''Jinshi'' () was the highest and final degree in the imperial examination in

Imperial China The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), during the reign of king Wu Ding. Ancient historical texts such as the '' Book of Documents'' (early chapte ...

. The examination was usually taken in the imperial capital in the palace, and was also called the Metropolitan Exam. Recipients are sometimes referred to in English-language sources as Imperial Scholars. The ''jinshi'' degree was first created after the institutionalization of the civil service exam. Initially it had been "for six categories" but was later consolidated into a single degree. This system first appeared during the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Throughout the Tang Dynasty, every year around one to two percent of test takers would obtain a ''jinshi'' title out of a total of one to two thousand test takers. The numbers of ''Jinshi'' degrees given out were increased in the Song Dynasty, and the examinations were given every three years. Most senior officials of the Song Dynasty were ''jinshi'' holders. The Ming Dynasty resumed the civil-service exam after its occurrence became more irregular in the Yuan Dynasty. After the reign of the Emperor Yingzong of Ming, it became the rule that only jinshi holders could enter the

Hanlin Academy The Hanlin Academy was an academic and administrative institution of higher learning founded in the 8th century Tang China by Emperor Xuanzong in Chang'an. Membership in the academy was confined to an elite group of scholars, who performed sec ...

. On average around 89 ''jinshi'' per year were conferred. During the Qing dynasty around 102 ''jinshi'' degrees were given a year. The highest scoring ''jinshi'' in the country was known as the '' zhuangyuan'', a term that survives today as a high scoring '' gaokao'' test taker or just someone who is very good at a skill.

Subtypes of jinshi recipients

* ''Jinshi Jidi'' ( 進士及第, lit. "distinguished ''jinshi''"), graduates ranked first class in the court exam, usually only the top three individuals were qualified for this title. ** '' Zhuangyuan'' ( 狀元, lit. "top thesis author"), the ''jinshi'' who ranked first overall nationwide. ** ''Bangyan'' ( 榜眼, lit. "eyes positioned alongside"), the ''jinshi'' who ranked second overall just below ''zhuangyuan''. ** ''Tanhua'' ( 探花, lit. "flower snatcher"), the ''jinshi'' ranked third overall. * ''Jinshi Chushen'' ( 進士出身, lit. "''jinshi'' background"), the graduates who ranked second class in court exam, ranking immediately after the ''tanhua''. * ''Tong Jinshi Chushen'' ( 同進士出身, lit. "along with ''jinshi'' background"), graduates ranked third class in the court exam.

Notable ''jinshi'' recipients by year

Tang Dynasty

* Chen Zi'ang, (c. 685) poet who was important in helping to bring into being the type of poetry which is considered to be characteristically "

Tang Tang or TANG most often refers to: * Tang dynasty * Tang (drink mix) Tang or TANG may also refer to: Chinese states and dynasties * Jin (Chinese state) (11th century – 376 BC), a state during the Spring and Autumn period, called Tang (唐) b ...

" * Wang Changling (7??) * Meng Jiao (7??) * Lu Lun (7??) * Yan Zhenqing (734), famed calligrapher * Cen Shen (744) * Liu Changqing (750s) * Yuan Jie (754) * Han Hong (poet) (754) * Ouyang Zhan (792) * Liu Yuxi (793) * Li Ao (philosopher) (798) *

Cao Que Cao Que (曹確), courtesy name Gangzhong (剛中), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Yizong. Background It is not known when Cao Que was born. His family was from the Tang Dynasty ...

(803) *

Li Guyan Li Guyan (李固言), courtesy name Zhongshu (仲樞), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving two terms as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Wenzong. Background and early career It is not clear when Li Guyan was born.The Chine ...

(812) *

Ma Zhi Ma Zhi (馬植) (? - 857), courtesy name Cunzhi (存之), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong. Background and early career It is not known when Ma Zhi was born. It is known ...

(819) *

Xiahou Zi Xiahou Zi (), courtesy name Haoxue (好學), formally the Duke of Qiao Commandery (譙郡公), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving two terms as a chancellor of Tang Dynasty, chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Xuānzong of Tan ...

