Joan Terès i BorrullHis full name is Joan Miquel Terès i Borrull, although his first name has been referenced as Joan, Juan, Jean, Johan, Joannes or Johannes and his first family name as Terès, Terés, Térès or Teres. (29 September 1538 – 10 July 1603) was

presbyter Presbyter () is an honorific title for Christian clergy. The word derives from the Greek ''presbyteros,'' which means elder or senior, although many in the Christian antiquity would understand ''presbyteros'' to refer to the bishop functioning as ...

Vic Vic (; es, Vic or Pancracio Celdrán (2004). Diccionario de topónimos españoles y sus gentilicios (5ª edición). Madrid: Espasa Calpe. p. 843. ISBN 978-84-670-3054-9. «Vic o Vich (viquense, vigitano, vigatán, ausense, ausetano, ausonense): ...

, auxiliary bishop of

Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to ...

(1575–1579),

bishop A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...

Elne Elne (; ca, Elna ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France. It lies in the former province of Roussillon, of which it was the first capital, being later replaced by Perpignan. Its inhabitants are still called ...

(1579–1586) and of

Tortosa Tortosa (; ) is the capital of the ''Catalonia/Comarques, comarca'' of Baix Ebre, in Catalonia, Spain. Tortosa is located at above sea level, by the Ebro river, protected on its northern side by the mountains of the Cardó Massif, of which Buin ...

(1586–1587), and

archbishop In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdi ...

Tarragona Tarragona (, ; Phoenician: ''Tarqon''; la, Tarraco) is a port city located in northeast Spain on the Costa Daurada by the Mediterranean Sea. Founded before the fifth century BC, it is the capital of the Province of Tarragona, and part of Tar ...

(1587–1603). He was

viceroy of Catalonia This is a list of Spanish viceroys (also called lieutenants) of the Principality of Catalonia from 1479 to 1713. *1479–1493: Enrique de Aragón *1493–1495: Juan de Lanuza y Garabito *1495–1496: Juan Fernández de Heredia *149 ...

(1602–1603) and councillor of

King King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen, which title is also given to the consort of a king. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the tit ...

Philip III of Spain Philip III ( es, Felipe III; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain. As Philip II, he was also King of Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and Duke of Milan from 1598 until his death in 1621. A member of the House of Habsburg, Phi ...

Early years

He was born in

Verdú Verdú is a village and municipality in the province of Lleida, in Catalonia, Spain. It is traditionally associated with the Segarra region, but in 1936 was transferred to the ''comarca'' of Urgell. The municipality covers 36 km2. The lands ...

(

Lleida Lleida (, ; Spanish: Lérida ) is a city in the west of Catalonia, Spain. It is the capital city of the province of Lleida. Geographically, it is located in the Catalan Central Depression. It is also the capital city of the Segrià comarca, as ...

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

) to a humble Christian family in 1538.However, Capeille, op. cit., p. 610, states that he was born in 1539. Son of Joan Terès Domènech and Magdalena Borrull Carnicer, and brother of Magdalena, Joana, Elionor and Margarida. During his teenage years, he lived in

Reus Reus () is the capital of Baix Camp, in the province of Tarragona, in Catalonia, Spain. The area has always been an important producer of wines and spirits, and gained continental importance at the time of the Phylloxera plague. Nowadays it is k ...

, where he studied grammar while he begged to pay his studies. In 1554, he went to the

School of Tarragona A school is an educational institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is sometimes compul ...

where he studied

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

and

humanities Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture. In the Renaissance, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics, the main area of secular study in universities at the t ...

, paying his studies with the short salary from delivering letters. Due to his talent, he got good protection and stimulus. Later, he was sent to study

philosophy Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some ...

and

theology Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the ...

to a school that the

Society of Jesus , image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders ...

founded in Spain, the Saint Paul School in

Valencia Valencia ( va, València) is the capital of the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Valencian Community, Valencia and the Municipalities of Spain, third-most populated municipality in Spain, with 791,413 inhabitants. It is ...

, where he finally completed his doctorate studies.

