, founded = as the ('People's Security Forces')
, current_form =
, disbanded =
, branches =
, headquarters = Cilangkap,
Jakarta
Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...
, website =
, commander-in-chief =
Joko Widodo
Joko Widodo (; born 21 June 1961), popularly known as Jokowi, is an Indonesian politician and businessman who is the 7th and current president of Indonesia. Elected in July 2014, he was the first Indonesian president not to come from an elite ...
, commander-in-chief_title =
Commander-in-Chief
, chief minister =
Mahfud MD
Mohammad Mahfud Mahmodin (born 13 May 1957), commonly known as Mahfud MD, is an Indonesian politician and lawyer, who is currently serving as the Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs of Indonesia. He is the first civi ...
, chief minister_title =
Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs
, minister =
Lt. Gen. (ret.)
Prabowo Subianto
Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo (born 17 October 1951) is an Indonesian politician, businessman and former army lieutenant general who is the currently-appointed Minister of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia. He is the son of Sumitro Djojoh ...
, minister_title =
Minister of Defence
A defence minister or minister of defence is a Cabinet (government), cabinet official position in charge of a ministry of defense, which regulates the armed forces in sovereign states. The role of a defence minister varies considerably from coun ...
, commander =
Admiral
Admiral is one of the highest ranks in some navies. In the Commonwealth nations and the United States, a "full" admiral is equivalent to a "full" general in the army or the air force, and is above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet, ...
Yudo Margono
Admiral Yudo Margono (born 26 November 1965) is Indonesian admiral who has currently serves as the 22nd Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, He was appointed by President of Indonesia Joko Widodo in December 2022, replacing the reti ...
, commander_title =
Commander of the Armed Forces
, age = 17
, conscription = No
, manpower_data = 2016
, manpower_age =
, available = 131,000,000
, available_f =
, fit = 108,000,000
, fit_f =
, reaching = 4,500,000
, reaching_f =
, active = 400,000
, ranked = 13th
, reserve = 400,000
6,077 (Komcad)
, deployed = 3,544
, amount = (2022)
, percent_GDP = 0.7% (2018)
, domestic_suppliers =
, foreign_suppliers =
, imports =
, exports =
, history =
, ranks =
Indonesian military ranks
The Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) uses a simplified ranking system for the three branches of Indonesian Army, Indonesian Navy and Indonesian Air Force. Most of the ranks are similar with differences for the rank titles of the high-rankin ...
The Indonesian National Armed Forces ( id, links=no, Tentara Nasional Indonesia, lit=Indonesian National Military; abbreviated as TNI) are the military forces of the
Republic of Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Ind ...
. It consists of the
Army (TNI-AD),
Navy (TNI-AL), and
Air Force (TNI-AU). The
President of Indonesia
The President of the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Presiden Republik Indonesia) is both the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president leads the executive branch of the Indonesian government and is ...
is the
commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. In 2021, it comprises approximately 395,500 military personnel including the
Indonesian Marine Corps
'' ("Glorious on the Land and Sea")
, colors =
, colors_label = Beret color
, march = Mars Korps Marinir
, mascot =
, equipment =
...
(), which is a branch of the Navy.
Initially formed with the name of the People's Security Army (TKR), then later changed to the Republic of Indonesia Army (TRI) before changing again its name to the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) to the present. The Indonesian Armed Forces were formed during the
Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postw ...
, when it undertook a
guerrilla war
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactic ...
along with informal
militia
A militia () is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of r ...
. As a result of this, and the need to maintain internal security, the Armed forces including the Army, Navy, and Air Force has been organised along territorial lines, aimed at defeating internal enemies of the state and potential external invaders.
Under the
1945 Constitution, all citizens are legally entitled and obliged to defend the nation.
Conscription
Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day un ...
is provided for by law, yet the Forces have been able to maintain mandated strength levels without resorting to a
draft
Draft, The Draft, or Draught may refer to:
Watercraft dimensions
* Draft (hull), the distance from waterline to keel of a vessel
* Draft (sail), degree of curvature in a sail
* Air draft, distance from waterline to the highest point on a vesse ...
.
The Indonesian armed forces (military) personnel does not include members of law enforcement and paramilitary personnel such as the
Indonesian National Police
''
, mottotranslated = (Serving the Nation)
, formed =
, preceding1 =
, dissolved =
, superseding =
, employees = 440,000 (2020)
, volunteers =
, budget =
, nongovernment ...