(826) *

Xiao Fang Xiao Fang (; 796–875), courtesy name Sidao (思道), formally the Marquess of Lanling (蘭陵侯), was a Chinese politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xizong. Background Xiao Fang was born in ...

(827) * Du Mu (828) *

Xiao Qing Xiao Qing (蕭頃; 862''Old History of the Five Dynasties'', :zh:s:舊五代史/卷58, vol. 58. – 19 June 930?''Old History of the Five Dynasties'', :zh:s:舊五代史/卷41, vol. 41.Academia Sinica]Chinese-Western Calendar Converter), courtesy n ...

(8??) *

Wei Cong Wei Cong (韋琮), courtesy name Liyu (禮玉), was an official of the History of China, Chinese Tang Dynasty, serving briefly as a chancellor of Tang Dynasty, chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong of Tang, Emperor Xuānzong (reigned 846 ...

(8??) *

Yu Cong Yu Cong (于琮) (died 881), courtesy name Liyong (禮用), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of his brother-in-law Emperor Yizong. After the agrarian rebel Huang Chao captured the imp ...

(8??) *

Song Shenxi Song Shenxi () (died August 18, 833 Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter.), courtesy name Qingchen (), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, serving briefly as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Wenzong. He was most ...

(8??) * Lu Guangqi (8??) *

Sun Wo Sun Wo (), courtesy name Longguang (龍光), formally the Marquess of Le'an (樂安侯), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor from 895 to 897 during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong. Background It is not known whe ...

(8??) *

Pei Zhi Pei Zhi (裴贄) (died 905), courtesy name Jingchen (敬臣), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor from 900 to 903 during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong. In 905, as the warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of ...

(8??) *

Wang Pu (Tang dynasty) Wang Pu (王溥) (died July 5, 905''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 265.Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter), courtesy name Derun (德潤), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor from 901 to 903, during ...

(8??) *

Pei Tan (9th-century Tang chancellor) Pei Tan (裴坦) (died June 25, 874Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 252.), courtesy name Zhijin (知進), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, serving briefly as a chancellor during the reign of ...

(8??) *

Wei Fu Wei Fu (; died July 14, 850''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 249.), courtesy name Xiangzhi (相之), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong. Very little is known about Wei's background ...

(830) *

Du Shenquan Du Shenquan (杜審權), courtesy name Yinheng (殷衡), formally Duke De of Xiangyang (襄陽德公), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Yizong. (833-873) Background It is n ...

(833-873) *

Cui Yanzhao Cui Yanzhao (), courtesy name Siwen (), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xizong. Background It is not known when Cui Yanzhao was born. He was from the "Lesser Branch" of the promin ...

(849) *

Yu Wuling Yu Wuling (810–?) was a Chinese poet of the late Tang dynasty. His birth name was Yu Ye; ''Wuling'' was his courtesy name. He attained a ''jinshi'' degree in the imperial examination, but gave up his position in order to wander around the ...

(85?) * Wang Hui (Tang dynasty) (858) * Xiao Gou (864) * Pi Rixiu (867) *

Pei Shu Pei Shu (裴樞) (841''Old Book of Tang'', vol. 113.-July 5, 905''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 265.Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter), courtesy name Jisheng (紀聖)''New Book of Tang'', vol. 140. or Huasheng (化聖),

(871) *

Yang She Yang She (楊涉), courtesy name Wenchuan (文川), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty and Tang's successor Later Liang, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Tang's final emperor Emperor Ai and Later Liang's both commonly recogni ...

(875) * Ni Shu (877) *

Xue Yiju Xue Yiju (; died May 25, 912''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 268.Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar ...

(87?) *

Zhao Guangyin Zhao Guangyin (; died May 23, 925''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 273.Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter) was an official during China's Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He was the chancellor during Later Tang. He was a son of ...

(891) *

Shen Song Shen Song () (863–938), courtesy name Jifu (), was a chancellor of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Wuyue. Background Shen Song was born in 863, during the reign of Emperor Yizong of Tang. He was said to be from the Mi ...