Academic life

In 18 April 1566 he asked for a deferment to pay taxes for his doctorate in theology, which was granted. It is very probable that he passed in his first try, since there are no other registered deferments in the following years. Since 1532, the payment to get the title of

doctor Doctor or The Doctor may refer to: Personal titles * Doctor (title), the holder of an accredited academic degree * A medical practitioner, including: ** Physician ** Surgeon ** Dentist ** Veterinary physician ** Optometrist *Other roles ** ...

was 7 pounds and 10

sous The Sous region (also spelt Sus, Suss, Souss or Sousse) ( ar, سوس, sūs, shi, ⵙⵓⵙ, sus) is an area in mid-southern Morocco. Geologically, it is the alluvial basin of the Sous River (''Asif n Sus''), separated from the Sahara desert ...

(or 1 800 dineros).1 Valencian pound = 20 sous; 1 sou = 12 dineros. Luis de Morales - San Juan de Ribera

During the 1566–1567 academic year he was permanent professor of the second chair of Logic and for that he received 5 Valencian pounds out of the 500 that

Pope Pius IV Pope Pius IV ( it, Pio IV; 31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 December 1559 to his death in December 1565. Born in Milan, his family considered ...

gave to the ''Studium generale'' of Valencia. On 15 March 1567 he was proposed for the second chair of Questions for the 1567–1568 academic year. In 1570-1571 he got the first chair of Questions and in 1571-1572 the first one of Philosophy. Logic, Questions and Philosophy, either in their realist or

nominalist In metaphysics, nominalism is the view that universals and abstract objects do not actually exist other than being merely names or labels. There are at least two main versions of nominalism. One version denies the existence of universalsthings th ...

perspective, made up the Arts triad at the Faculty of Arts in cycles of three years. Professors usually taught a full triad starting with Logic in any of the modalities. Once finished either the nominalist or the realist cycle, they started with the one which they had not read before. For this reason, although there is evidence that Terès was

chair A chair is a type of seat, typically designed for one person and consisting of one or more legs, a flat or slightly angled seat and a back-rest. They may be made of wood, metal, or synthetic materials, and may be padded or upholstered in vario ...

in the mentioned courses, it is highly probable that he also took the second chair (nominalist) of Philosophy in 1568-1569 and the first chair (realist) of Logic in 1569–1572. Therefore, he would have completed a six-year period as a chair in the Faculty of Arts from 1566 until 1572. Besides being professor, Joan Terès was examiner at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Valencia as well. In 16 February 1565 he was named assistant professor and substitute for examiner Vicente Montañés, chair at the Faculty of Arts. Usually, the assistant replaced the examiner in case of death or resignation. Nowhere is stated that Terès got the position, but there is evidence that Juan Tomás was proposed as his assistant in 5 July 1571. Two years later, in 4 March 1573, Terès, who was already living in Tarragona, resigned the position and Juan Tomás was replaced by Juan Tomás. Due to the order of imprisonment of the rector of the University of Valencia for 1568–1571, Pere Joan Monzó, by archbishop of Valencia

Juan de Ribera Juan de Ribera (Seville, Spain, 20 March 1532 – Valencia, 6 January 1611) was an influential figure in 16th and 17th century Spain. Ribera held appointments as Archbishop and Viceroy of Valencia, Latin Patriarchate of Antioch, Commander in ...

, in 31 March 1570, Terès was appointed new rector, when the archbishop forced Monzó to delegate his position to Terès. The archbishop's original plans were to give the positions of chair of theology to members of the order he belonged to: the Society of Jesus. Since the rector was elected among the chairs of the Faculty of Theology by

sortition In governance, sortition (also known as selection by lottery, selection by lot, allotment, demarchy, stochocracy, aleatoric democracy, democratic lottery, and lottocracy) is the selection of political officials as a random sample from a larger ...

and he had a vital role in the appointment of the rest of the academic positions, it would not be surprising that in a short time the Jesuits had taken control over the institution. Therefore, it is understandable that the chosen one to replace Pere Monzó was somebody who had a similar academic qualification to be elected rector, and had the advantage of being a former student of the Jesuit School of Saint Paul. In regard of his intellectual legacy, it is worth mentioning that he was the professor of the Spanish philosopher Diego Mas, who dedicated two of his works to Terès: *
Metaphysica disputatio seu de ente et de eius propietatibus, quae communi nomine scribitur de trascendentibus
' (Valencia, 1587) * ''Commentaria in Universam Philosophia Aristotelis, una cum quaestionibus quae a gravissimis viris disputari solent'' (Valencia, 1599)