(Polri) consisting of approximately 590,000+ personnel,
Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob)
The Mobile Brigade Corps ( id, Korps Brigade Mobil) abbreviated Brimob is the special operations, paramilitary, and tactical unit of the Indonesian National Police (Polri). It is one of the oldest existing units within Polri. Some of its main ...
of around 42,000+ armed personnel, and the Indonesian College Students' Regiment or (Menwa) which is a collegiate military service consisting 26,000 trained personnel.
History
Before the formation of the
Indonesian Republic
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Ind ...
, the military authority in the
Dutch East Indies
The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...
was held by the
Royal Dutch East Indies Army
The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army ( nl, Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger; KNIL, ) was the military force maintained by the Kingdom of the Netherlands in its colony of the Dutch East Indies, in areas that are now part of Indonesia. The ...
(KNIL) and naval forces of the
Royal Netherlands Navy
The Royal Netherlands Navy ( nl, Koninklijke Marine, links=no) is the naval force of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
During the 17th century, the navy of the Dutch Republic (1581–1795) was one of the most powerful naval forces in the world an ...
(KM). Although both the KNIL and KM were not directly responsible for the formation of the future Indonesian armed forces, and mainly took the role of foe during
Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postw ...
in 1945 to 1949, the KNIL had also provided military training and
infrastructure
Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area, and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function. Infrastructure is composed of public and priv ...
for some of the future TNI officers and other ranks. There were military training centers, military schools and academies in the Dutch East Indies. Next to Dutch volunteers and European mercenaries, the KNIL also recruited indigenous, especially
Ambonese
The Ambonese, also known as South Moluccans, are an Indonesian ethnic group of mixed Austronesian and Melanesian origin. They are majority Christians followed by Muslims. The Ambonese are from Ambon Island in Maluku, an island group east of Sula ...
,
Kai Islanders,
Timor
Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia, in the north of the Timor Sea. The island is East Timor–Indonesia border, divided between the sovereign states of East Timor on the eastern part and Indonesia on the western p ...
ese, and
Minahasa
The Minahasans (alternative spelling: Minahassa) are an ethnic group native to the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia, formerly known as North Celebes. The Minahasa people sometimes refer to themselves as Manado people. Although the Minahasan p ...
n people. In 1940, with the Netherlands under German occupation and the Japanese pressing for access to Dutch East Indies oil supplies, the Dutch had opened up the KNIL to large intakes of previously excluded
Javanese.
[McDonald (1980), pages 13] Some of the indigenous soldiers that had enjoyed Dutch KNIL military academy education would later become important TNI officers, for example
Soeharto
Suharto (; ; 8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian army officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving president of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a military dictator by international observers, Suharto ...
and
Nasution
General of the Army Abdul Haris Nasution ( Old Spelling: Abdoel Haris Nasution; 3 December 1918 – 6 September 2000), was a high-ranking Indonesian general and politician. He served in the military during the Indonesian National Revolution and ...
.
![Indonesian soldiers in front of Borobudur](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Indonesian_soldiers_in_front_of_Borobudur.JPG)
Indonesian
nationalism
Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a in-group and out-group, group of peo ...
and militarism started to gain momentum and support in World War II during the
Japanese occupation of Indonesia
The Empire of Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of the war in September 1945. It was one of the most crucial and important periods in modern Indonesian history.
In May ...
. To gain support from the Indonesian people in their war against the
Western Allied force, Japan started to encourage and back Indonesian nationalistic movements by providing Indonesian youth with military training and weapons. On 3 October 1943, the Japanese military formed the Indonesian volunteer army called
PETA
Peta or PETA may refer to:
Acronym
* Pembela Tanah Air, a militia established by the occupying Japanese in Indonesia in 1943
* People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, an American animal rights organization
* People Eating Tasty Animals, an ...
( – Defenders of the Homeland). The Japanese intended PETA to assist their forces oppose a possible invasion by the Allies. The Japanese military training for Indonesian youth originally was meant to rally the local's support for the
Japanese Empire
The also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was a historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the post-World War II 1947 constitution and subsequent forma ...
, but later it became the significant resource for the
Republic of Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Ind ...
during the
Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postw ...
from 1945 to 1949. Many of these men who served in PETA, both officers and NCOs alike like
Soedirman
General of the Army Raden Sudirman ( Old Spelling: Soedirman; 24 January 1916 – 29 January 1950) was a high-ranking Indonesian military officer during the Indonesian National Revolution. The first commander of the Indonesian National A ...