(895) *

Wang Dingbao Wang Dingbao () (870-941) was a Chinese military general, historian, poet, and politician of the Southern Han dynasty of China, serving as chancellor for less than a year. Background According to the ''Tang Zhiyan'' (唐摭言, "selected words fr ...

(900) *

Ma Yinsun Ma Yinsun () (died 953), courtesy name Qingxian (), was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period Later Tang state, serving briefly as a chancellor during the reign of its last emperor Li Congke. (Some traditional sources w ...

(9??) * Cui Xie (???) *

Liu Kai (Song dynasty) Liu Kai (947-1000) was born at Daming County, Daming in modern southernmost Hebei. He was known to be a highly accomplished scholar as well as a ruthless commander. Jiang Shaoyu (fl. 1115-1145) accused him of cannibalism and eating the minced livers ...

(973)

Song Dynasty

Song Di (Fugu) Song Di () (c. 1015 – c. 1080), courtesy name Fugu, was a minor government official, writer, and a painter of the Chinese painting tradition. He was one of three brothers, and part of the Song clan which had served in government offices for s ...

(10??) * Bao Zheng (1028) *

Cai Xiang Cai Xiang () (1012–1067) was a Chinese calligrapher, politician, structural engineer, and poet.Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui (辞海编辑委员会）. Ci hai （辞海）. Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she （上海辞书出版社）, 197 ...

(1030) *

Ouyang Xiu Ouyang Xiu (; 1007 – 1072 CE), courtesy name Yongshu, also known by his art names Zuiweng () and Liu Yi Jushi (), was a Chinese historian, calligrapher, epigrapher, essayist, poet, and politician of the Song dynasty. He was a renowned writer a ...

(1030) *

Chen Yuyi Chen Yuyi (; 1090 – 1138) was a Chinese poet and politician of the Song dynasty. Biography Chen was born in Luoyang, Henan in 1090 to an official family, with his ancestral home in Jingzhao (today's Xi'an). After he acquired his ''jinshi'' in ...

(1113) * Qin Hui (1115) * Yang Wanli (1154) *

Lu Zhi (poet) Lu Zhi (, ca. 1243—1315) was Chinese writer of the Yuan dynasty. His courtesy name was Chudao () and his pen name was Shuzhai (). He was born in modern Zhuozhou, Hebei, although some accounts claim he was from modern Yongjia, Zhejiang. Lu rec ...

(1269)

Yuan dynasty

* Liu Bowen (c.1350)

Ming dynasty

* Yu Qian (1421) * Han Yong (Ming dynasty) (1422) *

Yang Tinghe Yang Tinghe (; 15 October 1459 – 25 July 1529), style name Jiefu, was a Grand Secretary in the Ming dynasty under the Zhengde (Wuzong) and Jiajing (Shizong) emperors. Yang was born and died in Xindu, Sichuan province, China. Biography Yang Tin ...

(1478) *

Xu Pu Xu Pu (, 14291499) was a Nine Ministers, minister during the reign of the Ming dynasty Hongzhi Emperor. Biography Xu Pu was a scholar in the palace, and successfully graduated after the highest Imperial examination as a ''jinshi'' (), or "chosen ...

(1454) * Lu Rong (1466) * Wang Yangming (1499) *

Yan Song Yan Song (; 1480–1567), courtesy name Weizhong (惟中), pseudonym Jiexi (介溪), was a Chinese politician and regent of the Ming dynasty. He was notorious for being corrupt and for dominating the Ming government for two decades as Grand Sec ...

(1505) * Zhu Wan (1521) * Xu Jie (Ming dynasty) (1523) *

Luo Hongxian Luo Hongxian (; 1504 – 1564) was a Ming dynasty Chinese cartographer. He also studied astronomy, geography, irrigation methods, military affairs and mathematics. After passing the Imperial Examinations with the rank of ''jinshi'' in 1529, Lu ...

