Jiangshi Fiction

Jiangshi fiction, or goeng-si fiction in Cantonese, is a literary and cinematic genre of horror based on the jiangshi of Chinese folklore, a reanimated corpse controlled by Taoist priests that resembles the zombies and vampires of Western fiction. The genre first appeared in the literature of the Qing dynasty and the jiangshi film () is a staple of the modern Hong Kong film industry. Hong Kong jiangshi films like '' Mr. Vampire'' and ''Encounters of the Spooky Kind'' follow a formula of mixing horror with comedy and kung fu.

Literature

Derived from Chinese folklore, jiangshi fiction first appeared in the literature of the Qing dynasty. The jiangshi is a corpse reanimated by a Taoist priest. The priest commands the jiangshi and directs it to a location for a proper burial. Jiangshi hop as they move and are able to absorb '' qi'', the essence of the living. The ties between jiangshi and vampires, and the English translation of jiangshi as "hopping vampire", may have been a marketing ploy manufactured by Hong Kong studios eager to enter Western markets. Unlike vampires, jiangshi do not drink blood or desire immortality.

Fictional accounts of jiangshi were included in Qing collections of ghost stories and other supernatural tales. They are featured in the story ''A Corpse's Transmutation'' (''Shibian'') in the ''Shuyiji'' collection, ''A Vampiric Demon'' (''Jiangshi gui'') and ''Spraying Water'' (''Penshui'') in Pu Songling's ''Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio'', and ''The Demonic Corpse'' (''Jiangshi gui'') in Dongxuan Zhuren's ''Shiyiji''. In ''Spraying Water'', the animated corpse spews a liquid that kills the wife of a government official and her two servants. A traveler is chased by a jiangshi in ''A Corpse's Transmutation'', which killed three of his companions. There are thirty stories of jiangshi in ''Zi Bu Yu'', written by Yuan Mei. Qing writer Ji Xiaolan provides a detailed description of jiangshi folklore in his book ''Yuewei Caotang Biji''
''The Shadow Book of Ji Yun''
Empress Wu Books, 2021).

Hong Kong cinema

A number of monster films were produced before the jiangshi boom of the 1980s and the 1990s. The earliest concerning vampires is ''Midnight Vampire'' (午夜殭屍) directed in 1936 by Yeung Kung-Leung. Vampire films were also made in the 1970s, which merged the vampires of Western horror with the martial arts of Hong Kong kung fu films. The jiangshi films of the 1980s were a departure from the Dracula-like vampires of its predecessors. Cinematic portrayals of jiangshi show the corpses wearing traditional changshan garments with a talisman placed on its head that allows the Taoist priest to control the cadaver. The tropes expropriated from Western horror were fewer, but still visibly present. The cloak, a motif from Hollywood's adaptations of ''Dracula'', appears in the jiangshi films ''Vampire vs Vampire'' and ''A Bite of Love''.

''Encounters of the Spooky Kind'', directed by Sammo Hung in 1980, was the first film based on the jiangshi of Chinese legends and the progenitor of the genre in the Hong Kong film industry. The film is an early example of kung fu horror comedy in Hong Kong and the jiangshi of the film are played by martial artists. A sequel, ''Encounters of the Spooky Kind II'', was directed by Ricky Lau in 1990.

'' Mr. Vampire'', directed by Ricky Lau, was the breakthrough success of the genre. The film established many of the genre's recognizable tropes. The protagonist is a Taoist priest, skilled in casting magical spells and performing kung fu, who uses supernatural powers to control the undead. He is assisted by incompetent sidekicks, whose antics are a source of comic relief, and must face a vengeful ghost.

In later jiangshi films, jiangshi interact and exist alongside Western vampires. In the 1989 film ''Vampire vs. Vampire'', a Taoist priest and childlike jiangshi encounter a British vampire. The jiangshi saves the priest when his spells for taming the jiangshi are fruitless against the vampire. The trope of jiangshi children, an allusion to a similar character in ''Mr. Vampire II'', shows an awareness in jiangshi films of the genre by referencing its past cliches.

Jiangshi films declined in popularity around the mid-1990s. There was a brief resurgence in jiangshi and vampire films during the early 2000s. Tsui Hark produced ''The Era of Vampires'' in 2002 and ''The Twins Effect'', directed by Dante Lam and Donnie Yen, was released in 2003. ''The Era of Vampires'' was not a comedy like earlier jiangshi films, a move that provoked criticisms from the genre's fans who felt that the film was trying to appeal to a more "Hollywood" demographic. In 2009, Katy Chang made ''Nanjing Road'', a jiangshi horror movie set against China's economic expansion. In 2013, Juno Mak made ''Rigor Mortis'' as a tribute to earlier series such as ''Mr. Vampire''. In 2014, Daniel Chan made Sifu vs Vampire.

