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Zizhi Tongjian
''Zizhi Tongjian'' () is a pioneering reference work in Chinese historiography, published in 1084 AD during the Northern Song dynasty in the form of a chronicle recording Chinese history from 403 BC to 959 AD, covering 16 dynasties and spanning almost 1400 years. The main text is arranged into 294 scrolls (''juan'' , equivalent to a chapter) totaling about 3 million Chinese characters. In 1065 AD, Emperor Yingzong of Song commissioned his official Sima Guang (1019–1086 AD) to lead a project to compile a universal history of China, and granted him funding and the authority to appoint his own staff. His team took 19 years to complete the work and in 1084 AD it was presented to Emperor Yingzong's successor Emperor Shenzong of Song. It was well-received and has proved to be immensely influential among both scholars and the general public. Endymion Wilkinson regards it as reference quality: "It had an enormous influence on later Chinese historical wri ...
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Chang'an
Chang'an (; ) is the traditional name of Xi'an. The site had been settled since Neolithic times, during which the Yangshao culture was established in Banpo, in the city's suburbs. Furthermore, in the northern vicinity of modern Xi'an, Qin Shi Huang of the Qin dynasty, China's first emperor, held his imperial court, and constructed his massive mausoleum guarded by the Terracotta Army. From its capital at Xianyang, the Qin dynasty ruled a larger area than either of the preceding dynasties. The imperial city of Chang'an during the Han dynasty was located northwest of today's Xi'an. During the Tang dynasty, the area that came to be known as Chang'an included the area inside the Ming Xi'an fortification, plus some small areas to its east and west, and a substantial part of its southern suburbs. Thus, Tang Chang'an was eight times the size of the Ming Xi'an, which was reconstructed upon the site of the former imperial quarters of the Sui and Tang city. During its heyday, Chang'an w ...
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Feng Dao
Feng Dao () (882'' History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 126.-May 21, 954Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
Academia Sinica
), Kedao (), formally Prince Wenyi of Ying (), was a Chinese inventor, printer, and politician. He was an important Chinese governmental official during the , who served as a
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An Chonghui
An Chonghui (d. June 25, 931?''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 277. Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter) (, fl. 10th century) was the chief of staff (''Shumishi'') and chief advisor to Li Siyuan (Emperor Mingzong) (r. 926–933) of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Tang. For most of Emperor Mingzong's reign, An was the most powerful figure at court, making key military and political decisions that, in his eyes, sought to strengthen the authority of the Later Tang imperial state. However, his ruthless actions toward political enemies—including Emperor Mingzong's adoptive son Li Congke the Prince of Lu—created much resentment. After the campaign against the regional warlords Meng Zhixiang and Dong Zhang, which An instigated, stalled, An was forced to retire, and then was killed in retirement, under accusations that he had alienated Meng, Dong, and the Later Tang nominal vassal Qian Liu the King of Wuyue, from the Later Tang emperor. He was sa ...
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Zheng Jue
Zheng Jue (鄭玨) was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and the succeeding Later Liang and Later Tang of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, serving as a chancellor during both Later Liang and Later Tang. Background It is not known when or where Zheng Jue was born. He was a grandnephew to the Tang Dynasty official Zheng Qi, who served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang. Zheng Jue's father Zheng Hui (鄭徽) served as an assistant to the late-Tang warlord Zhang Quanyi, who served as the mayor of and controlled the Tang eastern capital Luoyang during those years. Zheng Jue passed the imperial examinations in the ''Jinshi'' class during Emperor Zhaozong's ''Guanghua'' era (898-901).''Old History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 58. (It was said that previously, he had failed the ''Jinshi'' examinations repeatedly, but Zhang, whom he was depending on (suggesting, but not conclusively indicating, that his father Zheng Hui was deceased ...
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Li Qi (Five Dynasties)
Li Qi (; 871''Old History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 58. – October 26, 930?''Old History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 41.Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter), courtesy name Taixiu (台秀), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty and its successor states Later Liang and Later Tang of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, serving as a chancellor during Later Liang. Background and service during the Tang dynasty Li Qi was born in 871, during the reign of Emperor Yizong of Tang. His ancestors had been Tang dynasty officials for generations, and his fifth-generation ancestor Li Cheng (李憕) was particularly well known for his faithfulness to Tang during the An-Shi Rebellion, during the early stage of which he served as the defender of the eastern capital Luoyang and was killed by An Lushan for refusing to surrender, after An captured the city. Li Qi's father Li Hu (李縠) served as a secretary to Wang Duo, who was the overall commander of Tang ...
