''Iris spuria'' is a species of the genus
Iris, part of the subgenus ''
Limniris'' and the series ''
Spuriae''. It is a
rhizomatous
In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow h ...
perennial plant
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...
, from
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...
,
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an ...
and
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
. It has purple or lilac flowers, and slender, elongated leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in
temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...
regions and hybridized for use in the garden. It has several
subspecies;
''Iris spuria'' subsp. ''carthaliniae'' (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew,
''Iris spuria'' subsp. ''demetrii'' (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew,
''Iris spuria'' subsp. ''maritima'' (Dykes) P.Fourn. and
''Iris spuria'' subsp. ''musulmanica'' (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now been re-classified as separate species; ''Iris spuria'' subsp. ''halophila'' (now ''
Iris halophila''), ''Iris spuria'' ssp. ''sogdiana'' (now ''Iris halophile subsp. sogdiana'') and ''Iris spuria'' subsp. ''notha'' (now ''
Iris notha
''Iris notha'' is a species in the genus ''Iris'', it is also in the subgenus '' Limniris'' and series '' Spuriae''. It is a rhizomatous perennial with deep blue or violet flowers from the Caucasus region. It is cultivated as an ornamental plan ...
'').
It has many common names including 'blue iris', 'spurious iris' and 'bastard iris'.
Description
It has a thin, slender rhizome,
that is about 2 cm in diameter,
[A. R. Clapham, T. G. Tutin and D. M. Moore ] fibrous and has a creeping habit.
Under the rhizome are wiry roots.[
The creeping habit creates compact clumps of plants.] They can reach over wide.[
It has erect, slender, sword-shaped, acuminate (ending in a point), glaucous green to blue green basal leaves.][British Iris Society (1997) ][William Robinson]
They can grow up to between long and 5–12 mm wide.[Thomas Gaskell Tutin (editor)] They are normally nearly as long as the flowering stem. After the plant has flowered and set seed, the leaves die in the late summer.[
It has a strong, erect, round stem,][ that can reach up to between long.]
The stem has 1 or 2 lateral, upright branches,[Christopher Brickell (editor)] or pedicels
In botany, a pedicel is a stem that attaches a single flower to the inflorescence. Such inflorescences are described as ''pedicellate''.
Description
Pedicel refers to a structure connecting a single flower to its inflorescence. In the absenc ...
, which are about 2 cm long.[
The stem also has keeled, lanceolate, green, ]spathe
In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or o ...
s (leaves of the flower bud) (or bracts
In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or o ...
).[ These are long,][ and have a membranous tip.][James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) ] The upper cauline (on stem) leaves are shorter than internodes.[
The stems (and branches) hold 1–4 terminal (top of stem) flowers,][Donald Wyman ] in summer,[ between May and July.][ They flower after ''Iris germanica'' and are similar in form to '']Iris x hollandica
Iris most often refers to:
* Iris (anatomy), part of the eye
*Iris (mythology), a Greek goddess
* ''Iris'' (plant), a genus of flowering plants
* Iris (color), an ambiguous color term
Iris or IRIS may also refer to:
Arts and media
Fictional en ...
''.[
It has large,][ lightly scented,][ flowers that are up to in diameter,][ and they come in shades of lilac,] mauve-blue,[ violet-blue,][ purple-blue,][ violet,][ or blue.][
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large ]sepals
A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...
(outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals
A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...
, known as the 'standards'.[}] The falls are broadly ovate, elliptic, or orbicular with a long claw (section leading to the stem).[ The fall is long,][ and 2.5 cm wide.][
They have purple or violet veining,][ and a central yellow or white stripe or signal area.][
The standards are short, lanceolate or oblanceolate, erect wavy, and long and 8–20 mm wide.][
It has a 7–10 mm long perianth tube,][ the ovary has a long tapering beak,][ which can be up to 40mm long.][
It has a narrow,][ violet ]style
Style is a manner of doing or presenting things and may refer to:
* Architectural style, the features that make a building or structure historically identifiable
* Design, the process of creating something
* Fashion, a prevailing mode of clothing ...
,[ 2.5 cm long violet-lilac stigmas,][ 1.27 cm long ]anthers
The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10
Morphology and terminology
A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filam ...
