Japanese battleship Kongō

''Kongō'' (金剛, Japanese equivalent of Vajra, translation variants include "Divine Thunder", "Indestructible Diamond" or "Indra's Spear", named for Mount Kongō) was a warship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War I and World War II. She was the first battlecruiser of the , among the most heavily armed ships in any navy when built. Her designer was the British naval engineer George Thurston, and she was laid down in 1911 at Barrow-in-Furness in Britain by Vickers Shipbuilding Company. ''Kongō'' was the last Japanese capital ship constructed outside Japan. She was formally commissioned in 1913, and patrolled off the Chinese coast during World War I.

''Kongō'' underwent two major reconstructions. Beginning in 1929, the Imperial Japanese Navy rebuilt her as a battleship, strengthening her armor and improving her speed and power capabilities. In 1935, her superstructure was completely rebuilt, her speed was increased, and she was equipped with launch catapults for floatplanes. Now fast enough to accompany Japan's growing carrier fleet, ''Kongō'' was reclassified as a fast battleship. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, ''Kongō'' operated off the coast of mainland China before being redeployed to the Third Battleship Division in 1941. In 1942, she sailed as part of the Southern Force in preparation for the Battle of Singapore.

''Kongō'' fought in many major naval actions of the Pacific War during World War II. She covered the Japanese Army's amphibious landings in British Malaya (part of present-day Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1942, before engaging American forces at the Battle of Midway and during the Guadalcanal Campaign. Throughout 1943, ''Kongō'' primarily remained at Truk Lagoon in the Caroline Islands, Kure Naval Base (near Hiroshima), Sasebo Naval Base (near Nagasaki), and Lingga Roads, and deployed several times in response to American aircraft carrier air raids on Japanese island bases scattered across the Pacific. ''Kongō'' participated in the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf in 1944 (22–23 October), engaging and sinking American vessels in the latter. ''Kongō'' was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine while transiting the Formosa Strait on 21 November 1944. She was the only Japanese battleship sunk by submarine in the Second World War.

Design and construction

''Kongō'' was the first of the Imperial Japanese Navy's ''Kongō''-class battlecruisers, which were almost as large, costly and well-armed as battleships, but which traded off armored protection for higher speeds. These were designed by the British naval engineer George Thurston and were ordered in 1910 in the Japanese Emergency Naval Expansion Bill after the commissioning of in 1908. These four battlecruisers of the ''Kongō'' class were designed to match the naval capabilities of the battlecruisers of the other major naval powers at the time, and they have been called the battlecruiser versions of the British (formerly Turkish) battleship .Gardiner and Gray (1980), p. 234Jackson (2008), p. 27 Their heavy armament of 14-inch naval guns and their armor protection (which took up about 23.3% of their approximately 30,000-ton displacements in 1913) were greatly superior to those of any other Japanese capital ship afloat at the time.

The keel of ''Kongō'' was laid down at Barrow-in-Furness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering on 17 January 1911. Under Japan's contract with Vickers, the first vessel of the class was constructed in the United Kingdom, with the remainder built in Japan. ''Kongō'' was launched on 18 May 1912, and then transferred to the dockyards of Portsmouth, England, where her fitting-out began in mid-1912. All parts used in her construction were manufactured in the U.K. ''Kongō'' was completed on 16 April 1913.

Siemens-Vickers Scandal

In January 1914, a telegram leaked from Siemens' Tokyo office to Reuters along with further reporting by the New York Times and Asahi Shimbun led to an investigation by Japanese authorities which revealed a pattern of bribery and kickbacks by German and English armaments corporations. Siemens had been paying senior Japanese officials a secret 15% kickback, until Vickers had outbid them by offering 25%. Vickers had paid 210,000 yen to Admiral Fuji of the Imperial Japanese Navy procurement in 1911 and 1912, and 40,000 yen to Vice Admiral Kazu, related to obtaining the contract for building ''Kongō''. Kazu was court-martialed in May 1914, fined 400,000 yen and sentenced to 3 years in prison. As a result of the Siemens-Vickers Scandal revolving around the contracts of building ''Kongō'', the government of Prime Minister Yamamoto resigned March 23, 1914. Senior executives of the Mitsui corporation, Japanese partners of Vickers, also resigned.

