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Lytton Commission
are the findings of the Lytton Commission, entrusted in 1931 by the League of Nations in an attempt to evaluate the Mukden Incident, which led to the Empire of Japan's seizure of Manchuria. The five-member commission headed by British politician The Earl of Lytton announced its conclusions in October 1932. It stated that Japan was the aggressor, had wrongfully invaded Manchuria and that it should be returned to the Chinese. It also argued that the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo should not be recognized, and recommended Manchurian autonomy under Chinese sovereignty. The League of Nations General Assembly adopted the report, and Japan quit the League. The recommendations went into effect after Japan surrendered in 1945. The Commission The Lytton Commission, headed by Lord Lytton, included four other members, one each from the US (Major General Frank Ross McCoy), Germany (Dr. Heinrich Schnee), Italy ( Luigi Aldrovandi Marescotti), and France (General Henri Claudel). The gro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lytton Commission In Shanghai
Lytton may refer to: Places Australia * Lytton, Queensland ** Lytton Reach, a reach of the Brisbane River ** Electoral district of Lytton, Queensland Canada * Lytton, British Columbia, named for Edward Bulwer-Lytton ** Lytton Mountain, aka Mount Lytton (named for the town of Lytton) * Lytton Township, since 2001 part of Montcerf-Lytton, Quebec United States of America * Lytton, California * Lytton, Iowa * Lytton, Ohio * Lytton, West Virginia Fictional * Lytton, California, a city in ''Police Quest'' computer game series People A number of important people have held the name Lytton, both as a surname and as a first name, as in Lytton Strachey. * Lytton (surname) * Lytton Strachey * Earl of Lytton (being Edward Bulwer-Lytton and his progeny agnatic, a family named Lytton) Other uses * Lytton Strachey * Lytton First Nation, aka the Lytton Band, a band government of the Nlaka'pamux people, centred at Lytton, British Columbia * Lytton High School, a co-educational second ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Impartiality
Impartiality (also called evenhandedness or fair-mindedness) is a principle of justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons. Legal concept European Union law refers in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to: * A right to good administration: :''Every person has the right to have his or her affairs handled impartially, fairly and within a reasonable time by the institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the Union'' (Article 41) * A right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial: :''Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law'' (Article 47).European Parliament, Council and CommissionCharter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union 26 October 2012 Religious concepts Buddhism Impartiality is one of the seven fact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1931 In International Relations
Events January * January 2 – South Dakota native Ernest Lawrence invents the cyclotron, used to accelerate particles to study nuclear physics. * January 4 – German pilot Elly Beinhorn begins her flight to Africa. * January 22 – Sir Isaac Isaacs is sworn in as the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia. * January 25 – Mohandas Gandhi is again released from imprisonment in India. * January 27 – Pierre Laval forms a government in France. February * February 4 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin gives a speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only strong industrialized countries will win wars, while "weak" nations are "beaten". Stalin states: "We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will crush us." The first five-year plan in the Soviet Union is intensified, for the industrialization and collectivization of agriculture. * February 10 – Official ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1931 In China
Events in the year 1931 in China. Incumbents *Chairman of the Nationalist government: Chiang Kai-shek until December 15, Lin Sen *Premier: Chen Mingshu * Vice Premier: Soong Tse-ven until December 16, Chen Mingshu Events *March 1-early June - Second Encirclement Campaign against the Honghu Soviet *April 1-May 31 - Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet *April–July - Second Encirclement Campaign against the Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet *July 1-September 18 - Third Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet *November 4 - Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge *November 4–18 - Jiangqiao Campaign *November - Establishment of the Chinese Soviet Republic *1931 China floods, one of the deadliest floods in history September 18 - 918 Incident Births *February 25 - Li Zhensheng (geneticist) Deaths *February 7 - Rou Shi, Hu Yepin and Feng Keng; all executed *June 24 - Xiang Zhongfa, executed *August 4 - Cai Hesen, executed *November 29 - Deng Yanda Deng Yanda (, 1 March 1895 – ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1931 In Japan
Events in the year 1931 in Japan. Incumbents *Emperor: Hirohito *Prime Minister: **Osachi Hamaguchi: until April 14 **Wakatsuki Reijirō: April 14 – December 13 **Inukai Tsuyoshi: from December 13 Governors *Aichi Prefecture: **starting 20 January: Masao Oka **20 January-21 December: Kosaka Masayasu **until 21 December: Yujiro Osaki *Akita Prefecture: Koki Hiegata (until 18 December); Takeshi Uchida (starting 18 December) *Aomori Prefecture: Migaku Moriya (until 18 December); Teizaburo Miyamoto (starting 18 December) *Ehime Prefecture: Koichiro Sasai (until 18 December); Kume Shigeo (starting 18 December) *Fukui Prefecture: Tachibana Saitanao (until 18 December); Keizo Ichimura (starting 18 December) *Fukushima Prefecture: **until 15 April: Koyanagi Makimamoru **15 April-18 December: Goro Kawasaki **starting 18 December: Murai Hachiro *Gifu Prefecture: **until 8 May: Ken Usawa **8 May-18 December: Yoshida Katsutaro **starting 18 December: Takehiko Ito *Gunma Pref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Manchuria