Early ecclesiastical career

He went back to

and hold a

benefice A benefice () or living is a reward received in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer for future services. The Roman Empire used the Latin term as a benefit to an individual from the Empire for services rendered. Its use was adopted by ...

at the

cathedral of Tarragona The Cathedral of Tarragona is a Roman Catholic church in Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. The edifice is located in a site previously occupied by a Roman temple dating to the time of Tiberius, a Visigothic cathedral, and a Moorish mosque. It was dec ...

that allowed him to live without economical problems. In 1570, the archbishop of Tarragona

Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta ( Trujillo, 1511However, in the Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana, it is stated that he was born in 1512. – Tarragona, 17 October 1575) was a Spanish cardinal of the 16th century. He was a relative of the famous Spanish wri ...

was appointed

cardinal Cardinal or The Cardinal may refer to: Animals * Cardinal (bird) or Cardinalidae, a family of North and South American birds **''Cardinalis'', genus of cardinal in the family Cardinalidae **''Cardinalis cardinalis'', or northern cardinal, the ...

, keeping his position as archbishop of Tarragona. When he moved to

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

, Terès took care of the ecclesial matters of the archdiocese. On 4 February 1575, Terès was consecrated by Archbishop Cervantes. That year the Seminary of Tarragona, the first one in Spain, was founded according to the regulations of the

Council of Trent The Council of Trent ( la, Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento, Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italian Peninsula, Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation ...

. Terès was its first rector. Later that year, Cardinal Cervantes proposed him to be auxiliary bishop with the nominal title of

, with which the Pope agreed. In 1577, the University of Tarragona was officially institutionalized, and in 2 May of that year Terès was appointed rector of that university by Archbishop

Antonio Agustín Antonio is a masculine given name of Etruscan language, Etruscan origin deriving from the root name Antonius. It is a common name among Romance language-speaking populations as well as the Balkans and Lusophone Africa. It has been among the top 40 ...

. He also was chair of Theology at the new institution. In 22 May 1579, Pope Gregory XIII sent him to the diocese of Elne, since the previous bishop, Pedro Mártir Coma, died. Terès took up the post in 26 July of that year. In 12 December 1582, Maria of Austria, widow of

Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II (31 July 1527 – 12 October 1576) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death in 1576. A member of the Austrian House of Habsburg, he was crowned King of Bohemia in Prague on 14 May 1562 and elected King of Germany (King ...

, who was going back to Spain, and her daughter

Margaret Margaret is a female first name, derived via French () and Latin () from grc, μαργαρίτης () meaning "pearl". The Greek is borrowed from Persian. Margaret has been an English name since the 11th century, and remained popular througho ...

arrived to

Collioure Collioure (; ca, Cotlliure, ) is a commune in the southern French department of Pyrénées-Orientales. Geography The town of Collioure is on the Côte Vermeille (Vermilion Coast), in the canton of La Côte Vermeille and in the arrondissement ...

. When they stopped in

, Terès visited the Empress. In

Christmas Christmas is an annual festival commemorating Nativity of Jesus, the birth of Jesus, Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people Observance of Christmas by country, around t ...

day, Terès celebrated a mass in the church of Saint John of

Perpignan Perpignan (, , ; ca, Perpinyà ; es, Perpiñán ; it, Perpignano ) is the prefecture of the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France, in the heart of the plain of Roussillon, at the foot of the Pyrenees a few kilometres from the ...

, in the presence of the Holy Roman Empress, the Princess and the whole court. In the second semester of 1585, Terès participated in the Courts of Monzón. In early June 1586, he received the nomination bulls from

Pope Sixtus V Pope Sixtus V ( it, Sisto V; 13 December 1521 – 27 August 1590), born Felice Piergentile, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 April 1585 to his death in August 1590. As a youth, he joined the Franciscan order ...

for the

diocese of Tortosa The Diocese of Tortosa is a Latin Rite Catholic diocese covering the south of Catalonia and the north of the Valencian Country. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Tarragona.''Dictionnaire de biographies roussillonnaises - T'' (1914)
by Joan Capeille As bishop of Tortosa, he consecrated the parochial temple of Verdú on 15 June 1586. In 22 May 1587,

assigned him to the

archdiocese of Tarragona The Archdiocese of Tarragona (Latin, ''Tarraconensis'') is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory located in north-eastern Spain, in the province of Tarragona, part of the autonomous community of Catalonia. The archdiocese heads the ecclesias ...

