Cámara Argentina del Libro, a trade organization. In 1949, he published a play, ''Los Reyes'' (''The Kings''), based on the myth of

Theseus Theseus (, ; ) was a divine hero in Greek mythology, famous for slaying the Minotaur. The myths surrounding Theseus, his journeys, exploits, and friends, have provided material for storytelling throughout the ages. Theseus is sometimes desc ...

and the

Minotaur In Greek mythology, the Minotaur (, ''Mīnṓtauros''), also known as Asterion, is a mythical creature portrayed during classical antiquity with the head and tail of a bull and the body of a man or, as described by Roman poet Ovid, a being "par ...

. In 1980, Cortázar delivered eight lectures at the

University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California), is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Berkeley, California, United States. Founded in 1868 and named after t ...

Years in France

In 1951, Cortázar immigrated to France, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life, though he travelled widely. From 1952 onwards, he worked intermittently for

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and International secur ...

as a translator. He wrote most of his major works in Paris or in Saignon in the south of France, where he also maintained a home. In later years he became actively engaged in opposing abuses of human rights in Latin America, and was a supporter of the

Sandinista The Sandinista National Liberation Front (, FSLN) is a socialist political party in Nicaragua. Its members are called Sandinistas () in both English and Spanish. The party is named after Augusto César Sandino, who led the Nicaraguan resistan ...

revolution in

Nicaragua Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the geographically largest Sovereign state, country in Central America, comprising . With a population of 7,142,529 as of 2024, it is the third-most populous country in Central America aft ...

as well as

Fidel Castro Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban politician and revolutionary who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and President of Cuba, president ...

's Cuban revolution and

Salvador Allende Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens (26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean socialist politician who served as the 28th president of Chile from 1970 until Death of Salvador Allende, his death in 1973 Chilean coup d'état, 1973. As a ...

's socialist government in Chile. Cortázar had three long-term romantic relationships with women. The first was with Aurora Bernárdez, an Argentine translator, whom he married in 1953. They separated in 1968 when he became involved with the Lithuanian writer, editor, translator, and filmmaker Ugnė Karvelis, whom he never formally married, and who reportedly stimulated Cortázar's interest in politics, although his political sensibilities had already been awakened by a visit to Cuba in 1963, the first of multiple trips that he would make to that country throughout the remainder of his life. In 1981 he married Canadian writer Carol Dunlop. After Dunlop's death in 1982, Aurora Bernárdez accompanied Cortázar during his final illness and, in accordance with his longstanding wishes, inherited the rights to all his works.

Last years and death

In August 1981, he suffered a gastric hemorrhage; his life was miraculously saved, but this did not prevent him from continuing to write. President

François Mitterrand François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 19168 January 1996) was a French politician and statesman who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest holder of that position in the history of France. As a former First ...

granted him French nationality. In 1983, after the restoration of democracy in Argentina, Cortázar made one last trip to his homeland,where he was welcomed by his admirers, who would stop him in the street or ask for autographs, in contrast to the indifference of the authorities—President Raúl Alfonsín refused to see him. Cortázar died in Paris in 1984, and is interred in the

cimetière du Montparnasse Montparnasse Cemetery () is a cemetery in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris, in the city's 14th arrondissement. The cemetery is roughly 47 acres and is the second largest cemetery in Paris. The cemetery has over 35,000 graves, and approximately 1 ...

. The cause of his death was reported to be

leukemia Leukemia ( also spelled leukaemia; pronounced ) is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and produce high numbers of abnormal blood cells. These blood cells are not fully developed and are called ''blasts'' or '' ...

, though some sources state that he died from AIDS as a result of receiving a blood transfusion. Bruselas - Plazoleta frente casa natal Cortazar

Works

Julio Cortázar started writing in his earliest days at school. His first printed book was a collection of

s heavily influenced by

Stéphane Mallarmé Stéphane Mallarmé ( , ; ; 18 March 1842 – 9 September 1898), pen name of Étienne Mallarmé, was a French poet and critic. He was a major French Symbolist poet, and his work anticipated and inspired several revolutionary artistic schools o ...

called ''Presencia'' ("Presence"), published under the

pseudonym A pseudonym (; ) or alias () is a fictitious name that a person assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true meaning ( orthonym). This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individual's o ...

