Jean Victor Audouin (27 April 1797 – 9 November 1841), sometimes Victor Audouin, was a French
naturalist, an
entomologist
Entomology () is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term "insect" was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of animals in other arthropod groups, such as arach ...
,
herpetologist
Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν ''herpetón'', meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and rept ...
,
ornithologist
Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the "methodological study and consequent knowledge of birds with all that relates to them." Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and th ...
, and
malacologist
Malacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods. Mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, ...
.
Biography
Audouin was born in
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
and was educated in the field of
medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care pract ...
. In 1824 he was appointed assistant to
Pierre André Latreille
Pierre André Latreille (; 29 November 1762 – 6 February 1833) was a French zoologist, specialising in arthropods. Having trained as a Roman Catholic priest before the French Revolution, Latreille was imprisoned, and only regained his freedom ...
, professor of entomology at the
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
The French National Museum of Natural History, known in French as the ' (abbreviation MNHN), is the national natural history museum of France and a ' of higher education part of Sorbonne Universities. The main museum, with four galleries, is loc ...
, where in 1833 he became Latreille's successor. In 1838 he became a member of the
French Academy of Sciences
The French Academy of Sciences (French: ''Académie des sciences'') is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV of France, Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French Scientific me ...
.
His principal work, ''Histoire des insectes nuisibles à la vigne'' (1842), was completed after his death by
Henri Milne-Edwards
Henri Milne-Edwards (23 October 1800 – 29 July 1885) was an eminent French zoologist.
Biography
Henri Milne-Edwards was the 27th child of William Edwards, an English planter and colonel of the militia in Jamaica and Elisabeth Vaux, a Frenchw ...
and
Émile Blanchard
Charles Émile Blanchard (6 March 1819 – 11 February 1900) was a French zoologist and entomologist.
Career
Blanchard was born in Paris. His father was an artist and naturalist and Émile began natural history very early in life. When he w ...
. Many of his papers appeared in the ''
Annales des sciences naturelles'', which, with
Adolphe Theodore Brongniart
''Adolphe'' is a classic French novel by Benjamin Constant, first published in 1816. It tells the story of an alienated young man, Adolphe, who falls in love with an older woman, Ellénore, the Polish mistress of the Comte de P***. Their illicit ...
and
Jean-Baptiste Dumas
Jean Baptiste André Dumas (14 July 180010 April 1884) was a French chemist, best known for his works on organic analysis and synthesis, as well as the determination of atomic weights (relative atomic masses) and molecular weights by measuring v ...
, he founded in 1824, as well as in the proceedings of the
Société entomologique de France
The Société entomologique de France, or French Entomological Society, is devoted to the study of insects. The society was founded in 1832 in Paris, France.
The society was created by eighteen Parisian entomologists on January 31, 1832. The first ...
, of which he was one of the founders in 1832.
[Correspondence familiale]
Audouin, Jean Victor (1797-1841) et ses descendants In 1833, he was elected a foreign member of the
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( sv, Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien) is one of the Swedish Royal Academies, royal academies of Sweden. Founded on 2 June 1739, it is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization that takes special ...
.
Audouin also contributed to other branches of
natural history. With Brongniart and
Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent
Jean-Baptiste Geneviève Marcellin Bory de Saint-Vincent was a French naturalist, officer and politician. He was born on 6 July 1778 in Agen (Lot-et-Garonne) and died on 22 December 1846 in Paris. Biologist and geographer, he was particularly in ...
, he was co-author of the ''Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle'',
[ and with ]Henri Milne-Edwards
Henri Milne-Edwards (23 October 1800 – 29 July 1885) was an eminent French zoologist.
Biography
Henri Milne-Edwards was the 27th child of William Edwards, an English planter and colonel of the militia in Jamaica and Elisabeth Vaux, a Frenchw ...
, he collaborated on a study of marine animals found in French coastal waters. He also completed Marie Jules César Savigny
Marie Jules César Lelorgne de Savigny (; 5 April 1777 – 5 October 1851) was a French zoologist.