, after the death of archbishop

Archbishop of Tarragona

As archbishop, Terès founded the monastery of Saint Dominic in

Ciutadilla Ciutadilla is a village and municipality in the comarca of Urgell in Catalonia, Spain. Its population in 2013 was 209. The village, the only settlement in the municipality, is situated on a hill close to where the Montblanc-to-Tàrrega highway ...

, in 1588. He collaborated in the improvements of the monastery of Saint Mary of Bovera in

Guimerà Guimerà (Spanish: ''Guimerá'') is a municipality and village in the comarca of Urgell in the province of Lleida in Catalonia, Spain. The village, the only settlement in the municipality, is situated on the banks of the Corb river. The main par ...

, and in the hermitage of Saint Magí of Brufaganya, near

Santa Coloma de Queralt Santa Coloma de Queralt is a municipality in the ''comarca'' of the Conca de Barberà in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the north-east of the ''comarca'' about from the city of Tarragona. The town is linked to the rest of the ''comarca'' a ...

. In 1589, he got for Tarragona the publication of the privilege of ''

Studium Generale is the old customary name for a medieval university in medieval Europe. Overview There is no official definition for the term . The term ' first appeared at the beginning of the 13th century out of customary usage, and meant a place where stude ...

'', granted by

Philip II of Spain Philip II) in Spain, while in Portugal and his Italian kingdoms he ruled as Philip I ( pt, Filipe I). (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent ( es, Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from ...

. This was celebrated with rejoicing and public festivities all around the city. In 1591, Terès granted privileges of baptismal fonts to la Riba, due to the difficulty that represented for the villagers to go to

Vilaverd Vilaverd is a municipality in the ''comarca'' of the Conca de Barberà in Catalonia, Spain. The Prades Mountains Prades Mountains, also known as Muntanyes de Prades, is a large calcareous mountain massif straddling the comarcas of Alt Camp, Baix ...

. In 1592, Terès ordered to build, in the cathedral of Tarragona, the chapels of Saint

John the Evangelist John the Evangelist ( grc-gre, Ἰωάννης, Iōánnēs; Aramaic: ܝܘܚܢܢ; Ge'ez: ዮሐንስ; ar, يوحنا الإنجيلي, la, Ioannes, he, יוחנן cop, ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ or ⲓⲱ̅ⲁ) is the name traditionally given t ...

and Saint

Fructuosus Saint Fructuosus of Tarragona (, ca, Sant Fructuós, died 259) was a Christian saint, bishop and martyr. His is an important name in the early history of Christianity in Hispania. He was bishop of Tarragona and was arrested during the persecu ...

, to the

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas ...

architect

Pere Blai Pere Blai (1553–1621) was a Spanish architect. He probably studied under his father, master of the fountains in Barcelona, and his brother. He was in relationship with Jaume Amigó, influenced Blai's knowledge of Renaissance architecture and l ...

. In 13 August of that same year,

Pope Clement VIII Pope Clement VIII ( la, Clemens VIII; it, Clemente VIII; 24 February 1536 – 3 March 1605), born Ippolito Aldobrandini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1592 to his death in March 1605. Born ...

approved a Papal bull decreeing the annulment and secularization of the regular canons of the

Order of Saint Augustine The Order of Saint Augustine, ( la, Ordo Fratrum Sancti Augustini) abbreviated OSA, is a religious mendicant order of the Catholic Church. It was founded in 1244 by bringing together several eremitical groups in the Tuscany region who were fo ...

in all the

monasteries A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits). A monastery generally includes a place reserved for prayer which ...

and

priories A priory is a monastery of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress. Priories may be houses of mendicant friars or nuns (such as the Dominicans, Augustinians, Franciscans, and Carmelites), or monasteries of monk ...

of Catalonia,

Roussillon Roussillon ( , , ; ca, Rosselló ; oc, Rosselhon ) is a historical province of France that largely corresponded to the County of Roussillon and part of the County of Cerdagne of the former Principality of Catalonia. It is part of the reg ...

and

Cerdanya Cerdanya () or often La Cerdanya ( la, Ceretani or ''Ceritania''; french: Cerdagne; es, Cerdaña), is a natural comarca and historical region of the eastern Pyrenees divided between France and Spain. Historically it was one of the counties ...