, which equal the filament length.[
After the iris has flowered, it produces an oblong-ovate, hexagonal, (2.5–4 cm long,][) seed capsule in September.][ It has a long beak-like appendage on the top,][ and 6 visible, longitudinal groves.][
Inside the capsule, are light brown, angular seeds,][ with a loose membranous testa (surface).][
]
Biochemistry
In 2002, a study was carried out on ''Iris spuria'' rhizomes, it found seven iridal-glycoside
In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycoside ...
s.
In 2007, a chemical analysis was carried out on ''Iris spuria'' rhizomes, several compounds were isolated 12a-dehydrorotenoid 1, 11-dihydroxy-9, 10-methylenedioxy-12a-dehydrorotenoid, together with a new isoflavonoid glycoside tectorigenin-7-O-beta-glucosyl-4'-O-beta-glucoside, with 4 other known compounds, tectorigenin, tectorigenin-7-O-beta-glucosyl (1 --> 6) glucoside, tectoridin (a tectorigenin-7-O-beta-glucoside) and tectorigenin-4'-O-beta-glucoside.
In 2012, five Iris species (''Iris pseudacorus
''Iris pseudacorus'', the yellow flag, yellow iris, or water flag, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Its specific epithet ''pseudacorus'' means "false acorus", r ...
'', ''Iris crocea
''Iris crocea'' is a species in the genus '' Iris'', it is also in the subgenus '' Limniris'' and the series '' Spuriae''. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, found in Kashmir. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is also commonly know ...
'', ''Iris spuria'', ''Iris orientalis
''Iris orientalis'' is a species in the genus ''Iris''; it is also in the subgenus '' Limniris'' and in the series '' Spuriae''. It is a rhizomatous perennial plant, from Turkey and Greece, with white flowers with a yellow mark or blotch. It wa ...
'' and '' Iris ensata'') were studied, to measure the flavonoid
Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word ''flavus'', meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans.
Chemically, flavonoids ...
s and phenolics content with the rhizomes. ''Iris pseudacorus'' had the highest content and ''Iris crocea'' had the lowest content.
In May 2014, a study was carried out on the hepatoprotective activity of ''Iris spuria'' against paracetamol
Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a medication used to treat fever and mild to moderate pain. Common brand names include Tylenol and Panadol.
At a standard dose, paracetamol only slightly decreases body temperature; it is inferi ...
induced toxicity.
In July 2014, eight Irises from the Limniris section (''Iris crocea'', ''Iris ensata'', ''Iris orientalis'', ''Iris pseudacorus'', '' Iris setosa'', '' Iris sibirica'' with its cultivars 'Supernatural' and 'Whiskey White', ''Iris spuria'' and ''Iris versicolor
''Iris versicolor'' is also commonly known as the blue flag, harlequin blueflag, larger blue flag, northern blue flag, and poison flag, plus other variations of these names, and in Britain and Ireland as purple iris.
It is a species of '' Iri ...
'') were studied to find 12 chemical compounds (flavonoid
Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word ''flavus'', meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans.
Chemically, flavonoids ...
s, phenol
Phenol (also called carbolic acid) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a phenyl group () bonded to a hydroxy group (). Mildly acidic, it ...
s, quinone
The quinones are a class of organic compounds that are formally "derived from aromatic compounds benzene.html" ;"title="uch as benzene">uch as benzene or naphthalene] by conversion of an even number of –CH= groups into –C(=O)– groups with ...
s, tannin
Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.
The term ''tannin'' (from Anglo-Norman ''tanner ...
s, saponin
Saponins (Latin "sapon", soap + "-in", one of), also selectively referred to as triterpene glycosides, are bitter-tasting usually toxic plant-derived organic chemicals that have a foamy quality when agitated in water. They are widely distributed ...
s, cardiac glycoside
Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Their beneficial medical uses are as treatments for co ...
s, terpenoid
The terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from the 5-carbon compound isoprene and its derivatives called terpenes, diterpenes, etc. While sometimes used interchangeably with "terpenes ...
s, alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of basic
BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages designed for ease of use. The original version was created by John G. Kemeny and Th ...
s, steroid
A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and ...
s, glycoside
In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycoside ...
s and proteins
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respondi ...
.
Genetics
As most irises are diploid
Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respecti ...
, having two sets of chromosomes
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...
, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[ It has been counted several times; 2n=22, Westergaraard, 1938; 2n=22, Lenz & Day, 1963; 2n=40, Banerji, 1970; 2n=40, Sharma & Sar., 1971; 2n=40, Roy et al., 1988.][
The chromosome count is normally stated as 2n=22.]
Taxonomy
The Latin specific epithet
In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...
''spuria'' refers to 'spurious' meaning false. Linnaeus thought that the plants were hybrids rather than a true species.
It is written as 假鸢尾 in Chinese script
Chinese characters () are logograms developed for the writing of Chinese. In addition, they have been adapted to write other East Asian languages, and remain a key component of the Japanese writing system where they are known as ''kanji' ...
and known as ''Jia Yuan Wei'' in Pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally written in Chinese fo ...
Chinese.
In Czech, it is called Iris Iris žlutofialový.[
It is pronounced as 'EYE-ris SPUR-ee-uh'.]
Due to the wide distribution of the species, it has many different common names, including; 'Spurious Iris', 'false iris',[ 'bastard iris',][ 'blue iris' (in England),] 'butterfly iris' (also in England), 'meadow marsh iris',[ 'iris steppe',] 'iris des steppes' (in France),[ 'Steppen-Schwertlilie' (in Germany),][ and 'dansk iris' (in Sweden).][ and 'salt iris' (also in Sweden).][
Another is 'seashore iris',][Allan M. Armitage ] but this probably applies to ''Iris spuria'' subsp. ''maritima''. Also 'salt iris',[ and 'salt marsh iris',][ but this applies to ''Iris halophila'' (formerly a subspecies).
It was first described in 1753 by ]Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, t ...
, who described it in the ''Species Plantarum
' (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial names and was the ...
'' Vol.1 as being a German species.
On 4 November 1876, John Gilbert Baker
John Gilbert Baker (13 January 1834 – 16 August 1920) was an English botanist. His son was the botanist Edmund Gilbert Baker (1864–1949).
Biography
Baker was born in Guisborough in North Yorkshire, the son of John and Mary (née Gi ...
described the Iris, in The Gardeners' Chronicle
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'' was a British horticulture periodical. It lasted as a title in its own right for nearly 150 years and is still extant as part of the magazine '' Horticulture Week''.
History
Founded in 1841 by the horticulturists Jos ...
on page 583.[
An illustration of the iris was published in 1981, in Grey-Wilson and Mathew, Bulbs plate 28. It was then published in 1982, by P.J. Redoute, Liles and related flowers 183.][
It has several subspecies; ''Iris spuria subsp. demetrii'' (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, ''Iris spuria subsp. demetrii'' (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, ''Iris spuria subsp. maritima'' (Dykes) P.Fourn. and ''Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica'' (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now be re-classified as separate species; ''Iris spuria'' subsp. ''halophila'' (now '' Iris halophila''), ''Iris spuria'' ssp. ''sogdiana'' (now '']Iris halophila var. sogdiana
''Iris halophila'' var. ''sogdiana'' is a species in the genus '' Iris'', it is also in the subgenus '' Limniris'' and in series ''Spuriae''. It is a variety of '' Iris halophila''. It was once a species in its own right as ''Iris sogdiana'', ...
'' and ''Iris spuria'' subsp. ''notha'' (now ''Iris notha
''Iris notha'' is a species in the genus ''Iris'', it is also in the subgenus '' Limniris'' and series '' Spuriae''. It is a rhizomatous perennial with deep blue or violet flowers from the Caucasus region. It is cultivated as an ornamental plan ...
'').[
It has been grown and cultivated in Britain since 1573, It had naturalised in south ]Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs.) is a county in the East Midlands of England, with a long coastline on the North Sea to the east. It borders Norfolk to the south-east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south-west, Leicestershir ...
in 1836. Another colony was growing in Dorset
Dorset ( ; archaically: Dorsetshire , ) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the unitary authority areas of Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole and Dorset. Covering an area of ...
, but in 1972 it was deliberately vandalised and damaged fatally.[
It was originally found on 10 July 1955 growing in Limhamm, Skane in Sweden. It was later published in Botanical Notices in 1958.][
It was verified by ]United States Department of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of com ...