Julio Denis in 1938. He also published a few stories using the same pseudonym. His first major work to be published under his real name was ''Los Reyes'' (1949, "The Monarchs"), a poetic drama that passed almost unnoticed. In the late forties Cortázar's

short stories A short story is a piece of prose fiction. It can typically be read in a single sitting and focuses on a self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a single effect or mood. The short story is one of the old ...

however began to attract interest, particularly after the story '' Casa Tomada'' ("House taken over") was published in a literary magazine edited by

Jorge Luis Borges Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo ( ; ; 24 August 1899 – 14 June 1986) was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator regarded as a key figure in Spanish literature, Spanish-language and international literatur ...

. Cortázar became notable for his numerous short stories, collected in such volumes as '' Bestiario'' (1951), '' Final del juego'' (1956), and '' Las armas secretas'' (1959) that established his reputation as a writer of short fiction. Cortázar's stories characteristically include

fantastic Fantastic or Fantastik may refer to: Music * ''Fantastic'' (Toy-Box album) * ''Fantastic'' (Wham! album) * '' Fan-Tas-Tic (Vol. 1)'', an album by Slum Village * '' Fantastic, Vol. 2'', an album by Slum Village * ''Fantastic'' (EP), an EP by ...

and

mythical Myth is a genre of folklore consisting primarily of narratives that play a fundamental role in a society. For scholars, this is very different from the vernacular usage of the term "myth" that refers to a belief that is not true. Instead, the ...

elements where the protagonists in initially ordinary situations find themselves in strange or horrific situations. In 1967, English translations by Paul Blackburn of stories selected from these volumes were published by

Pantheon Books Pantheon Books is an American book publishing imprint. Founded in 1942 as an independent publishing house in New York City by Kurt and Helen Wolff, it specialized in introducing progressive European works to American readers. In 1961, it was ...

as '' End of the Game and Other Stories''; it was later re-titled ''Blow-up and Other Stories''. Cortázar published four novels during his lifetime: '' Los premios'' (''The Winners'', 1960), ''

Hopscotch Hopscotch is a playground game in which players toss a small object, called a lagger, into numbered triangles or a pattern of rectangles outlined on the ground and then hop or jump through the spaces and retrieve the object. It is a children's ...

'' (''Rayuela'', 1963), '' 62: A Model Kit'' (''62 Modelo para Armar'', 1968), and '' Libro de Manuel'' (''A Manual for Manuel'', 1973). Except for '' Los premios'', which was translated by Elaine Kerrigan, these novels have been translated into English by

Gregory Rabassa Gregory Rabassa (March 9, 1922 – June 13, 2016) was an American literature, literary translation, translator from Spanish and Portuguese to English. He taught for many years at Columbia University and Queens College. Life and career Rabassa w ...

. Two other novels, ''El examen'' and ''Divertimento'', though written before 1960, only appeared posthumously. ''Hopscotch'', the most significant of his novels, established Cortázar as one of the leading writers of the

in the 1960s and has been called the greatest Latin American novel of the 20th century. Other notable works from this period include ''Historias de cronopios y famas'' (1962), a book of brief and eccentric prose passages that resists categorization, and an expanded ''Final del Juego'' (1964) including ten additional stories. Cortázar took influence from English, French and Spanish-American literature, including writers such as

and Edgar Allen Poe.Standish, p.14-15 His use of interior monologue and

stream of consciousness In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator. It is usually in the form of an interior monologue which ...

owes much to

James Joyce James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (born James Augusta Joyce; 2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, poet, and literary critic. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influentia ...

, but his main influences were

Surrealism Surrealism is an art movement, art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike s ...

and the improvisatory

aesthetic Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of beauty and taste, which in a broad sense incorporates the philosophy of art.Slater, B. H.Aesthetics ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,'' , acces ...

jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Its roots are in blues, ragtime, European harmony, African rhythmic rituals, spirituals, h ...