, formed the majority of the personnel that would compose the future armed forces.
![Sudirman](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Sudirman.jpg)
The Indonesian Armed Forces started out as the
People's Security Agency
The People's Security Agency ( id, Badan Keamanan Rakyat), or commonly abbreviated as BKR, was an Indonesian government agency established to undertake the task of maintaining security together with the people and the state offices. The BKR was fo ...
( – "People's Security Agency"; BKR), which was formed in the third PPKI meeting, on 29 August 1945. BKR united militias across the newly independent country to maintain civil order; it was more of a
constabulary Constabulary may have several definitions:
*A civil, non-paramilitary (police) force consisting of police officers called constables. This is the usual definition in the United Kingdom, in which all county police forces once bore the title (and som ...
than an army. The decision to create a "security agency", and not an army, was taken to avoid the Allied forces seeing it as an armed revolution and invading in full force. One of the terms of surrender to Japan was to return the Asian colonies they had conquered to their previous rulers, certainly not to make them independent.
When confrontations became sharp and hostile between Indonesia and the Allied forces, on 5 October 1945 the People's Security Forces ( – TKR ) was formed on the basis of existing BKR units; this was a move taken to formalize, unite, and organize the splintered pockets of independent troopers () across Indonesia, ensuing a more professional military approach, to contend with the Netherlands and the Allied force invaders.
The Indonesian armed forces have seen significant action since their establishment in 1945. Their first conflict was the 1945–1949
Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postw ...
, in which the 1945
Battle of Surabaya
The Battle of Surabaya was fought between regular infantry and militia of the Indonesian nationalist movement and British and British Indian troops as a part of the Indonesian National Revolution against the re-imposition of Dutch colonial r ...
was especially important as the baptism of fire of the young armed forces.
In January 1946, TKR renamed as the People's Safety Military Forces ( – TKR), then succeeded by Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces ( – TRI ), in a further step to professionalize the armed forces and increase its ability to engage systematically.
In June 1947, the TRI, per a government decision, was renamed the Indonesian National Armed Forces ( – TNI ) which is a merger between the TRI and the independent paramilitary organizations () across Indonesia, becoming by 1950 the APRIS or ''National Military Forces of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia'' (), by mid year the APRI or ''Military Forces of the Republic of Indonesia'' (), also absolving native personnel from within both the former KNIL and KM within the expanded republic.
![Logo ABRI](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Logo_ABRI.svg)
On 21 June 1962, the name "" (TNI) was changed to "" (Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces, ABRI). The POLRI (
Indonesian National Police
''
, mottotranslated = (Serving the Nation)
, formed =
, preceding1 =
, dissolved =
, superseding =
, employees = 440,000 (2020)
, volunteers =
, budget =
, nongovernment ...
) was integrated under the Armed Forces and changed its name to "''Angkatan Kepolisian''" (Police Force), and its commander maintained the concurrent status of Minister of Defense and Security, reporting to the President, who is commander in chief. The commanding generals (later chiefs of staff) and the Chief of the National Police then all held ministerial status as members of the cabinet of the republic, while a number of higher-ranking officers were appointed to other cabinet posts. On 1 July 1969, the Police Force's name was reverted to "''POLRI''".
After the
fall of Suharto
Suharto resigned as President of Indonesia on 21 May 1998 following the collapse of support for his 32-year long presidency. Vice President B. J. Habibie took over the presidency.
Suharto's grip on power weakened following severe economic and ...
in 1998, the democratic and civil movement grew against the acute military role and involvements in Indonesian politics. As a result, the
post-Soeharto Indonesian military has undergone certain reforms, such as the revocation of the
Dwifungsi
''Dwifungsi'' ("dual function") was a doctrine implemented by Suharto's military-dominated New Order government in Indonesia following the removal of President Sukarno. ''Dwifungsi'' was used to justify the ABRI—especially the Indonesian Arm ...
doctrine and the terminations of military controlled business. The reforms also involved law enforcement in common civil society, which questioned the position of Indonesian police under the military corps umbrella. These reforms led to the separation of the police force from the military. In April 1999, the
Indonesian National Police
''
, mottotranslated = (Serving the Nation)
, formed =
, preceding1 =
, dissolved =
, superseding =
, employees = 440,000 (2020)
, volunteers =
, budget =
, nongovernment ...
officially regained its independence and now is a separate entity from the armed forces proper. The official name of the Indonesian military also changed from ''"Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia"'' (ABRI) back to ''"Tentara Nasional Indonesia"'' (TNI).