Savigny was born at Provins. In 1798 he travelled to Egypt with the Emperor Napoleon as part of the French scientific expedition to that country, ...
's ornithological section of ''Description de l'Egypte'' (1826). Audouin also studied amphibian
Amphibians are tetrapod, four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the Class (biology), class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terres ...
s and reptile
Reptiles, as most commonly defined are the animals in the class Reptilia ( ), a paraphyletic grouping comprising all sauropsids except birds. Living reptiles comprise turtles, crocodilians, squamates (lizards and snakes) and rhynchocephalians ( ...
s, and from 1827 to 1829 he described four new species of lizard
Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...
s and one new species of frog
A frog is any member of a diverse and largely Carnivore, carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order (biology), order Anura (ανοὐρά, literally ''without tail'' in Ancient Greek). The oldest fossil "proto-f ...
.
In 1843, mycologist
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungus, fungi, including their genetics, genetic and biochemistry, biochemical properties, their Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and ethnomycology, their use to humans, including as a so ...
David Gruby
David Gruby (20 August 1810 – 14 November 1898) was a Hungarian physician born in the village of Kis-Kér (now Bačko Dobro Polje, Serbia) to a Jewish farmer.Geoffrey Clough Ainsworth, ''Introduction to the History of Medical and Veterinary Myco ...
named the fungal species ''Microsporum audouinii
''Microsporum audouinii'' is an anthropophilic fungus in the genus ''Microsporum''.
It is a type of dermatophyte that colonizes keratinized tissues (primarily hair) causing infection. The fungus is characterized by its spindle-shaped macroconidia ...
'' after him. Audouin's gull
Audouin's gull (''Ichthyaetus audouinii'') is a large gull restricted to the Mediterranean and the western coast of Saharan Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ''ikhthus'', "fish", and ''aetos'', "eagle", and
t ...
(''Larus audouinii'') is an ornithological species named in his honor, as is the red alga ''Audouinella
''Audouinella'', also known as black algae, is a widespread genus of red algae, found in marine and freshwater environments.
The form known as "''black brush algae''" (or "''black beard algae''", ''BBA'' for short) is a particular nuisance in a ...
'', and in the French language, the term ''poche copulatrice d'Audouin'' (the copulatory pouch of Audouin) is another name for the spermatheca
The spermatheca (pronounced plural: spermathecae ), also called receptaculum seminis (plural: receptacula seminis), is an organ of the female reproductive tract in insects, e.g. ants, bees, some molluscs, oligochaeta worms and certain other ...
.Google Books
L'Apiculteur, Volumes 37-38 by Société centrale d'apiculture
Publications
* ''Histoire des insectes nuisibles à la vigne et particulièrement de la Pyrale qui dévaste les vignobles des départements de la Côte-d'Or, de Saône-et-Loire, du Rhône, de l'Hérault, des Pyrénées-Orientales, de la Haute-Garonne, de la Charente-Inférieure, de la Marne et de Seine-et-Oise, avec l'indication des moyens qu'on doit employer pour la combattre...'' Paris, Fortin,
Masson, 1842
References
;Attribution
*
Further reading
* J. Théodoridès, 1968. ''Les débuts de la biologie marine en France: Jean-Victor Audouin et Henri-Milne Edwards, 1826-1829''. Premier Congrès International d’Histoire de l’Océanographie, Monaco (1966). Bulletin de l’Institut Océanographique (Monaco), Numéro Special 2(2): 417-437
*
* J. Théodoridès, 1978. ''Un zoologiste de l’époque romantique, Jean-Victor Audouin (1797-1841)''. Secrétariat d’État aux Universités, Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, Mémoires de la Section des Sciences 6: 128 pp
External links
Digital Catalogue of Audouin's library at Gallica
{{DEFAULTSORT:Audouin, Jean Victor
French arachnologists
French entomologists
French ornithologists
1797 births
1841 deaths
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Paris
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
19th-century French zoologists
National Museum of Natural History (France) people
French herpetologists
18th-century French zoologists
French malacologists
18th-century naturalists
19th-century naturalists
French naturalists
Presidents of the Société entomologique de France