. This last interest is reflected in ''Hopscotch'' and the notable story "El perseguidor" ("The Pursuer"), which Cortázar based on the life of the

bebop Bebop or bop is a style of jazz developed in the early to mid-1940s in the United States. The style features compositions characterized by a fast tempo (usually exceeding 200 bpm), complex chord progressions with rapid chord changes and numerou ...

saxophonist

Charlie Parker Charles Parker Jr. (August 29, 1920 – March 12, 1955), nicknamed "Bird" or "Yardbird", was an American jazz Saxophone, saxophonist, bandleader, and composer. Parker was a highly influential soloist and leading figure in the development of beb ...

. Cortázar also published poetry, drama, and various works of non-fiction, some of which relate to or accompany visual works. In the 1960s, working with the artist José Silva, he created two almanac-books or ''libros-almanaque'', ''La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos'' and ''Último Round'', which combined various texts written by Cortázar with photographs, engravings, and other illustrations, in the manner of the ''almanaques del mensajero'' that had been widely circulated in rural Argentina during his childhood. One of his last works was a collaboration with Carol Dunlop, '' The Autonauts of the Cosmoroute'', which relates, partly in mock-heroic style, the couple's extended expedition along the autoroute from Paris to

Marseille Marseille (; ; see #Name, below) is a city in southern France, the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Regions of France, region. Situated in the ...

in a

Volkswagen Volkswagen (VW; )English: , . is a German automotive industry, automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. Established in 1937 by German Labour Front, The German Labour Front, it was revitalized into the global brand it ...

camper nicknamed Fafner. As a translator, he completed Spanish-language renderings of ''

Robinson Crusoe ''Robinson Crusoe'' ( ) is an English adventure novel by Daniel Defoe, first published on 25 April 1719. Written with a combination of Epistolary novel, epistolary, Confessional writing, confessional, and Didacticism, didactic forms, the ...

'',

Marguerite Yourcenar Marguerite Yourcenar (, ; ; born Marguerite Antoinette Jeanne Marie Ghislaine Cleenewerck de Crayencour; 8 June 190317 December 1987) was a Belgian-born French novelist and essayist who became a US citizen in 1947. Winner of the Prix Femina and ...

's novel '' Mémoires d'Hadrien'', and the complete prose works of

Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe (; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic who is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales involving mystery and the macabre. He is widely re ...

Influence and legacy

Michelangelo Antonioni Michelangelo Antonioni ( ; ; 29 September 1912 – 30 July 2007) was an Italian film director, screenwriter, and editor. He is best known for his "trilogy on modernity and its discontents", ''L'Avventura'' (1960), ''La Notte'' (1961), and '' ...

's film '' Blowup'' (1966) was inspired by Cortázar's story "Las babas del diablo", which in turn was based on a photograph taken by Chilean photographer Sergio Larraín during a shoot outside of

Notre Dame Cathedral Notre-Dame de Paris ( ; meaning "Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris"), often referred to simply as Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité (an island in the River Seine), in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, France. It ...

in Paris. Cortázar also made a cameo appearance in Antonioni’s film, playing a homeless man who has his photograph taken by

David Hemmings David Leslie Edward Hemmings (18 November 1941 – 3 December 2003) was an English actor, director, and producer of film and television. Originally trained as a boy soprano in operatic roles, he began appearing in films as a child actor in the ...

' character. Cortázar's story "La autopista del sur" ("The Southern Thruway") influenced another film of the 1960s,

Jean-Luc Godard Jean-Luc Godard ( , ; ; 3 December 193013 September 2022) was a French and Swiss film director, screenwriter, and film critic. He rose to prominence as a pioneer of the French New Wave film movement of the 1960s, alongside such filmmakers as ...

's '' Week End'' (1967). The filmmaker Manuel Antín has directed three films based on Cortázar stories, ''Cartas de mamá'', ''Circe'' and ''Intimidad de los parques''. Plaza Cortazar 1

Chilean novelist Roberto Bolaño cited Cortázar as a key influence on his novel '' The Savage Detectives'': "To say that I'm permanently indebted to the work of Borges and Cortázar is obvious." Puerto Rican novelist

Giannina Braschi Giannina Braschi (born February 5, 1953) is a Puerto Rican poet, novelist, dramatist, and scholar. Her notable works include '' Empire of Dreams'' (1988), '' Yo-Yo Boing!'' (1998), '' United States of Banana'' (2011), and '' Putinoika'' (2024). ...