Future plans
At the beginning of 2010, the Indonesian government sought to strengthen the TNI to achieve minimum standards of minimum strength (Minimum Essential Force, or MEF). The MEF was divided into three strategic five-year plan stages, 2010–2014, 2015–2019, and 2020–2024. Initially the government budgeted Rp156 trillion (around US$16 billion at the time) for the provision of TNI's main weapon system equipment (known as ''alutsista'', an abbreviation for ''Alat Utama Sistem Senjata'' or "Advanced Weapons System") in the MEF period 2010–2014.
Naming history
*
People's Security Agency
The People's Security Agency ( id, Badan Keamanan Rakyat), or commonly abbreviated as BKR, was an Indonesian government agency established to undertake the task of maintaining security together with the people and the state offices. The BKR was fo ...
(''Badan Keamanan Rakyat'', 22 August – 5 October 1945; spelled "''Ra'jat''")
*People's Security Forces (''
Tentara Keamanan Rakyat'', 5 October 1945 – 7 January 1946; spelled "''Ra'jat''")
*People's Safety Forces (''Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat'', 7–26 January 1946; spelled "''Ra'jat''")
*Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces (''
Tentara Republik Indonesia'', 26 January 1946 – 3 June 1947; spelled "''Repoeblik''" until 17 March 1947)
*Indonesian National Armed Forces (''Tentara Nasional Indonesia'', 3 June 1947 – 27 December 1949)
*Republic of the
United States of Indonesia
The United States of Indonesia ( nl, Verenigde Staten van Indonesië, id, Republik Indonesia Serikat, abbreviated as RIS), was a short-lived federal state to which the Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies (except ...
War Forces (''Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia Serikat'', 27 December 1949 – 17 August 1950)
*Republic of Indonesia War Forces (''Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia'', 17 August 1950 – 21 June 1962)
*Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces (''Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia'', 21 June 1962 – 1 April 1999; spelled "''Bersendjata''" until 1 January 1973)*
*Indonesian National Armed Forces (''Tentara Nasional Indonesia'', since 1 April 1999)
''*the name TNI was still used during ABRI era when it came to the military itself and the branches excluding the Police (e.g. TNI-AD/AL/AU). But when it was Armed Forces as a whole including the Police the term ABRI was used instead.''
Philosophy and doctrine
The Indonesian military philosophy about the defense of the
archipelago
An archipelago ( ), sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands.
Examples of archipelagos include: the Indonesian Archi ...
is summarily civilian-military defence, called "Total People's Defense", consisting of a three-stage war: a short initial period in which an invader would defeat a conventional Indonesian military, a long period of territorial
guerrilla war followed by a final stage of expulsion, with the military acting as a rallying point for defense from grass-roots village level upwards. The doctrine relies on a close bond between villager and soldier to encourage the support of the entire population and enable the military to manage all war-related resources.
The civilian population would provide
logistical
Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation. In a general business sense, logistics manages the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of consumption to meet the requirements of ...
support,
intelligence
Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. More generally, it can b ...
, and upkeep with some of the population trained to join the guerrilla struggle. The armed forces regularly engage in large-scale community and rural development. The "Armed Forces Enters the Village" (AMD/TMMD) program, begun in 1983, is held three times annually to organize and assist construction and development of civilian village projects.
The current developments in Indonesia's defense policies are framed within the concept of achieving "Minimum Essential Force" or MEF by 2024. This concept of MEF was first articulated in Presidential Decree No. 7/2008 on General Policy Guidelines on State Defense Policy which came into effect on 26 January 2008. MEF is defined as a capability based defense and force level that can guarantee the attainment of immediate strategic defense interests, where the procurement priority is given to the improvement of minimum defense strength and/or the replacement of outdated main weapon systems/equipment. To achieve this aim, MEF had been restructured into a series of 3 strategic programs with timeframes from 2010 to 2014, 2015 to 2019 and 2020 to 2024 as well as spending of up to1.5–2% of the GDP.
