''Ischnoderma'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

polypore Polypores are a group of fungi that form large fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside (see Delimitation for exceptions). They are a morphological group of basidiomycetes-like gilled mushrooms and hydnoid fungi, and not all polypor ...

fungi. Species in the genus have dark brown and

tomentose Trichomes (); ) are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a plant ...

fruit bodies that become darker brown to black and smooth when mature. The genus, widespread in

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

regions, contains an estimated 10 species.

Taxonomy

''Ischnoderma'' was

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every polyg ...

by Finnish mycologist

Petter Adolf Karsten Petter Adolf Karsten (16 February 1834 – 22 March 1917) was a Finnish mycologist, the foremost expert on the fungi of Finland in his day, and known in consequence as the "father of Finnish mycology". Karsten was born in Merimasku near Turku, st ...

in 1879. Although ''Ischnoderma'' has traditionally been classified in the family

Fomitopsidaceae The Fomitopsidaceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. Most species are parasitic on woody plants, and tend to cause brown rots. The name comes from ''Fomitopsis'' (meaning "looking like Fomes") + ''-aceae'' (a suffix used to form t ...

Phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

studies have demonstrated its isolated

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

position in the

Polyporales The Polyporales are an order of about 1800 species of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. The order includes some (but not all) polypores as well as many corticioid fungi and a few agarics (mainly in the genus ''Lentinus''). Many species within ...

. Justo and colleagues suggest that ''Ischnoderma'' would be better placed as the

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nominal f ...

of Ischnodermataceae, a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

originally proposed by Walter Jülich in 1981. The generic name ''Ischnoderma'' combines the

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic peri ...

words ("dry") and ("skin").

Chemistry

The

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

, '' I. resinosum'', is used in

mushroom dye Mushrooms can be used to create color Dye#Organic_dyes, dyes via color-extraction with a solvent (often ammonia) as well as particulation of raw material. The Sarcodon imbricatus, shingled hedgehog mushroom and related species contain blue-green pig ...

ing to produce various shades of brown. It has been shown to efficiently decolorize several

structurally A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized. Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as ...

different

synthetic dyes A dye is a colored substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from pigments which do not chemically bind to the material they color. Dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution and ...

amaranth ''Amaranthus'' is a cosmopolitan genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants collectively known as amaranths. Some amaranth species are cultivated as leaf vegetables, pseudocereals, and ornamental plants. Catkin-like cymes of densely pack ...

, Remazol Brilliant Blue R,

Phthalocyanine Blue BN Copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), also called phthalocyanine blue, phthalo blue and many other names, is a bright, crystalline, synthetic blue pigment from the group of phthalocyanine dyes. Its brilliant blue is frequently used in paints and dyes. ...

, and Poly R-478. '' Ischnoderma benzoinum'' has

antiviral Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. Unlike most antibiotics, antiviral drugs do no ...

activity against type A influenza virus of birds and

humans Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, ...

Uses

Young, fleshy specimens of both ''I. resinosum'' and ''I. benzoinum'' may be cooked and eaten, but the species become hard and inedible later in life.

Species

*'' Ischnoderma albotextum'' (Lloyd) D.A.Reid (1973) *'' Ischnoderma benzoinum'' (Wahlenb.) P.Karst. (1881) *'' Ischnoderma brasiliense'' Corner (1989)– Brazil *'' Ischnoderma friabile'' Corner (1989) –

Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...

*'' Ischnoderma fuscum'' (Pilát) Rauschert (1990) *'' Ischnoderma novo-guineense'' Imazeki (1952) – Japan *'' Ischnoderma porphyrites'' Corner (1989) – Brazil *'' Ischnoderma resinosum'' (Schrad.) P.Karst. (1879) *'' Ischnoderma rosulatum'' (G.Cunn.) P.K.Buchanan & Ryvarden (1988) – New Zealand *'' Ischnoderma solomonense'' Corner (1989) – South Solomons

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q6079366 Fomitopsidaceae Polyporales genera Taxa named by Petter Adolf Karsten Taxa described in 1879