used Cortázar's story "Las babas del diablo" as a springboard for the chapter called "Blow-up" in her bilingual novel '' Yo-Yo Boing!'' (1998), which features scenes with Cortázar's characters La Maga and Rocamadour. Cortázar is mentioned and spoken highly of in Rabih Alameddine's 1998 novel, '' Koolaids: The Art of War''. North American novelist Deena Metzger cites Cortázar as co-author of her novel ''Doors: A Fiction for Jazz Horn,'' written twenty years after his death. In

, a school, a public library, and a square in the

Palermo Palermo ( ; ; , locally also or ) is a city in southern Italy, the capital (political), capital of both the autonomous area, autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province. The ...

neighbourhood carry Cortázar's name.

Bibliography

Novels *''Divertimento'' (1949, first published in 1986) *''El examen'' ''(Final Exam)'' (1950, first published in 1985) *'' Los premios'' ''(The Winners)'' (1960) *'' Rayuela'' ''(Hopscotch)'' (1963) *'' 62/modelo para armar'' ''(62: A Model Kit)'' (1968) *'' Libro de Manuel'' ''(A Manual for Manuel)'' (1973) Short story collections *'' Bestiario'' (1951) *'' Final del juego'' ''(End of the Game)'' (1956) *'' Las armas secretas'' (1959) *'' Historias de cronopios y de famas'' ''(Cronopios and Famas)'' (1962) *'' Todos los fuegos el fuego'' ''(All Fires the Fire)'' (1966) *'' Blow-up and Other Stories'' (1968) *'' Octaedro'' (1974) *''Alguien que anda por ahí'' (1977) *''Un tal Lucas'' ''(A Certain Lucas)'' (1979) *''Queremos tanto a Glenda'' ''(We Love Glenda So Much)'' (1980) *''A Change of Light and Other Stories'' (1980) *''Deshoras'' ''(Unreasonable Hours)'' (1982) *''Bestiary: The Selected Stories of Julio Cortázar'' (2020) Poetry *''Presencia'' ''(Presence)'' (1938) *''Salvo el crepúsculo'' ''(Save Twilight)'' (1997; expanded edition, City Lights, 2016) *''Pameos y Meopas'' (1971) Plays *''Los reyes'' (1949) *''Nada a Pehuajó – Adiós, Robinson'' (1949, Posthumous work) *''Dos juegos de palabras'' (1991, Posthumous work) *''Adiós, Robinson y otras piezas'' (1995, Posthumous work) Other works *'' La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos'' ''(Around the Day in Eighty Worlds)'' (1967) *'' Último round'' ''(Last Round)'' (1969) *'' Prosa del Observatorio'' ''(From the Observatory)'' (1972) *''Territorios'' ''(Territories)'' (1978) *''La Puñalada/ El tango de la vuelta'' ''(Stab)'' (1979) (with Pat Andrea) *'' Los autonautas de la cosmopista'' ''(Autonauts of the Cosmoroute)'' (1983) *''Nicaragua tan violentamente dulce'' ''(Nicaragua, So Violently Sweet)'' (1983) *''Julio Cortázar: Al Término del Polvo y el Sudor'' (Biblioteca de Marcha, Montevideo, 1987) *''Diario de Andrés Fava'' ''(Diary of Andrés Fava)'' (1995) *''Adiós Robinson'' ''(Goodbye, Robinson)'' (1995), radio text. *''Imagen de John Keats'' ''(Image of John Keats)'' (1996) *''Cartas'' ''(Letters)'' (Three volumes, 2000; expanded version in five volumes, 2012) *''Papeles inesperados'' ''(Unexpected Papers)'' (2009) *''Cartas a los Jonquières'' ''(Letters to the Jonquières)'' (2010) *''Clases de literatura'' ''(Literature Class)'' (2013) Graphic novel *'' Fantomas contra los vampiros multinacionales'' ''(Fantomas Versus the Multinational Vampires)'' (1975) Translations *''

'' by

Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe (; born Daniel Foe; 1660 – 24 April 1731) was an English writer, merchant and spy. He is most famous for his novel ''Robinson Crusoe'', published in 1719, which is claimed to be second only to the Bible in its number of translati ...