Armament

''Kongō''s main battery consisted of eight heavy-caliber main naval guns in four twin turrets (two forward and two aft). The turrets were noted by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence to be "similar to the British 15-inch turrets", with improvements made in flash-tightness. Each of her main guns could fire high explosive or armor-piercing shells at a rate of about two shells per minute. In keeping with the Japanese doctrine of deploying more powerful vessels before their opponents, ''Kongō'' and her sister ships were the first vessels in the world equipped with guns.Jackson (2000), p. 48 Her main guns carried ammunition for 90 shots, and they had an approximate barrel lifetime of 250 to 280 shots. In 1941, separate dyes were introduced for the armor-piercing shells of the four ''Kongō''-class battleships to assist with targeting, with ''Kongō''s armor-piercing shells using red dye.

The secondary battery of ''Kongō'' originally consisted of sixteen 50 calibre guns in single casemates located amidships ("50 calibre" means that the lengths of the guns were 50 times their bore, or 300 inches), eight guns, and eight submerged torpedo tubes. Her six-inch naval guns could fire five to six rounds per minute, with a barrel lifetime of about 500 rounds. The 6-inch/50 calibre gun was capable of firing both antiaircraft and antiship shells, though the positioning of these guns on ''Kongō'' made antiaircraft firing mostly impractical. During her second reconstruction, the older three-inch guns were removed and then replaced with eight 5-inch/40 calibre dual-purpose guns. These guns could fire from eight to 14 rounds per minute, with a barrel lifetime of about 800 to 1,500 rounds. Of ''Kongō''s guns, the 5-inch guns had the widest variety of shell types: antiaircraft, antiship, and illumination shells. ''Kongō'' was also armed with many antiaircraft machine guns. By October 1944, ''Kongō''s secondary armament was reconfigured to eight guns, eight guns, and 122 Type 96 antiaircraft rapid-fire cannons.Stille (2008), p. 16.

Service history

1913–1929: Battlecruiser

On 16 August 1913, ''Kongō'' was completed and commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy (I.J.N.). Twelve days later, she departed from Portsmouth headed for Japan.Stille (2008), p. 14 She was docked at Singapore from 20 to 27 October, before arriving at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 5 November, where she was placed in First Reserve. In January 1914, she docked at Kure Naval Base for armament checks. On 3 August 1914, the German Empire declared war on France and then invaded via Belgium, sparking the beginning of World War I in the West. Twelve days later, Japan issued a warning to Kaiser Wilhelm II of the German Empire, ordering him to withdraw the German troops from their base at Tsingtao, China. When the German Empire did not respond, Japan declared war on Germany on 23 August, occupying the former German possessions in the Caroline Islands, Palau Islands, Marshall Islands, and Marianas Islands. ''Kongō'' was quickly deployed towards the Central Pacific to patrol the sea lines of communication of the German Empire. ''Kongō'' returned to the port of Yokosuka, Japan, on 12 September, and one month later, she was assigned to the First Battleship Division. In October, ''Kongō'' and her new sister ship sortied off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese army units during the Siege of Tsingtao. Then ''Kongō'' returned to Sasebo Naval Base for upgrades to her searchlights. On 3 October 1915, ''Kongō'' and ''Hiei'' participated in the sinking of the old as a practice target. She was a Russian pre-dreadnought that had been captured in 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War that had next served as an I.J.N. warship. With the defeat of the German East Asia Squadron by the Royal Navy at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, there was little or no need for I.J.N. operations in the Pacific Ocean. ''Kongō'' spent the rest of World War I either based at Sasebo, or on patrol off the coast of China. In December 1918, following the end of the hostilities of World War I, ''Kongō'' was placed in "Second Reserve". In April 1919, she was fitted with a new seawater flooding system for her ammunition magazines.