The identity of the Indonesian National Armed forces is as defined by the Article 2 of the Law No 34/2004 on Indonesian National Armed forces is the TNI must aim to become the:
# People's Military Forces, the armed forces whose serving personnel come from Indonesian citizens from all walks of life;
# Military of Warriors, which are soldiers who fought to establish the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and do not recognize surrender in carrying out and completing its duties;
# National Armed Forces, the Indonesian national armed forces who serve in the interest of the country and her people over the interests of the regions/provinces, ethnic groups, races, and religions;
# Professional Armed Forces, a military force that is well-trained, well-educated, well-equipped, non-practicable, prohibited to do business and guaranteed welfare, and following the country's political policies that embrace democratic principles, civil supremacy, human rights, the provisions of national law and international laws in force, as ratified and approved in the 1999–2003 amendments to the Constitution.
Organization
The Indonesian armed forces have long been organized around territorial commands. Following independence, seven were established by 1958. No central reserve formation was formed until 1961 (when the 1st Army Corps of the Army General Reserve, "CADUAD", the precursor of today's
Kostrad
The Army Strategic Reserves Command ( id, Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat; abbreviated ) is a combined-arms formation of the Indonesian Army. Kostrad is a Corps level command which has up to 35,000 troops. It also supervises operati ...
was established). It was only after the attempted coup d'état of 1 October 1965 and General Suharto's rise to the presidency that it became possible to integrate the armed forces and begin to develop a joint operations structure.
Following a decision in 1985, major reorganization separate the
Ministry of Defense and Security from the ABRI (, the name of the armed forces used during the
New Order) headquarters and staff. MoDS was made responsible for planning, acquisition, and management tasks but had no command or control of troop units. The
ABRI Commander in chief retained command and control of all armed forces and continued by tradition to be the senior military officer in the country, while continuing to be a part of the cabinet.
The administrative structure of Ministry of Defense and Security consisted of a minister, deputy minister, secretary general, inspector general, three directorates-general and a number of functional centers and institutes. The minister, deputy minister, inspector general, and three directors general were retired senior military officers; the secretary general (who acted as deputy minister) and most functional center chiefs were, as is the case today, active-duty military officers, while employees and staff were personnel of the armed forces and of the civil service.
The 1985 reorganization also made significant changes in the armed forces chain of command. The four multi-service Regional Defense Commands ("Kowilhans") and the National Strategic Command ("Kostranas") were eliminated from the defense structure, establishing the Military Regional Command ("Kodam"), or area command, as the key organization for strategic, tactical, and territorial operations for all services. The chain of command flowed directly from the "ABRI" commander in chief to the ten "Kodam" commanders, and then to subordinate army territorial commands. The former territorial commands of the air force and navy were eliminated from the structure altogether, with each of those services represented on the "Kodam" staff by a senior liaison officer. The navy and air force territorial commands were replaced by operational commands. The air force formed two Operational Commands ("Ko-Ops") while the navy had its two Fleet Commands, the Western and Eastern Armadas. The air force's National Air Defense Command ("Kohanudnas") remained under the "ABRI" commander in chief. It had an essentially defensive function that included responsibility for the
early warning system
An early warning system is a warning system that can be implemented as a chain of information communication systems and comprises sensors, event detection and decision subsystems for early identification of hazards. They work together to for ...
.
After
Suharto
Suharto (; ; 8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian army officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving president of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a military dictator by international observers, Suharto ...
's presidential era collapsed in 1998, the
Indonesian National Police
''
, mottotranslated = (Serving the Nation)
, formed =
, preceding1 =
, dissolved =
, superseding =
, employees = 440,000 (2020)
, volunteers =
, budget =
, nongovernment ...
was separated from the Armed Forces making the Indonesian Armed Forces under the direct auspices command of the Ministry of Defense and the Police Force under the direct auspices of the President of Indonesia. Before 1998, the Armed Forces of Indonesia (the then name "ABRI") was composed of four service branches:
Indonesian Army
The Indonesian Army ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD), ) is the land branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It has an estimated strength of 300,000 active personnel. The history of the Indonesian Army has its ...
,
Indonesian Navy
The Indonesian Navy ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut, , Indonesian National Military-Naval Force, TNI-AL) is the naval branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It was founded on 10 September 1945 and has a role to patrol I ...
,
Indonesian Air Force
The Indonesian Air Force ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU), literally "''Indonesian National Military-Air Force''") sometimes shortened as IDAF / IdAF, is the aerial branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The ...