(1945) *'' Memoirs of a Midget'' by

Walter de la Mare Walter John de la Mare (; 25 April 1873 – 22 June 1956) was an English poet, short story writer and novelist. He is probably best remembered for his works for children, for his poem "The Listeners", and for his psychological horror short fi ...

(1946) *'' The Immoralist'' by

André Gide André Paul Guillaume Gide (; 22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French writer and author whose writings spanned a wide variety of styles and topics. He was awarded the 1947 Nobel Prize in Literature. Gide's career ranged from his begi ...

(1947) *'' Little Women '' by

Louisa May Alcott Louisa May Alcott (; November 29, 1832March 6, 1888) was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet best known for writing the novel ''Little Women'' (1868) and its sequels ''Good Wives'' (1869), ''Little Men'' (1871), and ''Jo's Boys'' ...

(1951) *'' Mémoires d'Hadrien'' by

(1958) *'' Eureka: A Prose Poem'' by

(1972)

Recording from the Library of Congress

Julio Cortazar reading from his own work

Filmography

* ''La Cifra Impar'', 1960. Feature film by Manuel Antín, based on "Letters from Mother". * ''Circe'', 1963. Feature film by Manuel Antín, based on "Circe". Script by Manuel Antin and Julio Cortázar. * ''El Perseguidor'', 1963. Feature film by Osias Wilenski, based on "El perseguidor". * ''Intimidad de los Parques'', 1965. Feature film by Manuel Antín. * ''Blow Up'', 1966. Feature film by Michelangelo Antonioni, based on "Las Babas del diablo". * ''Cortázar'', 1994. Documentary directed by Tristán Bauer. * ''Cortázar, apuntes para un documental''. Contrakultura Films, 2004. Directed by Eduardo Montes-Bradley. * , 2005. Short movie based on Julio Cortázar's short story "Graffiti". Directed by Pako González. * ''Graffiti'', 2006. Short movie based on Julio Cortázar's short story "Graffiti". Directed by Vano Burduli

http://vimeo.com/25805971]'' * " :es:Mentiras piadosas (película de 2009), Mentiras Piadosas" (released in English as ''Made Up Memories''), 2009. Feature film by Diego Sabanés, based on the short story "The Health of the Sick" and other short stories by Julio Cortázar. *

Notes

References

External links

* * *
Julio Cortázar Collection (Finding Aid)
– Princeton University Library Manuscripts Division
Julio Cortázar Literary Manuscripts, 1943–1982
– Benson Latin American Collection
Julio Cortázar: An Argentinean Master of Anti-novel and Experimental Literature

Books and texts written by Julio Cortázar

A translated excerpt from ''Prose from the Observatory''

Julio Cortázar Artist bio and exhibitions on ArtDiscover

Julio Cortázar lee fragmentos de su obra
(In Spanish)

The Library of Julio Cortázar
Virtual visit to his private library.(in English and Spanish)
Julio Cortazar recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division’s audio literary archive on November 20, 1975
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cortazar, Julio 1914 births 1984 deaths 20th-century Argentine male writers 20th-century Argentine novelists 20th-century atheists 20th-century French essayists 20th-century French male writers 20th-century French novelists 20th-century French photographers 20th-century French memoirists 20th-century French poets 20th-century French short story writers 20th-century Argentine translators Architectural photographers Argentine atheists Argentine comics artists Argentine comics writers Argentine emigrants to France Argentine essayists Argentine expatriates in France Argentine male novelists Argentine male poets Argentine male short story writers Argentine people of French descent Argentine people of German descent Argentine people of Spanish descent Argentine photographers Argentine speculative fiction writers Argentine travel writers Argentine writers in French Belgian emigrants to Argentina Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery English–Spanish translators French atheists French autobiographers French comics artists French comics writers French fantasy writers French horror writers French male essayists French male non-fiction writers French male novelists French male poets French male short story writers French memoirists French–Spanish translators French speculative fiction writers French translators French travel writers Graphic novelists Magic realism writers Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin Naturalized citizens of France Postmodern writers Prix Médicis étranger winners Surrealist writers Translators of Edgar Allan Poe University of Buenos Aires alumni Weird fiction writers Writers about activism and social change Writers from Paris Writers who illustrated their own writing