With the conclusion of World War I, and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty on 6 February 1922, the size of the I.J.N. was significantly limited, with a ratio of 5:5:3 required between the capital ships of the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Japanese Empire, since the latter was responsible for only one ocean, rather than the two of the other countries, and fewer warships for France and Italy.Jackson (2000), p. 67. This Treaty also banned the signatories from building any new capital ships until 1931, with no capital ship permitted to exceed in displacement.Jackson (2000), p. 68. Provided that new additions did not exceed 3,000 tons of displacement, the existing capital ships were allowed to be upgraded with improved anti-torpedo bulges and armored main decks. By the time that the Washington Naval Treaty had been fully implemented in Japan, only three classes of World War I type capital ships remained active: the s, the ''Kongō''-class battlecruisers, and the s.

In April 1923, ''Kongō'' gave transportation to Crown Prince Hirohito during his official visit to the Japanese possession of Taiwan. On 14 June 1924, she collided with '' Submarine No. 62'' during maneuvers. In November 1924, ''Kongo'' docked at Yokosuka, where modifications were made to her main armament, increasing the elevation of her main guns and improving her fire-control systems. In 1927, ''Kongō'' underwent major modifications to her superstructure, rebuilding it into the pagoda mast style to accommodate the growing number of fire-control systems for her main guns.Stille (2008), p. 15 In May 1928, her steering equipment was upgraded, before she was placed in reserve in preparation for major modifications and reconstruction in 1929–31.

1929–1935: Reconstruction into battleship

Prohibited by the Washington Treaty from constructing new capital ships until 1931, Japan resorted to upgrading their World War I era battleships and battlecruisers. Beginning in September 1929, ''Kongō'' underwent extensive modernization and modification in drydock at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal. Over the next two years, ''Kongō''s horizontal armor near her ammunition magazines was strengthened, and the machinery spaces within the hull were given increased torpedo protection. Anti-torpedo bulges were added along the waterline, as permitted by the Washington Treaty. She was refitted to accommodate three Type 90 Model 0 floatplanes, though no aircraft catapults were fitted. To increase her speed and power, all 36 of her Yarrow boilers were removed, and then replaced with 16 newer boilers, and Brown-Curtis direct-drive turbines were installed. ''Kongō''s forward funnel was removed, and her second funnel was enlarged and lengthened. The modifications to her hull increased her armor weight from 6,502 to 10,313 long tons, directly violating the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. In March 1931, ''Kongō''—now capable of a speed of —was reclassified as a battleship.

On 22 April 1930, Japan signed the London Naval Treaty, placing further restrictions on the signatories' naval forces. Several of her older battleships were scrapped, and no new capital ships were built as replacements.Jackson (2000), p. 72. After minor fitting-out work, ''Kongō''s reconstruction begun in September 1929 and was declared complete on 31 March 1931. On 1 December 1931, two months after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, ''Kongō'' was assigned to the First Battleship Division and also designated the flagship of the Combined Fleet. Additional rangefinders and searchlights were fitted to her superstructure in January 1932, and Captain Nobutake Kondō assumed command of the vessel in December. In 1933, aircraft catapults were fitted between the two rear turrets.

On 25 February 1933, following a report by the Lytton Commission, the League of Nations agreed that Japan's invasion of China had violated Chinese sovereignty. Refusing to accept the judgement of this organization, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations on the same day. Japan also immediately withdrew from the Washington Naval Treaty and the London Naval Treaty, thus removing all restrictions on the numbers and sizes of her capital warships. In November 1934, ''Kongō'' was placed in Second Reserve in preparation for further modifications. On 10 January 1935, ''Kongō'' was toured by the Nazi German naval attaché to Japan, Captain Paul Wenneker, as part of a gunnery demonstration.