Agricultural Research Service
The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). ARS is one of four agencies in USDA's Research, Education and Economics mission area. ARS is charged with ex ...
on 20 April 1998, then updated on 1 December 2004.[ As of March 2015, ''Iris spuria'' is a 'tentatively accepted name' by the RHS.][
]
Distribution and habitat
''Iris spuria'' is native
Native may refer to:
People
* Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth
* Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory
** Native Americans (disambiguation)
In arts and enterta ...
to a very wide area, from Africa, to temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...
and tropical Asia and Europe.[
]
Range
It is found within Africa, in Algeria
)
, image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, religi ...
.
Within temperate Asia, it is found in the Western Asia regions of Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bord ...
, Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkm ...
and Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...
.[ In the ]Caucasus
The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (country), Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range ...
regions, it is in Armenia
Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ...
, Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of th ...
, Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to t ...
, Ciscaucasia
The North Caucasus, ( ady, Темыр Къафкъас, Temır Qafqas; kbd, Ишхъэрэ Къаукъаз, İṩxhərə Qauqaz; ce, Къилбаседа Кавказ, Q̇ilbaseda Kavkaz; , os, Цӕгат Кавказ, Cægat Kavkaz, inh, ...
and Dagestan
Dagestan ( ; rus, Дагеста́н, , dəɡʲɪˈstan, links=yes), officially the Republic of Dagestan (russian: Респу́блика Дагеста́н, Respúblika Dagestán, links=no), is a republic of Russia situated in the North ...
.[ and in the Russian, ]Siberian
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
regions of Altay, Chelyabinsk
Chelyabinsk ( rus, Челя́бинск, p=tɕɪˈlʲæbʲɪnsk, a=Ru-Chelyabinsk.ogg; ba, Силәбе, ''Siläbe'') is the administrative center and largest city of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. It is the seventh-largest city in Russia, with a ...
, Gorno-Altay
The Altai Republic (; russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, Respublika Altay, ; Altai: , ''Altay Respublika''), also known as Gorno-Altai Republic, and colloquially, and primarily referred to in Russian to distinguish from the neighbour ...
, Kurgan
A kurgan is a type of tumulus constructed over a grave, often characterized by containing a single human body along with grave vessels, weapons and horses. Originally in use on the Pontic–Caspian steppe, kurgans spread into much of Central Asi ...
, Novosibirsk
Novosibirsk (, also ; rus, Новосиби́рск, p=nəvəsʲɪˈbʲirsk, a=ru-Новосибирск.ogg) is the largest city and administrative centre of Novosibirsk Oblast and Siberian Federal District in Russia. As of the 2021 Census, ...
, Omsk
Omsk (; rus, Омск, p=omsk) is the administrative center and largest city of Omsk Oblast, Russia. It is situated in southwestern Siberia, and has a population of over 1.1 million. Omsk is the third largest city in Siberia after Novosibirsk ...
and Tomsk
Tomsk ( rus, Томск, p=tomsk, sty, Түң-тора) is a city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia, located on the Tom River. Population:
Founded in 1604, Tomsk is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. The city is a not ...
.[
In the Middle Asia regions of ]Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental coun ...
, Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan,, pronounced or the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and the People's Republic of China to the ea ...
, Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the s ...
, Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan (, ; uz, Ozbekiston, italic=yes / , ; russian: Узбекистан), officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( uz, Ozbekiston Respublikasi, italic=yes / ; russian: Республика Узбекистан), is a doubly landlocked co ...
and Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 millio ...
.[
It is also found in China, with the provinces of Gansu and ]Xinjiang
Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest ...
.[
Within tropical Asia, it is found in the Indian sub-continental regions of ]Jammu
Jammu is the winter capital of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is the headquarters and the largest city in Jammu district of the union territory. Lying on the banks of the river Tawi, the city of Jammu, with an area of ...
, Kashmir and Pakistan
Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
.[
Within Europe, it is found in the northern European regions of ]Denmark
)
, song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast")
, song_type = National and royal anthem
, image_map = EU-Denmark.svg
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark
, establishe ...
and Sweden.[ and in the middle European regions of ]Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
, Czech Republic
The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. Th ...
, Slovakia
Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the ...
, Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...
and Hungary
Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croa ...
.[ Within eastern European it is found in the regions of ]Moldova
Moldova ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Moldova ( ro, Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The unrecognised state of Transnist ...