Manchuria is a region in East Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, "Manchuria" can refer either to a region falling entirely within present-day China, or to a larger region today divided between Northeast China and the Russian Far East. To differentiate between the two parts following the latter definition, the Russian part is also known as Outer Manchuria, while the Chinese part is known as Inner Manchuria. Manchuria is the homeland of the Manchu people. "Manchu" is a name introduced by Hong Taiji of the Qing dynasty in 1636 for the Jurchen people, a Tungusic people. The population grew from about 1 million in 1750 to 5 million in 1850 and to 14 million in 1900, largely because of the immigration of Han farmers. Lying at the juncture of the Chinese, Japanese and Russian spheres of influence, Manchuria has been a hotbed of conflict since the late-19th century. The Russian Empire established control over the northern part of Manchuria in 1860 ( Beijing Treaty); it b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stimson Doctrine
The Stimson Doctrine is the policy of nonrecognition of states created as a result of a war of aggression. The policy was implemented by the United States government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932, to the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes imposed by force. The doctrine was an application of the principle of '' ex injuria jus non oritur''. Since the entry into force of the UN Charter, international law scholars have argued that states are under a legal obligation not to recognize annexations as legitimate, but this view is controversial and not supported by consistent state practice. Overview Named after Henry L. Stimson, United States Secretary of State in the Hoover administration (1929–1933), the policy followed Japan's unilateral seizure of Manchuria in northeastern China following action by Japanese soldiers at Mukden (now Shenyang), on September 18, 1931. The doctrine was also invoked by US Under ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puppet Government
A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government, is a state that is ''de jure'' independent but ''de facto'' completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders.Compare: Puppet states have nominal sovereignty, but a foreign power effectively exercises control through means such as financial interests, economic, or military support. By leaving a local government in existence the outside Powers evade all responsibility, while at the same time successfully paralyzing the Government they tolerate. Puppet states are distinguished from allies, which choose their actions on their own or in accordance with treaties they voluntarily entered. Puppet states are forced into providing legal endorsement for actions already taken by a foreign power. Characteristics A puppet state preserves the external paraphernalia of independence (such as a name, flag, anthem, constitution, law codes, motto and government), but in reality it is an organ of anothe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diplomatic Recognition
Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral declarative political act of a state that acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state (may be also a recognized state). Recognition can be accorded either on a ''de facto'' or ''de jure'' basis. Recognition can be a declaration to that effect by the recognizing government or may be implied from an act of recognition, such as entering into a treaty with the other state or making a state visit. Recognition may, but need not, have domestic and international legal consequences. If sufficient countries recognise a particular entity as a state, that state may have a right to membership in international organizations, while treaties may require all existing member countries unanimously agreeing to the admission of a new member. A vote by a country in the United Nations in favour of the membership of another country is an implicit recognition of that country by the country so voting, as on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-defence
Self-defense (self-defence primarily in Commonwealth English) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm. The use of the right of self-defense as a legal justification for the use of force in times of danger is available in many jurisdictions. Physical Physical self-defense is the use of physical force to counter an immediate threat of violence. Such force can be either armed or unarmed. In either case, the chances of success depend on various parameters, related to the severity of the threat on one hand, but also on the mental and physical preparedness of the defender. Unarmed Many styles of martial arts are practiced for self-defense or include self-defense techniques. Some styles train primarily for self-defense, while other combat sports can be effectively applied for self-defense. Some martial arts train how to escape from a knife or gun situation or how to break away from a punch, while others train how to attack. To ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imperial Japanese Army
The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the Imperial Japanese Navy. Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army. During wartime or national emergencies, the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters (IGHQ), an ad hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff, the Minister of the Army, the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff, the Inspector General of Aviation, and the Inspector General of Military Training. History Origins (1868–1871) In the mid-19th century, Japan had no unified national army and the country was made up of feudal domains (''han'') with the Tokugawa shogunate (''bakufu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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