1935–1941: Fast battleship

On 1 June 1935, ''Kongō'' was dry-docked at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in preparation for upgrades that would enable her to escort Japan's growing fleet of aircraft carriers. Her stern was lengthened by to improve her fineness ratio and her 16 older boilers were removed and then replaced with 11 oil-fired Kampon Boilers and newer geared turbines. In addition, her bridge was completely reconstructed according to Japan's pagoda mast style of forward superstructure, and catapults were added to support three Nakajima E8N or Kawanishi E7K reconnaissance and spotter floatplanes.Stille (2008), p. 18

''Kongō''s armor was also extensively upgraded. Her main belt was strengthened to a uniform thickness of eight inches (up from varying thicknesses of six to eight inches), and also diagonal bulkheads of depths ranging from were added to reinforce the main armored belt.McCurtie (1989), p. 185. The turret armor was strengthened to , while were added to portions of the deck armor. ''Kongō''s ammunition magazine protection was also strengthened to . This reconstruction was finished on 8 January 1937. Capable of greater than , despite the significant increase in her hull displacement, ''Kongō'' was now reclassified as a fast battleship.

In February 1937, ''Kongō'' was assigned to the Sasebo Naval District, and in December she was placed under the command of Takeo Kurita in the Third Battleship Division. In April 1938, two float planes from ''Kongō'' bombed the Chinese city of Fuzhou during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Throughout 1938 and 1939, ''Kongō'' steamed off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese Army operations during the war. In November 1939, Captain Raizo Tanaka assumed command of ''Kongō''. From November 1940 to April 1941, additional armor was added to ''Kongō''s armament barbettes and ammunition tubes, while ventilation and firefighting equipment was also improved. In August 1941, she was assigned to the Third Battleship Division under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa alongside her fully modified sister warships ''Hiei'', and the .

1942: Pacific War service

''Kongō'' and ''Haruna'' departed from the Hashirajima fleet anchorage on 29 November 1941 to begin the War in the Pacific as part of the Southern (Malay) Force's Main Body, under the overall command of Vice-Admiral Nobutake Kondō.Stille (2008), p. 19 On 4 December 1941, the Main Body arrived off the coast of southern Thailand and northern Malaya in preparation for the invasion of Thailand and the Malayan Peninsula four days later. When Britain's "Force Z"—consisting of the battleship and the battlecruiser —was quickly defeated by Japan's land-based aircraft from southern Vietnam, ''Kongō''s battlegroup withdrew from Malayan waters. This battlegroup subsequently sortied from Indochina for three days in mid-December to protect a reinforcement convoy traveling to Malaya, and again on 18 December to cover the Japanese Army's landing at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, in the Philippines. The Main Body departed Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina on 23 December bound for Taiwan, arriving two days later. In January 1942, ''Kongō'' and the heavy cruisers and provided distant cover for air attacks on Ambon Island.

On 21 February, ''Kongō'' was joined by ''Haruna'', four fast aircraft carriers, five heavy cruisers and numerous support ships in preparation for "Operation J", Japan's invasion of the Dutch East Indies. On 25 February, the Third Battleship Division provided cover for air attacks on the Island of Java. ''Kongō'' bombarded Christmas Island off the western coast of Australia on 7 March 1942, and then she returned to Staring-baai for 15 days of standby alert. In April 1942, ''Kongō'' joined five fleet carriers in attacks on Colombo and Trincomalee on Ceylon. Following the destruction of the British heavy cruisers and on 5 April 1942, this naval task force moved southwest to locate the remainder of the British Eastern Fleet, then under the command of Admiral James Somerville.Boyle (1998), p. 370 On 9 April, one of ''Haruna''s reconnaissance seaplanes spotted the aircraft carrier south of Trincomalee. On the same day, Japanese air attacks sank the carrier, and ''Kongō'' was attacked but missed by nine British medium bombers. Having crippled the offensive capability of Britain's Eastern Fleet, the Third Battleship Division returned to Japan. ''Kongō'' reached Sasebo on 22 April. From 23 April to 2 May, ''Kongō'' was drydocked for reconfiguration of her antiaircraft armament.