Jiangshi films have attracted an international audience since its heyday. In the West, the genre is popular because it both resembles and is distinct from the monsters of European and American folklore. It is also popular in the Chinese diaspora and in southeast Asia.

Television series

* The ''Jackie Chan Adventures'' episode "Chi of the Vampire" involves the main characters being attacked by a Jiangshi while visiting an abandoned mountain castle in China. The vampire drains qi from Tohru, Jade, and Uncle; which also turns Uncle into another vampire, enslaved as the Jiangshi's minion. After the stolen qi is returned, the Jiangshi is destroyed by sunlight, much like a Western vampire.
* In '' Power Rangers: Jungle Fury'', the minions led by the main antagonist Dai Shi, known as "rin shi" seem to based on the jiangshi.
* Jiangshi appear in '' Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness'', in the episode "The Po Who Cried Ghost".
* Jiangshi appear in ''Dragon Ball Super'' where they are depicted as human-type Earthlings transformed into Jiangshi by witchcraft using special paper talismans. This technique is used by former Crane School student Yurin to take revenge on Tienshinhan by turning his students and Master Roshi into Jiangshi. However Goku manages to defeat Jiangshi Max Power Master Roshi due to Yurin failing to command Roshi to counter Goku's Kamehameha. Tien and Goku foil Yurin's plot and allows the transformed students to return to normal. However the students destroyed a nearby town while in Jiangshi form forcing Tien to take part in the Tournament of Power to pay to fix the damages.
* Japanese professional wrestler the Great O Khan adopted a costume and ring entrance inspired by the jiangshi while on learning excursion in Britain's Revolution Pro Wrestling after graduating from the New Japan Dojo. The wrestler himself, Tomoyuki Oka, has Chinese-Mongolian ancestry. However, his persona is still that of a normal (brutish) human.

Video games

In '' Touhou Shinreibyou ~ Ten Desires'', the boss of the 3rd stage, Yoshika Miyako, is a jiangshi.

Hsien-Ko from the '' Darkstalkers'' fighting game series is a jiangshi.

The video game '' Sleeping Dogs'', which takes place in Hong Kong, features an expansion called ''Nightmare in North Point.'' The expansion is based on Chinese horror and folklore and features jiangshi as enemies to fight.

The hero Mei from the Blizzard video game ''Overwatch'' has a Jiangshi-inspired skin for the Halloween Terror 2017 in-game event, as well as a "hopping" emote where she will hop continuously in a straight line with her arms outstretched.

Jiangshi (going by their Japanese names of Kyonshi) are the primary enemies in the Nintendo Entertainment System video game, '' Phantom Fighter''. However, they are mistakenly referred to as zombies instead of vampires.

Jiangshi appear as enemies in the Chai Kingdom, the fourth and final world of the 1989 Nintendo Game Boy video game '' Super Mario Land''.

Jiangshi are featured as enemies in the game ''Spelunky''. They can be found as early as the second area of the game.

The Tale of the Dragon DLC for the strategy game Age of Mythology: Extended Edition, which features units based on various mythical creatures, has the Jiangshi as a possible unit for the god Shennong.

Jiangshi appeared as a secret and optional miniboss in '' Castlevania: Order of Ecclesia''.

In ''Kingdom Hearts II'', the Nightwalker Heartless enemies, which primarily appear in the Land of Dragons world based on ''Mulan (1998 film)'', are based on Jiangshi.

A Jiangshi-inspired hat, the Kyonshi Hat, was added on October 5, 2018 to ''Splatoon 2'' as part of a Halloween event.

Jiangshi are playable zombies in Counter-Strike Online in some modes: Zombie:The Hero, Zombie-Z, Zombie 2

Norowara and Kyonpan, two unused Pokémon from ''Pokémon Gold and Silver'', are based on the jiangshi.

In the science fiction horror game SOMA, there are reanimated corpse monsters who act like ghosts and are referred to as Jiangshi.

An insect (praying mantis) inspired version of the Jiangshi appears in Sucker Punch Productions' 2005 video game, Sly 3: Honor Among Thieves in the heist episode A Cold Alliance, they are the only non-Chinese Zodiac inspired enemy to appear in the enemy boss General Tsao's entourage.

Genshin Impact, a 2020 video game by miHoYo, features a playable character named Qiqi who is based on the jiangshi, though she is referred to as a "zombie" in the English language version of the game.

See also

*Vampire literature
*Zombie film

Notes and references

Citations

Bibliography

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{{Film genres

Horror genres
Chinese horror films
Cinema of Hong Kong
Film genres
Hong Kong horror films
Literary genres
Television genres
Zombies and revenants in popular culture