, and the Indonesian National Police. Then after 1998 (After reformation from Soeharto), the Armed Forces' name, in 1999, was changed to TNI (''Tentara Nasional Indonesia'') literally meaning: "The National Military of Indonesia" and the independent Indonesian Police Force changed its name to POLRI (''Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia'') literally meaning: "The National Police Force of Indonesia". Now specifically, although the Armed Forces of Indonesia and the National Police of Indonesia has been separated, they still cooperate and conduct special duties and tasks together for the sake of the national security and integrity of Indonesia.
On 13 May 2018, Commander
Hadi Tjahjanto
Air Chief Marshal (Ret.) Hadi Tjahjanto (born 8 November 1963) is the Minister of Agrarian and Spatial Planning of Indonesia under President Joko Widodo's Onward Indonesia Cabinet. He is a former officer in the Indonesian Air Force who previous ...
reorganized the armed forces once more by inaugurating 4 new military units: Kostrad's 3rd Infantry Division, Navy's 3rd Fleet Command, Air Force's 3rd Air Force Operations Command, and Marine Force III. The new military units are intended to reduce response time against any threats and problems in Eastern Indonesia. He also officially renamed the Western and Eastern Fleet Commands to 1st and 2nd Fleet Commands.
The Indonesian National Armed Forces is structured into the following in accordance with Article 9 of Presidential Regulation No. 66/2019. The organization of the Indonesian National Armed Forces consist of Indonesian National Armed Forces General Headquarters () based in the Joint Armed Forces Headquarters in Cilangkap, East Jakarta, of which it oversee the headquarters of the three branch of the military:
*
Indonesian Army
The Indonesian Army ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD), ) is the land branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It has an estimated strength of 300,000 active personnel. The history of the Indonesian Army has its ...
Headquarters (), based in Gambir, Central Jakarta;
*
Indonesian Navy
The Indonesian Navy ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut, , Indonesian National Military-Naval Force, TNI-AL) is the naval branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It was founded on 10 September 1945 and has a role to patrol I ...
Headquarters (), based in Cilangkap, East Jakarta; and
*
Indonesian Air Force
The Indonesian Air Force ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU), literally "''Indonesian National Military-Air Force''") sometimes shortened as IDAF / IdAF, is the aerial branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The ...
Headquarters (), also based in Cilangkap, East Jakarta
Armed Forces Headquarters Organization
Leadership elements
![Yudo Margono KSAL](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Yudo_Margono_KSAL.jpg)
The leadership elements of the Indonesian armed forces consist of the
Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces
The Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces ( id, Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonesia, known as Panglima TNI) is the professional head and highest-ranking officer of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Directly answerable to the pre ...
() and the
Deputy Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces
Deputy Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces ( id, Wakil Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonesia or ) is the second highest position in the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The position is held by the four-star General/Admiral/Air Mars ...
, both position are held by four-star Generals/Admirals/Air Marshalls appointed by and reporting directly to the
President of Indonesia
The President of the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Presiden Republik Indonesia) is both the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president leads the executive branch of the Indonesian government and is ...
, who is the overall commander-in-chief of the armed forces. As of Nov 2019, the position of deputy commander remains vacant.
* Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (); and
* Deputy Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces ().
Leadership support elements
# Armed Forces General Staff ()
# Armed Forces Inspectorate General ()
# Armed Forces Commander Advisory Staff ()
# Armed Forces Strategic Policy and General Planning Staff ()
# Armed Forces Intelligence Staff ()
# Armed Forces Operations Staff ()
# Armed Forces Personnel Staff ()
# Armed Forces Logistics Staff ()
# Armed Forces Territorial Staff ()
# Armed Forces Communication and Electronics Staff ()
Service Elements
# Armed Forces Psychology Center ()
# Armed Forces Electronics and Communication Center ()
# Armed Forces Operations Control Center ()
# Armed Forces Bureaucratic Reform Center ()
# Armed Forces General Secretariat ()
# Armed Forces Headquarters Detachment ()
Central Executive Agencies
![Taruna akmil](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Taruna_akmil.jpg)
# Armed Forces Staff and Command Colleges () based in
Bandung
Bandung ( su, ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ, Bandung, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most ...
, which consist of:
#* Army Staff and Command College, based in Bandung;
#* Naval Staff and Command College, based in Cipulir, South Jakarta; and
#* Air Force Staff and Command College, based in Lembang, West Bandung.