(1529) *

Zhao Wenhua Zhao Wenhua (; died 1557) was a Chinese public official during the reign of the Ming dynasty's Jiajing Emperor. After initial setbacks in his career, Zhao became a close confidant to Grand Secretary Yan Song, eventually becoming a vice minister. ...

(1529) *

Qian Dehong Qian Dehong () was a notable Chinese philosopher, writer, and educator during the mid-late Ming Dynasty. Biography Qian was born in Yuyao, Shaoxing Fu (紹興府/绍兴府; current Ningbo), Zhejiang Province. His original name was Kuan (宽), and ...

(1532) *

Fan Qin Fan Qin (, 1506 - 1585, courtesy name: Yaoqing (堯卿), pseudonym: Dongming (東明)) was a politician and bibliophile of the Ming Dynasty. Born in Ningbo in 1506, Fan Qin succeeded in the highest level of the Imperial examination in 1532 and o ...

(1532) * Gao Gong (1541) * Liang Youyu (1550) * Xu Zhongxing (1550) * Gui Youguang, (1565) nine attempts *

Tang Xianzu Tang Xianzu (; September 24, 1550 – July 29, 1616), courtesy name Yireng (), was a Chinese playwright of the Ming Dynasty. Biography Tang was a native of Linchuan, Jiangxi and his career as an official consisted principally of low-level ...

, ( 1571) playwright and government official *

Li Shida Li Shida (, ), was a Chinese painter of the Ming dynasty. A native of Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, he obtained the position of a ''jinshi'' in the imperial examination in 1574 during the reign of the Wanli Emperor. Biography Li was born at a yea ...

(1574) *

Li Sancai Li Sancai (; courtesy name Daofu 道甫; art name Xiuwu 修吾; d. 1623) was an official during the late Ming dynasty in China. Li Sancai is best remembered for his outspoken opinions against the Wanli Emperor (r.1572-1620) regarding his eunuch- ...

(1574) *

Zang Maoxun Zang Maoxun (; 1550–1620) was a Ming dynasty Chinese playwright and drama theorist from Changxing, Zhejiang province. His courtesy name was Jinshu (晋叔) and he may also be known by the pseudonym (hao), Guzhu (顾渚). He successfully achiev ...

(1580) *

Ye Xianggao Ye Xianggao (; 1559–1627) was a late Ming dynasty official who served in the Grand Secretariat under the Wanli Emperor from 1607 to 1614 and under the Tianqi Emperor from 1621 to 1624. He played an important role in staving off the Palace's pe ...

(1583) * Zhu Guozhen (Ming dynasty) (1589) * Hong Chengchou (1616) *

Ruan Dacheng Ruan may refer to: Buildings *Ruan Center, office building in Des Moines, Iowa *John Ruan House, historic mansion in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Places *Ruan, County Clare, Ireland *Ruan, Loiret, France *Mont Ruan, Switzerland *Ruan Major and Ru ...

(1616) *

Ni Yuanlu Ni Yuanlu (; ca. 1593–1644) was a high-ranking official, calligrapher, and painter during the Ming dynasty of Chinese history. Ni was born in Shangyu in the Zhejiang province. His courtesy name was "Yuru" (玉汝) and his art name was "Hongbao" ...

(1621) * Shi Kefa (1628) *

Sun Chuanting Sun Chuanting (; 1 January 1593 – 3 November 1643), courtesy name Boya (百雅), art name Baigu (白谷), was born in Shanxi; he was the late Ming dynasty's Minister of War (Bingbu Shangshu), and Field Marshal (Dushi). He led 10,000 Ming ...

(1619) * Liu Tong (1634) *

Zhou Lianggong Zhou Lianggong (, 1612–1672) was a Chinese poet, calligrapher, essayist, and art historian who was born in Kaifeng and had long family ties to Nanjing. He passed his Jinshi degree in 1640, becoming a magistrate in Weixian, Shandong where he defe ...

, (1640) artist, calligrapher, and government official *

Zhao Yingcheng Zhao Yingcheng ( Hebrew name: מֹשֶׁה בֶּן־אַבְרָהָם, ''Moshe ben Avraham''; Traditional Chinese: 趙映乘;Michael Pollack, "The Jews of Kaifeng", p. 4 born 1619, died after 1663) was a Chinese philosopher and politician during ...