On 27 May 1942, ''Kongō'' sortied with ''Hiei'' and the heavy cruisers ''Atago'', , , and as part of Admiral Nobutake Kondō's invasion force during the Battle of Midway. Following the disastrous loss of four of the Combined Fleet's fast carriers on 4 June 1942, Kondō's force withdrew to Japan. On 14 July she was assigned as the flagship of the restructured Third Battleship Division. In August, ''Kongō'' was drydocked at Kure to receive surface-detection radar and additional range finders. In September, ''Kongō'' embarked with ''Hiei'', ''Haruna'', ''Kirishima'', three carriers, and numerous smaller warships in response to the U.S. Marine Corps's amphibious landing on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. On 20 September, this task force was ordered to return to the Truk Naval Base in the Central Pacific north of the equator.

In the aftermath of the Battle of Cape Esperance, the Japanese Army opted to reinforce its troops on Guadalcanal. To protect their transport convoy from enemy air attack, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto sent ''Haruna'' and ''Kongō'', escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers, to bombard the American air base at Henderson Field. Because of their high speeds, these two battleships could bombard the airfield and then withdraw before being subjected to air attack from either land-based warplanes or American aircraft carriers.Schom (2004), p. 382 On the night of 13 – 14 October, these two battleships shelled the area of Henderson Field from a distance of about , firing 973 14-inch high-explosive shells. In the most successful Japanese battleship action of the war, the bombardment heavily damaged both runways, destroyed almost all of the U.S. Marines' aviation fuel, destroyed or damaged 48 of the Marines' 90 warplanes, and killed 41 Marines. A large Japanese troop and supply convoy reached Guadalcanal on the next day.

During the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October 1942, ''Kongō'' was attacked by four Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers, but she received no hits. In mid-November, this battleship and other warships provided distant cover for the unsuccessful mission by the I.J.N. to bombard Henderson Field again and to deliver more Army reinforcements to Guadalcanal. On 15 November 1942, following the Japanese defeat and the sinking of ''Hiei'' and ''Kirishima'' during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, the Third Battleship Division returned to Truk, where it remained for the rest of 1942.

1943: Movement between bases

Throughout 1943, ''Kongō'' engaged no enemy targets. In late January 1943, she participated in " Operation Ke" as part of a diversionary and distant covering force to support I.J.N. destroyers that were evacuating Army troops from Guadalcanal. From 15 February through 20 February 1943, the Third Battleship Division was transferred from Truk to the Kure Naval Base. On 27 February, ''Kongō'' was drydocked to receive upgrades to her antiaircraft armament, with the additions of two triple 25 mm gun mounts and the removal of two of her 6-inch turrets, while additional concrete protection was added near her steering gear. On 17 May 1943, in response to the U.S. Army's invasion of Attu Island, ''Kongō'' sortied alongside , the Third Battleship Division, two fleet carriers, two cruisers, and nine destroyers. Three days later, the American submarine spotted this naval task force, but she was unable to attack it. On 22 May 1943, the task force arrived in Yokosuka, where it was joined by an additional three fleet carriers and two light cruisers. This force was disbanded when Attu fell to the U.S. Army before the necessary preparations for a counterattack had been finished.

On 17 October 1943, ''Kongō'' again left Truk as part of a larger task force consisting of five battleships, three fleet carriers, eight heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and numerous destroyers. These sortied in response to U.S. Navy air raids on Wake Island. No contact between the two forces was made, and the Japanese task force returned to Truk on 26 October 1943. She soon left Truk for home waters, and on 16 December 1943, ''Kongō'' arrived at Sasebo for refits and training in the Inland Sea.

1944: Combat and loss

In January 1944, ''Kongō'' was dry-docked for a reconfiguration of her anti-aircraft suite. Four 6-inch guns and a pair of twin 25 mm mounts were removed and replaced with six twin 5-inch guns and four triple 25 mm mounts. The Third Battleship Division departed from Kure on 8 March 1944. Arriving at Lingga on 14 March 1944, the division remained for training until 11 May 1944. On 11 May 1944, ''Kongō'' and Admiral Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed from Lingga bound for Tawitawi, where they were joined by Vice-Admiral Takeo Kurita's "Force C". On 13 June, Ozawa's Mobile Fleet departed from Tawitawi bound for the Mariana Islands. During the Battle of the Philippine Sea, ''Kongō'' escorted Japanese fast carriers, and remained undamaged in counterattacks from US carrier aircraft on 20 June.Stille (2007), p. 20 When she returned to Japan, 13 triple and 40 single 25-mm mounts were added to her anti-aircraft armament, for a total of over 100 mounts. In August, two more 6-inch guns were removed and another eighteen single mounts installed.