, due to the dissolute life style of some communities of that order. The pope commissioned the execution of the bull to the archbishop of Tarragona, the bishop od Urgel Andreu Capella (who was Terès's professor in theology) and the

Apostolic Nuncio to Spain The Apostolic Nunciature to the Kingdom of Spain is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Spain. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador. For much of ...

Pietro Millino. Later, archbishop Terès sent his nephew and

vicar general A vicar general (previously, archdeacon) is the principal deputy of the bishop of a diocese for the exercise of administrative authority and possesses the title of local ordinary. As vicar of the bishop, the vicar general exercises the bishop's ...

of the archdiocese of Tarragona, Antoni Clarassó i Terès, to read the bull to the canons gathered in Solsona. From that moment on, they were left secularized and deprived of the canonical insignias. While some monasteries had complied with the order of secularization, the monastery of Saint Mary of Solsona resisted, basing their reasons on the second Papal bull in which Clement VIII stated that if the canons demonstrated an exemplary behavior, they could continue enjoying their position and benefice. The budget of the secularized monasteries went to Solsona. Then, the Solsonians addressed to King Philip II to create a new diocese, with Solsona as the Episcopal see, using the new extended income and the monastery as a residence. Once the pope agreed with the king's petition, Philip II informed of the approval of the Pope, and granted the ranked of city in 13 June 1594. The creation of the

diocese of Solsona The Roman Catholic Diocese of Solsona ( la, Celsonen(sis)) is a diocese located in the city of Solsona in the Ecclesiastical province of Tarragona in Catalonia, Spain. History * 19 July 1593: Established as Diocese of Solsona from the Diocese ...

caused serious unrest among the neighbouring dioceses because they saw their possessions diminished, especially in Urgel. Terès, the bishop of Urgell and the new Apostolic Nuncio

Camillo Caetani Camillo Caetani (Gaetano) (Sermoneta (?) 1552 – Rome 6 August 1603) was an Italian aristocrat and Papal diplomat in several European capitals during the early Counterreformation. Early life Camillo Caetani was the third son of Bonifacio Caeta ...

were commissioned to erect the new diocese. After examining the life style and habits of the regular canons and declaring them free of guilt, they sent personal decrees to all of them, granting them the rights and benefice for their lifetime. Finally, Terès took part in the formation of the cathedral chapter, and later, in the delimitation of the new diocese, together with the

abbot of Poblet Abbot is an ecclesiastical title given to the male head of a monastery in various Western religious traditions, including Christianity. The office may also be given as an honorary title to a clergyman who is not the head of a monastery. The fe ...

and

President of Catalonia The President of the Government of Catalonia ( ca, President de la Generalitat de Catalunya, ) is one of the bodies that the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia stipulates as part of the Generalitat de Catalunya, others being the Parliament, the gov ...

Francesc Oliver de Boteller. In 18 September 1594, Terès travelled on board, escorted by eight

galley A galley is a type of ship that is propelled mainly by oars. The galley is characterized by its long, slender hull, shallow draft, and low freeboard (clearance between sea and gunwale). Virtually all types of galleys had sails that could be used ...

s, to the island of

Ibiza Ibiza (natively and officially in ca, Eivissa, ) is a Spanish island in the Mediterranean Sea off the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. It is from the city of Valencia. It is the third largest of the Balearic Islands, in Spain. Its l ...

, then territory of the archdiocese of Tarragona. During the trip, the expedition was assaulted by three

Muslim Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...

pirate Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods. Those who conduct acts of piracy are called pirates, v ...

galleys. Finally, the archbishop's galleys took over two pirate ships. He protected several orders of friars, like the

Capuchins Capuchin can refer to: *Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, an order of Roman Catholic friars *Capuchin Poor Clares, an order of Roman Catholic contemplative religious sisters *Capuchin monkey, primates of the genus ''Cebus'' and ''Sapajus'', named af ...