# Armed Forces Academy (), based in Cilangkap, which consist of:
#*
Military Academy
A military academy or service academy is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps. It normally provides education in a military environment, the exact definition depending on the country concerned. ...
, based in
Magelang
Magelang () is one of six cities in Central Java that are administratively independent of the regencies in which they lie geographically. Each of these cities is governed by a mayor rather than a ''bupati''. Magelang city covers an area of 18. ...
;
#*
Naval Academy
A naval academy provides education for prospective naval officers.
See also
* Military academy
A military academy or service academy is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps. It normally pro ...
, based in
Surabaya
Surabaya ( jv, ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ or jv, ꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ; ; ) is the capital city of the Provinces of Indonesia, Indonesian province of East Java and the List of Indonesian cities by population, second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. L ...
; and
#*
Air Force Academy
An air force academy or air academy is a national institution that provides initial officer training, possibly including undergraduate level education, to air force officer cadets who are preparing to be commissioned officers in a national air forc ...
, based in
Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta (; jv, ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ ; pey, Jogjakarta) is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, ...
.
# Armed Forces
Strategic Intelligence Agency ();
# Armed Forces Education, Training and Doctrine Development Command ();
# Armed Forces
Special Operations Command ();
#
Indonesian Presidential Security Forces ();
# Armed Forces Legal Agency ();
# Armed Forces Information Center ();
# Armed Forces Medical Center ();
# Armed Forces
Military Police Center ();
# Armed Forces Finance Center ( TNI);
# Armed Forces
Peacekeeping Missions Center ()
# Armed Forces Strategic Assessment, Research, and Development Center ();
# Armed Forces Logistics Agency ();
# Armed Forces Mental Guidance Center ();
# Armed Forces Historical Heritage Center ( TNI);
# Armed Forces Information and Data Processing Center ();
# Armed Forces International Cooperation Center ();
# Armed Forces Physical Fitness and Basic Military Regulation Center ();
# Armed Forces Procurement Center ();
# Armed Forces Maritime Information Center ();
# Armed Forces Permanent Garrison Commands (), which consist of:
#* 1st Permanent Garrison/Jakarta;
#* 2nd Permanent Garrison/Bandung;
#* 3rd Permanent Garrison/Surabaya.
# Armed Forces Cyber Operations Unit ().
Principal Operational Commands
![JUNGLE WARFARE](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/JUNGLE_WARFARE.jpg)
Principal Operation Commands () are the centralized TNI forces which are under the command of the Armed Forces Headquarters.
Some of these commands are actually part of the three military branches (such as Kostrad and Koarmada RI, armed and trained by the Army and Navy, respectively), but operationally controlled by the Armed Forces Headquarters.
#Defense Territorial Joint Command (), tasked with coordinating and integrating operational readiness of all military bases throughout Indonesia. Command held by three-star General/Admiral/Air Marshall. It consists of:
#*Kogabwilhan I, based in
Tanjung Pinang
Tanjungpinang, also written as Tanjung Pinang, is the capital city of the Indonesian province of Riau Islands. It covers a land area of 144.56 km2, mainly on the southern Bintan Island, as well as other smaller islands such as Dompak Island ...
, covering western Indonesia;
#*Kogabwilhan II, based Penajam Paser, covering central Indonesia; and
#*Kogabwilhan III, based in
Timika
Timika is a chartered city (''kota''), and the capital of Mimika Regency on the southern coast of Central Papua, Indonesia. At the 2020 Census, the district which includes the town (it remains administratively within the Regency, rather than havin ...
, covering eastern Indonesia.
#
Army Strategic Reserves Command
The Army Strategic Reserves Command ( id, Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat; abbreviated ) is a combined-arms Formation (military), formation of the Indonesian Army. Kostrad is a Corps level command which has up to 35,000 troops. It also ...
(). Command held by three-star General. It consists of:
#*
1st Infantry Division, based in
Depok en, Starfruit City
, motto =
''Pariraca Darma''(Servant of the righteousness)
, image_map = Map of West Java highlighting Depok City.svg
, mapsize =
, map_caption ...
;
#*
2nd Infantry Division, based in
Malang
Malang (; ) is a landlocked List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, city in the Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province of East Java. It has a history dating back to the age of Singhasari, Singhasari Kingdom. It is the second most popul ...
;
#*
3rd Infantry Division, based in
Gowa
Gowa ('' Makassar language : '') is a regency in the province of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It has an area of 1,883.33 km2 and a population of 652,329 at the 2010 census, increasing to 765,836 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at m ...