, Bashkortostan
The Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkortostan ( ba, Башҡортостан Республикаһы, Bashqortostan Respublikahy; russian: Республика Башкортостан, Respublika Bashkortostan),; russian: Респу́блик ...
, Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian invas ...
,[ and ]Serbia
Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hung ...
. and in the southern European regions of Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, a ...
, France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan ar ...
and Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, ...
.[
It has been ]naturalize
Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen of a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country. It may be done automatically by a statute, i.e., without any effort on the part of the ...
d within New Zealand
New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 List of islands of New Zealand, smaller islands. It is the ...
and the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
,[ in ]Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs.) is a county in the East Midlands of England, with a long coastline on the North Sea to the east. It borders Norfolk to the south-east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south-west, Leicestershir ...
.
Habitat
''Iris spuria'' grows on seasonally damp grasslands,[ damp meadows (or pastures),][ marshes,][ alluvial plains,][ swamps,][ bogs,][ maquis,][ and salty flats.][
It also grows in saline soils.][
It can be found naturalised in damp, grassy places, by ditches, on banks and on roadside verges.][
]
Conservation
The iris is generally listed as of 'Least Concern' on 26 April 2013 in most European countries. But it is listed as rare or endangered in some.
In Russia, the digging up of wild iris rhizomes is strictly prohibited.[
In Sweden, it is rare and is only found on the coastal meadows in southern Sweden.][ On the island of ]Saltholm
Saltholm (; ''Salt Islet'') is a Danish island in the Øresund, the strait that separates Denmark and Sweden. It is located to the east of the Danish island of Amager in Tårnby municipality and lies just to the west of the sea border betwe ...
, the colony was diminishing, before being protected.[
In Germany, it is rare and colonies are protected.][
In Serbia, it is also rare,][ and within Hungary, colonies are also protected.][
In Czechoslovakia, it has mixed fortunes. In the region of ]Moravia
Moravia ( , also , ; cs, Morava ; german: link=yes, Mähren ; pl, Morawy ; szl, Morawa; la, Moravia) is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic and one of three historical Czech lands, with Bohemia and Czech Silesia.
Th ...
, it is now regarded as extinct.[ In the Slovak Republic, it is classified as a 'critically endangered' species, and listed in the Red Book, with the meadows to the north and east of ]Štúrovo
Štúrovo (before 1948: ''Parkan''; hu, Párkány, german: Gockern, tr, Ciğerdelen) is a town in Slovakia, situated on the River Danube. Its population in 2018 was 10,279.
The town is situated opposite the Hungarian city of Esztergom. The Má ...
, now protected.[ It is currently found in about 10 locations in Podunajskej lowlands, near ]Komárno
Komárno, ( hu, Komárom, german: Komorn, sr, Коморан, translit=Komoran), colloquially also called ''Révkomárom, Öregkomárom, Észak-Komárom'' in Hungarian; is a town in Slovakia at the confluence of the Danube and the Váh rivers. ...
and Sturova Nitra.[
]
Cultivation
It is generally thought to be easy to grow.[
It is hardy to between ]USDA
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of com ...
Zone 3 and Zone 9.[ It is also hardy to European Zone H2.][
It is tolerant to most garden soils,][ it will grow on wet soils, saline soils, and saline marshes.][ It prefers well drained, humus rich soils.][
It is tolerant of acid soils,][ but prefers neutral soils.
It prefers positions in full sun or partial shade.][ Although, shade reduces the flowering amount.][
They prefer hot and dry summers,][ only requiring plenty of water during the spring.][
Like most species in the Spuria series, they do not like root disturbance.][
It is best planted from dormant rhizomes in autumn,][ and deeper in the soil than '']Iris germanica
Iris most often refers to:
*Iris (anatomy), part of the eye
*Iris (mythology), a Greek goddess
* ''Iris'' (plant), a genus of flowering plants
* Iris (color), an ambiguous color term
Iris or IRIS may also refer to:
Arts and media
Fictional ent ...
''.[
It can be used in borders or in beds for cut flower (for the house).][ They create large full clumps of plants.][
'' Aphis newtoni'' Theobald can be found on '']Iris bloudowii
''Iris bloudowii'' is a species in the genus '' Iris'', it is also in the subgenus of '' Iris'' and in the ''Psammiris'' section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, with sickle-shaped leaves, sl ...