, the

Augustinians Augustinians are members of Christian religious orders that follow the Rule of Saint Augustine, written in about 400 AD by Augustine of Hippo. There are two distinct types of Augustinians in Catholic religious orders dating back to the 12th–13 ...

and the

Carmelites , image = , caption = Coat of arms of the Carmelites , abbreviation = OCarm , formation = Late 12th century , founder = Early hermits of Mount Carmel , founding_location = Mount Car ...

, and he notably improved the monastery of the

Jesuits The Society of Jesus ( la, Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuits (; la, Iesuitæ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...

. While being archbishop he celebrated and presided the provincial

ecumenical council An ecumenical council, also called general council, is a meeting of bishops and other church authorities to consider and rule on questions of Christian doctrine, administration, discipline, and other matters in which those entitled to vote are ...

s of 1587, 1591–92, 1598 y 1602. On 4 April 1596, Terès proceeded to the recognition ceremony of the sepulcher of the

Blessed Blessed may refer to: * The state of having received a blessing * Blessed, a title assigned by the Roman Catholic Church to someone who has been beatified Film and television * ''Blessed'' (2004 film), a 2004 motion picture about a supernatural ...

Raymond of Penyafort Raymond of Penyafort ( ca, Sant Ramon de Penyafort, ; es, San Raimundo de Peñafort; 1175 – 6 January 1275) was a Catalan Dominican friar in the 13th century, who compiled the Decretals of Gregory IX, a collection of canonical laws tha ...

, who later Terès promoted his canonization, by archbishop Terès, the

bishop of Barcelona The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Barcelona is a Latin rite Catholic metropolitan archbishopric in northeastern Spain's Catalonia region. The cathedral archiepiscopal see is a Minor basilica: Catedral Basílica Metropolitana de la Santa Creu i ...

, Joan Dimas Loris, and the

bishop of Vic The Roman Catholic Diocese of Vic ( la, diocoesis Vicen(sis)) is a diocese with its seat in the city of Vic in the ecclesiastical province of Tarragona in Catalonia, Spain. Its cathedral is a basilica dedicated to Saint Peter. History A dioces ...

, Pere Jaume, all three commissioned by Pope Clement VIII. There were also present the bishop of Elne, Francesc Robuster i Sala, the recently appointed first bishop of Solsona, Lluís Sanç i Manegat, and the deputies of Catalonia and consuls of Barcelona. Terès also promoted the beatification of the founder of the Society of Jesus,

Ignatius of Loyola Ignatius of Loyola, Society of Jesus, S.J. (born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola; eu, Ignazio Loiolakoa; es, Ignacio de Loyola; la, Ignatius de Loyola; – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a Spain, Spanish Catholic ...

. In 1602, the

petronel A petronel is a 16th and 17th century black powder muzzle-loading firearm, defined by Robert Barret (''Theorike and Practike of Modern Warres'', 1598) as a '' horsemans peece''. It was the muzzle-loading firearm which developed on the one hand in ...

-armed bandits Pere Voltor and Miquel Català killed Royal commissioner Epifani Olives i Terès, the archbishop's nephew, in the Castle of Valls. The jurors of

Valls Valls () is a city and municipality in the province of Tarragona in Catalonia, Spain. According to the 2014 census it has a population of 24,570. Valls is known for its calçots – a type of scallion or green onion – and the human towers tradi ...

and many prominent authorities of the city were declared accomplices by the Royal Audience of Catalonia. This made the relations between the authorities of Valls and Terès very tense.''Valls'' i
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana Online
Terès alerted the bishops not to tolerate preaching in languages other than their mother tongue. He also promoted the art of printing in Tarragona.

Viceroy of Catalonia

In 1599, the King

attended a session at the

Catalan Courts The Catalan Courts or General Court of Catalonia ( ca, Corts Catalanes or ) was the policymaking and parliamentary body of the Principality of Catalonia from the 13th to the 18th century. Composed by the king and the three estates of the realm ...