, (1646) scholar and mandarin of Jewish faith *

Han Weiji Han Weiji (), courtesy name Zhenzi (), was a Chinese official who lived in the Qing dynasty. Han was born in Xiaotian Village, Zichuan County, Shandong Province, China (now Fujia Town, Zhangdian District, Zibo Prefecture). Han was a '' tong jins ...

(1664)

Qing dynasty

Jiang Tingxi Jiang Tingxi (, 1669–1732Barnhart: Page 379.), courtesy name Yangsun (), was a Chinese painter, and an editor of the encyclopedia ''Gujin Tushu Jicheng'' (''Complete Collection of Ancient and Modern Writings and Charts''). Jiang was born in ...

(16??) *

Wei Yijie Wei Yijie (Chinese: 魏裔介; August 19, 1616 – April 27, 1686) was a prominent Han Chinese scholar and official serving in the early Qing Dynasty, during the rules of the Shunzhi Emperor, Oboi, and the Kangxi Emperor and was known for his focus ...

(1646) *

Chen Tingjing Chen Tingjing (, 31 December 1638 – 23 May 1712) was a Han Chinese politician and scholar who served as tutor to the Kangxi Emperor and was chief editor of the Kangxi Dictionary. Biography Chen Jing was born in Zezhou in Shanxi province. H ...

(1658), politician and scholar, tutor to the Kangxi Emperor and editor of the Kangxi Dictionary * Guwen Guanzhi (1658) *

Chen Menglei Chen Menglei (; 1650-1741) was a Qing dynasty scholar-writer known for being the chief editor, compiler, and author of the Gujin Tushu Jicheng Chinese encyclopedia. In 1670, he became a Jinshi. Chen Menglei conducted research for over 50 years, c ...

(1670) * Li Guangdi (1670) * Nian Gengyao (1700) * Zhang Tingyu (1700), politician and historian, one of the first members of the Grand Council (Qing dynasty) * Akdun (1709) * Zhang Zhao (1709) *

Sun Jiagan Sun Jiagan (, 1683–1753) was a Chinese politician of the Qing dynasty. Born in Taiyuan, Shanxi, Sun was son of a family that was so poor that he had to work hard all day collecting firewood, and could only study at night. In 1713, he graduated ...

(1713) (, 1683–1753) officeholder of ''Libu Shilang'',''Xingbu Shangshu'' by , and later to Libu Shangshu in 1738.Histories: Sun Jiagan dies
. Retrieved 9 Nov 2013. After holding various posts, in 1741 Sun became Viceroy of Huguang, where he introduced the system of subsidized chiefs, in order to keep the aborigines under control. *

Liu Tongxun Liu Tongxun (; 1698–1773) was a politician in Qing dynasty. He was one of relatively few ethnically Han Grand Secretariat of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. He has served for the Qing government for more than 40 years with integrity, and dares to ...

(1724) *

Yuan Mei Yuan Mei (; 1716–1797) was a Chinese painter and poet of the Qing Dynasty. He was often mentioned with Ji Yun as the "Nan Yuan Bei Ji" (). Biography Early life Yuan Mei was born in Qiantang (, in modern Hangzhou), Zhejiang province, to a cu ...

(1739) *

(1646) (魏裔介; 1616 – 1686) a prominent Han Chinese scholar and official serving in the early Qing Dynasty, during the rules of the

Shunzhi Emperor The Shunzhi Emperor (15 March 1638 – 5 February 1661) was the second Emperor of China, emperor of the Qing dynasty of China, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1644 to 1661. A Deliberative Council of Prince ...

, Oboi, and the Kangxi Emperor and was known for his focus and advocacy of the reformation the Examination system *

Ji Yun Ji Yun (; 1724–1805), also known as Ji Xiaolan () or Ji Chunfan () was a Chinese philosopher, politician, and writer. He was an influential scholar of Qing dynasty China and many anecdotes have been recorded about him. Ji Yun left behind a bo ...