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Ren Huan
Ren or REN may refer to: Abbreviations * Orenburg Tsentralny Airport, IATA code REN, civil airport in Russia * Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN), Portuguese company * Renanthera, abbreviated as Ren, orchid genus * Ringer equivalence number (REN), a number which denotes the loading effect of a telephone ringer on a telephone line Geography * Ren County, in Hebei, China * Ren, Iran, a village in Kerman Province, Iran * Ren (building), a high-rise residential building in Seattle, Washington, United States Science, technology and medicine * REN (gene) * Ren, in anatomy, a kidney * Ren (command), a shell command in computing People * A diminutive of the given name Renée * Ren (surname) (任), Chinese surname * MC Ren, rapper from the group NWA * Ren (singer), member of South Korean boy band NU'EST * Renforshort, Canadian singer formerly known as Ren * , Japanese traditional calligrapher * , Japanese businessman * , Japanese actor * , Japanese politician * , Japanese footbal ...
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Jin (Later Tang Precursor)
Jin (晉; 883 (or 896 or 907)–923), also known as Hedong (河東) and Former Jin (前晉) in Chinese historiography, was a dynastic state of China and the predecessor of the Later Tang dynasty. Its princely rulers were the ethnic Shatuo warlords Li Keyong and Li Cunxu (Li Keyong's son). Although the Five Dynasties period began only in 907, Li Keyong's territory which centered around modern Shanxi can be referred to as Jin as early as 896, when he was officially created the Prince of Jin by the failing and powerless Tang dynasty court, or even (by extension, anachronistically) as early as 883, when he was created the ''jiedushi'' military governor of Hedong Circuit, which controlled more or less the same territory. History The Jin rulers Li Keyong and Li Keyong's son Li Cunxu, of Shatuo extraction, claimed to be the rightful subjects of the defunct Tang dynasty (618–907), in a struggle against the usurper state of the Later Liang dynasty. At the time of the Tang dynast ...
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Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He (Chinese: , Standard Beijing Mandarin, Mandarin: ''Huáng hé'' ) is the second-longest river in China, after the Yangtze River, and the List of rivers by length, sixth-longest river system in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai province of Western China, it flows through nine provinces, and it empties into the Bohai Sea near the city of Dongying in Shandong province. The Yellow River basin has an east–west extent of about and a north–south extent of about . Its total drainage area is about . The Yellow River's basin was the Yellow River civilization, birthplace of ancient Chinese, and, by extension, Far East, Far Eastern civilization, and it was the most prosperous region in early Chinese history. There are frequent devastating natural disasters in China, floods and course changes produced by the continual elevation of the river bed, sometimes above the level of its surrounding farm fi ...
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Kong Xun
Kong Xun () (884''New History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 43.-April 4, 931''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 277.Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter), known early in his life as Zhao Yinheng (), also having used surnames of Li () and Zhu () early in life, was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period states Later Liang and Later Tang. He became prominent during the reign of Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang due to his alliance with Emperor Mingzong's trusted advisor An Chonghui, but later had a fallout with An, was ejected from the central government, and would not return to it toward the end of his life. Background Kong Xun was born in 884, during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang, but his ancestry and home territory has been lost to history, as was his original personal name. He became an orphan early in his life, and gradually ended up in Bian Prefecture (汴州, in modern Kaifeng, Henan). He was taken into the household of a rich man named ...
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Wei Yue
Wei Yue (韋說) (died August 24, 927?''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 276.Academia Sinicabr>Chinese-Western Calendar Converter) was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, and Tang's successor states Later Liang and Later Tang of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Later Tang's first two emperors Li Cunxu and Li Siyuan. As a chancellor commissioned by Li Cunxu, he did not fit in with the officials trusted by Li Siyuan, and was eventually exiled and forced to commit suicide. Background and service during Tang and Later Liang Part of the text of the '' History of the Five Dynasties'' biography of Wei Yue's was lost, but indicated that Wei's father was Wei Xiu (), who served as a governor of Fujian Circuit (福建, headquartered in modern Fuzhou, Fujian)'' History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 67. — which would make Wei Yue a nephew of the prominent late-Tang military governor (''Jiedushi'') Wei Zhou () and a distant descendant of t ...
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