. Terès, still archbishop, presided the ecclesiastical arm. After every session, the agreements achieved were usually printed, but that time there were five articles with which the deputies could not come to an agreement. Among them, the right of the viceroy to make proclamations and the deprivation for nobles and their servants of carrying petronels, in order to suppress

banditry Banditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, and murder, either as an ...

in Catalonia. The then viceroy of Catalonia, Lorenzo Suárez de Figueroa y Córdoba, duke of Feria, interpreted the protest as an act of disobedience and replied ordering the imprisonment of a deputy and the Courts

comptroller A comptroller (pronounced either the same as ''controller'' or as ) is a management-level position responsible for supervising the quality of accounting and financial reporting of an organization. A financial comptroller is a senior-level executi ...

. This event was the reason why the duke was thrown out of charge. On 16 April 1602, he was replaced by Terès. The highly delicate circumstances drove Philip III to assign Terès as a mean of appeasement. He was well known by the king from his assistantship at the Courts in 1599. Moreover, that same year, the king and his wife Margaret of Austria stayed at the Archbishop's Palace of Tarragona for three days. At the end of 1602, one of the murderers of Terès's nephew, Pere Voltor, was captured in a raid. Later that year he was sentenced to death and chopped into pieces. Terès decreed the release of the deputies imprisoned by the duke of Feria and published the

Constitutions A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed. When these princip ...

without the conflictive articles. He was strongly opposed to the manufacture of petronels, especially in a country where in just one year more than 300 people were killed by this firearm. Finally he decided to face the nobles. In 1603, Terès prohibited the production of petronels to the blacksmiths. This move did not prove satisfactory to the deputies and bothered the aristocracy. When another protest came up, Terès offered to study this matter again. As viceroy, Terès, who was openly a , actively took part in the disputes between and , thus disregarding the obligations of his position.''Nyerro'' i
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana Online
/ref> The viceroy, without political ambitions and impatient to return to his ecclesiastical tasks, asked for a replacement. King Philip III accepted his petition and on 19 May 1603 he designated the duke of Monteleone, Ettore Pignatelli e Colonna, as the new viceroy.

Death and legacy

Before transferring the powers to the next viceroy, archbishop Terès died on 10 July 1603However, Boleda i Cases (1982), op. cit., p. 19, mentions two other possible dates of death, 6 and 16 July. in the Palace of the Lieutenant, in Barcelona, at age 64.Parochial Archive of Verdú Although the causes of his death were not clear, it has been rumored that he had been poisoned. His testimonial

executor An executor is someone who is responsible for executing, or following through on, an assigned task or duty. The feminine form, executrix, may sometimes be used. Overview An executor is a legal term referring to a person named by the maker of a ...

was his nephew Antoni Clarassó i Terès. In 1610, his remains were taken and escorted by the Spanish squad to Tarragona, and finally buried between the chapels of Saint Fructuosus and Saint John, where he always had his confessional. His altruist character was perpetuated by a pious foundation for unmarried ladies of his lineage. He left money for school fees at the Seminary of Tarragona, for poor students of his lineage and from

la Selva del Camp La Selva del Camp is a municipality in the province of Tarragona, Catalonia, northern Spain. The Prades Mountains are located in the vicinity of this municipality. Main sights *Parish church of Sant Andreu *Castle (12th century) *Convent of St. ...

. He still left more for other seven poor students that wanted to take the ecclesiastical path, with preference for natives from Verdú. And finally, another foundation for provide money annually to three chosen girls from Tarragona, la Selva del Camp and

Constantí Constantí is a town in the province of Tarragona and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. History Archaeological remains can determine that it was inhabited during the time of the Romans. The medieval village was established in 1153, aft ...

. He was also remembered as the benefactor of two

orphanage An orphanage is a Residential education, residential institution, total institution or group home, devoted to the Childcare, care of orphans and children who, for various reasons, cannot be cared for by their biological families. The parent ...

s, for boys and girls, in Tarragona since, at least, 1551. Archbishop Terès street in

(

) is named after him.

Notes

References

External links

Website of the Archdiocese of Tarragona
{{DEFAULTSORT:Teres Borrull, Joan 1538 births 1603 deaths 16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Spain 17th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Spain Archbishops of Tarragona Bishops from Catalonia Rectors of universities in Spain University of Valencia alumni University of Valencia faculty Viceroys of Catalonia