(1754) *

Sun Shiyi Sun Shiyi (, Vietnamese: Tôn Sĩ Nghị; 1720 – 1796), courtesy name Zhizhi (), pseudonym Bushan (), was an official of the Qing dynasty who served as the Viceroy of Liangguang and of Liangjiang during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. A ...

(1761) * Yao Nai (1763) *

Sun Yuting Sun Yuting (1752–1834), courtesy name Jiashu and pseudonym Jipu, was a Chinese official of the Qing dynasty. He served as the Provincial Governor of Jiangxi, Jiangsu, and Anhui provinces, Viceroy of Huguang and Liangjiang, and as a member of ...

(1775) * Ruan Yuan (1789) * Gao E (writer) (1795) * Lu Kun (1799) *

Bao Shichen Bao Shichen (; 1775—1855) was a calligrapher and reformist scholar in the early nineteenth century. Under the Qing administration, Bao made numerous important suggestions regarding the areas of military affairs, laws and politics, the grain tribu ...

(1808) *

Cheng Enze Cheng Enze (Chinese:程恩泽/程恩澤, 1785–1837) was a Chinese scholar and poet of late Qing Dynasty. Cheng studied with Ling Tingkan, and obtained Jinshi in 1811, later became a compiler of Hanlin Academy () and at last was promoted as Hubu ...

(1811) * Lin Zexu (1811) * Ge Yunfei (1823) *

Huang Juezi Huang Juezi (1793 – 1853) was a Chinese Qing dynasty scholar and civil servant and a fervent opponent of the opium trade. His 1838 official memorial to the Daoguang Emperor detailing the problems caused by opium helped lead to t ...

(1823) *

Luo Bingzhang Luo Bingzhang (, courtesy names Yumen 籲門 and Ruzhai 儒齋; Posthumous name: Wenzhong 文忠; (January 9, 1793 – September 1, 1867) was an eminent Han Chinese official, military general, and devout Confucian scholar of the late Qing Dyn ...

(1832) *

Luo Zundian Luo Zundian (; died March 19, 1860) was a Chinese provincial governor who ended several rebellions, but was forced to commit suicide in the second rout of the Jiangnan Battalion in Hangzhou when the Taiping forces conquered the city. Life Luo wa ...

(1835) * Zeng Guofan (1838) *

Feng Guifen Feng Guifen (; 1809 – May 28, 1874,Encyclopædia Britannica Online' courtesy name Linyi (), art name Jingting (), later art name Dengweishanren (), jinshi degree 1840) was a scholar during the Qing Dynasty. He was also a teacher, and a governmen ...

(1840) *

Jiang Zhongyuan Jiang Zhongyuan (), courtesy name Changrui, () was a scholar and soldier from Hunan who fought for the Qing and against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion. Early life Jiang Zhongyuan was born on August 1, 1812, in Xinnin ...

(1844) (), courtesy name Changrui, () was a scholar and soldier from Hunan who fought for the Qing and against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion. *

Wenxiang Wenxiang (, ; born October 16, 1818, in Liaoyang, died May 26, 1876) was an ethnic Manchu statesman of the Qing dynasty of China. Wenxiang hailed from the Gūwalgiya clan and belonged to the Plain Red Banner in the Eight Banners in Mukden. In 1 ...

(1845) *

Xue Fucheng Xue Fucheng or Hsieh Fucheng (12 April 1838 – 21 July 1894) was a Chinese diplomat of the Qing dynasty in the late 19th century. Born in Wuxi, Jiangsu to a literati family. Late Qing dynasty writer/essayist, diplomat to England, France, Be ...

(1845) *

Ma Xinyi Ma Xinyi (Xiao'erjing: , ; Styled and variably 穀三; Posthumous title: 端敏公 (Duke Duanmin); November 3, 1821–August 23, 1870) was an eminent Hui Muslim official and a military general of the late Qing Dynasty in China. Along with o ...