In October 1944, ''Kongō'' departed from Lingga in preparation for "Operation Sho-1", Japan's counterattack during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval engagement in history. On 24 October, ''Kongō'' was undamaged by several near misses from American carrier aircraft in the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea. On 25 October, during the Battle off Samar, ''Kongō''—as part of Admiral Kurita's Centre Force—engaged the US 7th Fleet's "Taffy 3", a battlegroup of escort carriers and destroyers. She succeeded in scoring numerous hits on the escort carrier as well as the destroyers and . At 09:12, she sank the destroyer escort . After a fierce defensive action by the American ships, which sank three Japanese heavy cruisers, Admiral Kurita elected to withdraw, ending the battle.Boyle (1998), p. 508 While retreating, ''Kongō'' suffered damage from five near misses from attacking aircraft. The fleet arrived at Brunei on 28 October.

On 16 November, following a US air raid on Brunei, ''Kongō'' along with , and the rest of the First Fleet, departed from Brunei bound for Kure in preparation for a major reorganization of the fleet and battle repairs. On 20 November, they entered the Formosa Strait. Shortly after midnight on 21 November, the submarine made radar contact with the fleet at .Wheeler (1980), p. 183 Maneuvering into position at 02:45, ''Sealion'' fired six bow torpedoes at ''Kongō'' followed by three stern torpedoes at ''Nagato'' fifteen minutes later. One minute after the first salvo was launched, two of the torpedoes were seen to hit ''Kongō'' on the port side, while a third sank the destroyer with all hands. The torpedoes flooded two of ''Kongō''s boiler rooms, but she was still able to make . By 05:00, she had slowed to and was given permission to break off from the fleet and head to the port of Keelung in Formosa along with the destroyers and as escort. Within fifteen minutes of detaching from the main force, ''Kongō'' was listing 45 degrees and flooding uncontrollably. At 5:18 the ship lost all power and the order was given to abandon ship.Wheeler (1980), p. 184 At 5:24, while the evacuation was under way, the forward 14-inch magazine exploded, and the broken ship sank quickly, with the loss of over 1,200 of her crew, including the commander of the Third Battleship Division and her captain.

''Kongō'' is believed to have sunk in of water approximately northwest of Keelung. She was one of only three British-built battleships sunk by submarine attack during World War II. The other two were the British and the .

See also

* List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines

References

Citations

Footnotes

Bibliography

* Boyle, David (1998). ''World War II in Photographs''. London. Rebo Productions. .
*
*
* Jackson, Robert (2000). ''The World's Great Battleships''. Dallas: Brown Books. .
* Jackson, Robert (editor) (2008). ''101 Great Warships''. London: Amber Books. .
*
* McCurtie, Francis (1989) 945 ''Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II''. London: Bracken Books. .
*
* Schom, Alan (2004). ''The Eagle and the Rising Sun; The Japanese-American War, 1941–1943''. New York: Norton & Company. .
* Steinberg, Rafael (1980) ''Return to the Philippines''. New York: Time-Life Books Inc. .
* Stille, Cdr Mark (2008). ''Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1941–1945''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. .
* Swanston, Alexander & Swanston, Malcolm (2007). ''The Historical Atlas of World War II''. London: Cartographica Press Ltd. .
*
* Willmott, H.P. & Keegan, John 999(2002). ''The Second World War in the Far East''. Smithsonian Books. .

External links

The Japanese Battle Cruiser ''Kongo''
(Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers, Inc. technical article, 1912)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kongo
1912 ships
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
Kongō-class battlecruisers
Ships sunk by American submarines
Shipwrecks in the Taiwan Strait
Vickers
Second Sino-Japanese War naval ships of Japan
World War II battleships of Japan
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean
Maritime incidents in 1924
Maritime incidents in November 1944
World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea
Naval magazine explosions