Isographic Projection

A Klumpenhouwer Network, named after its inventor, Canadian music theorist and former doctoral student of David Lewin's at Harvard, Henry Klumpenhouwer, is "any network that uses T and/or I operations ( transposition or inversion) to interpret interrelations among pcs" ( pitch class sets).Lewin, David (1990). "Klumpenhouwer Networks and Some Isographies That Involve Them", p. 84, '' Music Theory Spectrum'', vol. 12, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 83–120. According to George Perle, "a Klumpenhouwer network is a chord analyzed in terms of its dyadic sums and differences," and "this kind of analysis of triadic combinations was implicit in," his "concept of the cyclic set from the beginning", Perle, George (1993). "Letter from George Perle", '' Music Theory Spectrum'', vol. 15, no. 2 (Autumn), pp. 300–303. cyclic sets being those " sets whose alternate elements unfold complementary cycles of a single interval."

"Klumpenhouwer's idea, both simple and profound in its implications, is to allow inversional, as well as transpositional, relations into networks like those of Figure 1," showing an arrow down from B to F labeled T₇, down from F to A labeled T₃, and back up from A to B, labeled T₁₀ which allows it to be represented by Figure 2a, for example, labeled I₅, I₃, and T₂. In Figure 4 this is (b) I₇, I₅, T₂ and (c) I₅, I₃, T₂.


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Lewin asserts the " recursion, recursive potential of K-network analysis"Lewin, David (1994). "A Tutorial on Klumpenhouwer Networks, Using the Chorale in Schoenberg's Opus 11, No. 2", p. 90, ''Journal of Music Theory'', vol. 38, no. 1 (Spring), pp. 79–101.... "'in great generality: When a system modulates by an operation A, the transformation f = A f A -inverse plays the structural role in the modulated system that f played in the original system."

Given any network of pitch classes, and given any pc operation A, a second network may be derived from the first, and the relationship thereby derived 'network isomorphism' "arises between networks using analogous configurations of nodes and arrows to interpret pcsets that are of the same set classLewin (1990), p. 87. – 'isomorphism of graphs'. Two graphs are ''isomorphic'' when they share the same structure of nodes-and-arrows, and when also the operations labeling corresponding arrows correspond under a particular sort of mapping f among T/I."Lewin (1990), p. 88.

"To generate isomorphic graphs, the mapping f must be what is called an ''automorphism'' of the T/I system. Networks that have isomorphic graphs are called ''isographic''."

To be isographic, two networks must have these features:
#They must have the same configuration of nodes and arrows.
#There must be some isomorphism F that maps the transformation-system used to label the arrows of one network, into the transformation-system used to label the arrows of the other.
#If the transformation X labels an arrow of the one network, then the transformation F(X) labels the corresponding arrow of the other."

"Two networks are ''positively isographic'' when they share the same configuration of nodes and arrows, when the T-numbers of corresponding arrows are equal, and when the I-numbers of corresponding arrows differ by some fixed number j mod 12." "We call networks that contain identical graphs 'strongly isographic'". "Let the family of transpositions and inversions on pitch classes be called 'the T/I group.'"Lewin (1990, 86).

"Any network can be ''retrograded'' by reversing all arrows and adjusting the transformations accordingly."

Klumpenhouwer's rueconjecture: "nodes (a) and (b), sharing the same configuration of arrows, will always be isographic if each T-number of Network (b) is the same as the corresponding T-number of Network (a), while each I-number of Network (b) is exactly j more than the corresponding I-number of Network (a), where j is some constant number modulo 12."

Five Rules for Isography of Klumpenhouwer Networks:
#Klumpenhouwer Networks (a) and (b), sharing the same configuration of nodes and arrows, will be isographic under the circumstance that each T-number of Network (b) is the same as the corresponding T-number of Network (a), and each I-number of Network (b) is exactly j more than the corresponding I-number of Network (a). The pertinent automorphism of the T/I group is F(1,j): F(1,j)(T_n)=T_n; F(1,j)(I_n) = I_n+J.
#Klumpenhouwer Networks (a) and (b), will be isographic under the circumstance that each T-number of Network (b) is the complement of the corresponding T-number in Network (a), and each I-number of Network (b) is exactly j more than the complement of the corresponding I-number in Network (a)...F(11,j): F(11,j)(T_n)=T_−n; F(11,j)(I_n)=I_−n+j."
#Klumpenhouwer Networks (a) and (b), will be isographic under the circumstance each T-number of Network (b) is 5 times the corresponding T-number in Network (a), and each I-number of Network (b) is exactly j more than 5 times the corresponding I-number in Network (a)...F(5,j): F(5,j)(T_n)=T_5n; F(5,j)(I_n)=I_5n+j.Lewin (1990), p. 88.
#Klumpenhouwer Networks (a) and (b), will be isographic under the circumstance each T-number of Network (b) is 7 times the corresponding T-number in Network (a), and each I-number of Network (b) is exactly j more than 7 times the corresponding I-number in Network (a)...F(7,j): F(7,j)(T_n)=T_7n; F(7,j)(I_n)=I_7n+j.
#"Klumpenhouwer Networks (a) and (b), even if sharing the same configuration of nodes and arrows, will not be isographic under any other circumstances."

"Any one of Klupmenhouwer's triadic networks may thus be understood as a segment of cyclic set, and the interpretations of these and of the 'networks of networks'...efficiently and economically represented in this way."

If the graphs of chords are isomorphic by way of the appropriate F(u,j) operations, then they may be graphed as their own network.Lewin (1990, 92).

Other terms include ''Lewin Transformational Network'' and ''strongly isomorphic''.

See also

* Interval class
* Isography
*Similarity relation
*Tone row
* Transformation (music)
*Lewin's Transformational theory.
* Prolongation

Further reading

*in ''Generalized Musical Intervals and Transformations'' (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1987), 159–160, David Lewin discusses "a related network involving pitches and pitch intervals, rather than pitch classes and pc interval".
*Donald Martino (1961), "The Source Set and Its Aggregate Formations", ''Journal of Music Theory'' 5, no. 2 (Fall): 224–273.
* Allen Forte, ''The Structure of Atonal Music'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973).
*John Rahn, ''Basic Atonal Theory'' (New York and London: Longman's, 1980).Klumpenhouwer, Henry (1991). "Aspects of Row Structure and Harmony in Martino's Impromptu Number 6", p. 318n1, ''Perspectives of New Music'', vol. 29, no. 2 (Summer), pp. 318–354.
*Roeder, John (1989). "Harmonic Implications of Schönberg's Observations of Atonal Voice Leading", ''Journal of Music Theory'' 33, no. 1 (Spring): 27–62.cited in Klumpenhouwer (1991), p. 354: "Roeder is mostly, though not exclusively, interested in common-tone relations between pairs of chords whose constitutive pitches are related in ways he formalizes from remarks in Schönberg's ''Harmonielehre''."
*Morris, Robert (1987). ''Composition with Pitch Classes'', p. 167. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. . Discusses automorphisms.

References

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Post-tonal music theory