'', ''Iris latifolia
''Iris latifolia'', the English iris, also known as ''I. xiphiodes'' and ''I. anglica'', is a hardy flowering bulbous species of the iris genus, in the family Iridaceae. It is native to the Pyrenees of Southwestern France and Northwestern Sp ...
'', ''Iris spuria'' and ''Tigridia pavonia
''Tigridia pavonia'' is a species of flowering plant in the iris family Iridaceae. Common names include jockey's cap lily, Mexican shellflower, peacock flower, tiger iris,Alan Davidson and tiger flower. This summer-flowering bulbous herbaceo ...
''. Also '' Dysaphis tulipae'' can be found on ''Iris spuria''.[R. L. Blackman, Victor F. Eastop ] The iris is also the host plant of ''Mononychus punctumalbum
''Mononychus'' is a genus of minute seed weevils in the family of beetles known as Curculionidae. There are at least 20 described species in ''Mononychus''.
Species
These 25 species belong to the genus ''Mononychus'':
* '' Mononychus algerinu ...
'' (Herbst, 1784, iris seed weevil – a weevil that feeds on the seeds of the iris). The weevil lays its eggs within seed capsule of the iris, later the larvae
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
T ...
feeds on the seed and up to 2 other seeds, and then it pupa
A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their ...
tes. Adult weevils emerge from the seed capsules, fly off for aestivation
Aestivation ( la, aestas (summer); also spelled estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter. Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and ...
(summer dormancy) and hibernation within the soil.
Propagation
It can be pollinate
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, ...
d by bee
Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyletic lineage within the superfamil ...
s.[
It can also be propagated by ]division
Division or divider may refer to:
Mathematics
*Division (mathematics), the inverse of multiplication
*Division algorithm, a method for computing the result of mathematical division
Military
* Division (military), a formation typically consisting ...
(of the rhizomes),[ or by seed growing.][
Growing by seeds gives a more reliable results.][
]
Hybrids and cultivars
Due to the wide range of species, (with various tolerances for heat, salt or cold resistance), they have been very useful to plant breeders.[ Many of the modern cultivars have been breed with larger flowers in a wider range of colours than wild species.][
Known ''Iris spuria'' cultivars include; 'Adobe Sunset' (hybridized by McCown, 1976),][ 'AJ Balfour',][ 'Albulus',][ 'Archie Owen' (hybridized by Hager, 1970),][ 'Barbara's Kiss' (hybridized by McCown, 1981),][ 'Belise' (hybridized by Simonet, 1964),][ 'Belissinado' (hybridized by Corlew, 1988),][ 'Betty Cooper' (hybridized by McCown, 1981),][ Iris 'Betty My Love' (hybridized by Wickenkamp, 1988),][ Iris 'Blue Lassie' (hybridized by Niswonger, 1978),][ 'Cambridge Blue',][ 'Cheroke Chief',][ 'Clarke Cosgrove',][ 'Custom Design',][ 'Daenaensis',][ 'Danica',][ 'Dawn Candle',][ 'Georgian Delicacy',][ 'Halophila lutea',][ 'Imperial Bronze',][ 'Media Lux',][
'Norton Sunlight',][ 'Protege',][ 'Monspur', 'Premier',][ and 'Red Clover'.][
]
Toxicity
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and can cause stomach pains and vomiting if mistakenly ingested. Handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[
]
References
Sources
* Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn – ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
* Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961–. Flora of New Zealand.
* Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. I. spuria subsp. musulmanica
* Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen.
* Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening.
* Maire, R. C. J. E. et al. 1952–. Flore de l'Afrique du Nord.
* Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 116–119.
* Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of estPakistan.
* Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962–1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie.
* Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.
* Sell, P. & G. Murrell. 1996–. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland.
* Stace, Clive
Clive Anthony Stace (born 1938) is a British botanist and botanical author. He studied at King's College London, graduated from University of London in 1959 and then studied at the Natural History Museum, London. He was awarded a PhD in 1963. ...
, 1995. ''New Flora of the British Isles''.
* Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–. European garden flora.
External links
''Spuria iris Society'' homepage
{{Taxonbar, from=Q163083
spuria
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of Algeria
Flora of temperate Asia
Flora of West Himalaya
Flora of Pakistan
Flora of Europe