(1847) * Li Hongzhang (1847) * Tan Zhonglin (1856) *

Lao Chongguang Lao Chongguang () (1802–67) was a Chinese official during the Qing dynasty and a native of Changsha County, Changsha, Hunan. Personal life His grandson is the Doctor of Philosophy Lao Sze-Kwang. Political career Lao Chongguang was considered a ...

(18??) * Liu Bingzhang (1860) *

Cuigiya Lianyuan Lianyuan (; , 1838–11 August 1900) was a Manchu Chinese statesman in the late Qing dynasty of China. His courtesy name was Xianheng (仙蘅). Lianyuan came from the Cuigiya clan of Haixi Jurchens. He also belonged to the Bordered Red Banner ( ...

(1868) * Xu Jingcheng (1868) *

Qu Hongji Qu Hongji (; 1850–1918), style name Zijiu (), and art name Zhi'an (), was a politician of the Chinese Qing Dynasty who served in several ministerial positions, most notably being the first Minister of Foreign Affairs. Biography Qu Hongji was ...

(1871) *

Zhao Erxun Zhao Erxun (23 May 1844 – 3 September 1927), courtesy name Cishan, art name Wubu, was a Chinese political and military officeholder who lived in the late Qing dynasty. He served in numerous high-ranking positions under the Qing government, in ...

(1874) * Zuo Zongtang (1875), granted an "honorary ''jinshi''" by the Guangxu Emperor for his military achievements *

Shen Jiaben Shen Jiaben (, 1840 – 1913), alias Jiyi (), was a Late Qing Chinese politician and jurist from Huzhou, Zhejiang province. Shen became a jinshi in 1883. He had been once the Prefect of Tianjin during 1893–7, then the Vice Minister of ...

(1883) * Liang Qichao (1890) * Huang Xing (1893) *

Wu Leichuan Wu Leichuan (; alt. ) (1870–1944) was a leading Chinese theologian in the early 20th century and Chancellor of Yenching University. Biography From his childhood, Wu poured his energy into mastering the Confucian classics and working his way u ...

(1898) *

Xu Qian Xu Qian or George Hsu (; June 15, 1871 – September 26, 1940) was a Chinese politician and jurist. He made important contribution to the judicial system of modern China. Originated from She County of Anhui province and born in Nanchang of Jia ...

(1903) *

Theodone C. Hu Theodone C. Hu (J. C. Hu, Dongchao Hu, or Zhenting Hu) (1872–1957) was a Chinese civil engineer, librarian, and writer. He worked on many of the early railroads in China. Birth and family background Theodone C. Hu was born in 1872 in Huangpu ...

(1906)

People who failed ''jinshi'' exams

Wu Cheng (philosopher) Wú Chéng or Wu Ch'eng (1249 – 1333) (), courtesy names Yòuqīng () and Bóqīng (), studio names Yīwúshānrén () and Caolu Xiansheng (草廬先生; lit. "Mr. Grass Hut"), was a scholar, educator, and poet who lived in the late Song dyn ...

Gedalecia, David. The Philosophy of Wu Ch’eng: A Neo-Confucian of the Yüan Dynasty. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1999. *

Li Zhen (Later Liang) Li Zhen (李振) (died November 20, 923Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter), courtesy name Xingxu (興緒), was an important official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Liang. He was a trusted aide o ...

Li Yu (Later Tang) Li Yu (李愚) (died October 24, 935?'' History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 47.Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter), courtesy name Zihui (子晦), known in his youth as Li Yanping (李晏平), was a Chinese essayist, historian, a ...

Feng Yu Feng Yu () (died 952/953?), courtesy name Jingchen (), was a Chinese politician of the Later Tang, Later Jin, and the Liao dynasties of China. He was powerful during the reign of Later Jin's second emperor Shi Chonggui, as Shi's Empress Feng wa ...

Notes

References

{{reflist Academic degrees Confucian education Imperial examination Political history of China

Subtypes of jinshi recipients

Notable ''jinshi'' recipients by year

Tang Dynasty

Song Dynasty

Yuan dynasty

Ming dynasty

Qing dynasty

People who failed ''jinshi'' exams

See also

Notes

References