.
#
Indonesian Fleet Command
Indonesian Fleet Command ( id, Komando Armada Republik Indonesia, , Fleet Command of the Republic of Indonesia) is a naval combat force of the Indonesian Navy (TNI-AL), it was formed and inaugurated by the Commander of the Indonesian National Ar ...
(). Command held by three-star Admiral. It consists of:
#*Koarmada I, based in Tanjung Uban, covering western Indonesia;
#*Koarmada II, based in
Surabaya
Surabaya ( jv, ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ or jv, ꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ; ; ) is the capital city of the Provinces of Indonesia, Indonesian province of East Java and the List of Indonesian cities by population, second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. L ...
covering central Indonesia; and
#*Koarmada III, based in
Sorong
Sorong is the largest city and the capital of the Indonesian province of Southwest Papua. The city is located on the western tip of the island of New Guinea with its only land borders being with Sorong Regency. It is the gateway to Indonesia's ...
, covering eastern Indonesia.
#
National Air Operations Command
The National Air Operations Command ( id, Komando Operasi Udara Nasional / Koopsudnas) is one of the Principal Operational Commands of the Indonesian Air Force that is responsible for air operations including air surveillance, Early-warning radar, ...
(). Command held by three-star Air Marshall. It consists of:
#*Koopsud I, based in
Jakarta
Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...
, covering western Indonesia;
#*Koopsud II, based in
Makassar
Makassar (, mak, ᨆᨀᨔᨑ, Mangkasara’, ) is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi. It is the largest city in the region of Eastern Indonesia and the country's fifth-largest urban center after Jakarta, Surabaya, Med ...
covering central Indonesia; and
#*Koopsud III, based in
Biak
Biak is an island located in Cenderawasih Bay near the northern coast of Papua (province), Papua, an Indonesian province, and is just northwest of New Guinea. Biak is the largest island in its small archipelago, and has many atolls, reefs, and c ...
, covering eastern Indonesia.
# Naval Hydro-Oceanographic Center (), based in
North Jakarta
North Jakarta ( id, Jakarta Utara; bew, Jakarte Belilir) is one of the five administrative cities (''kota administrasi'') which form Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia. North Jakarta is not self-governed and does not have a city counci ...
. Command held by three-star Admiral.
#
Army Military Regional Commands (). Command held by two-star General. It consists of fifteen Kodams spread across Indonesia.
#
Army Special Forces Command (). Command held by two-star General.
#
Military Sealift Command (). Command held by two-star Admiral.
#
Indonesian Marine Corps
'' ("Glorious on the Land and Sea")
, colors =
, colors_label = Beret color
, march = Mars Korps Marinir
, mascot =
, equipment =
...
(). Command held by two-star Marine General. It consists of:
#*1st Marine Force, based in
South Jakarta
South Jakarta ( id, Jakarta Selatan; bew, Jakarte Beludik ), colloquially known as ''Jaksel'', is one of the five administrative cities which form the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia. South Jakarta is not self-governed and does not h ...
;
#*2nd Marine Force, based in
Sidoarjo
Sidoarjo Regency ( jv, ꦑꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦢꦲꦂꦗ, Kabupatèn Sidaharja) is a regency in East Java, Indonesia. It is bordered by Surabaya city and Gresik Regency to the north, by Pasuruan Regency to the south, by Mojokerto Regency ...
;
#*3rd Marine Force, based in
Sorong
Sorong is the largest city and the capital of the Indonesian province of Southwest Papua. The city is located on the western tip of the island of New Guinea with its only land borders being with Sorong Regency. It is the gateway to Indonesia's ...
; and
#*4th Marine Infantry Brigade, based in
Lampung
Lampung (Lampung: ), officially the Province of Lampung ( id, Provinsi Lampung) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra. It has a short border with the province of Bengkulu to the northwest, and a ...
.
Branches
![Kostrad](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Kostrad.png)
TNI has three service branches, the Army (TNI-AD), the Navy (TNI-AL), and the Air Force (TNI-AU). Each service branch is led by a
Chief of Staff
The title chief of staff (or head of staff) identifies the leader of a complex organization such as the armed forces, institution, or body of persons and it also may identify a principal staff officer (PSO), who is the coordinator of the supporti ...
(
Chief of Staff of the Army,
Chief of Staff of the Navy, and
Chief of Staff of the Air Force respectively) who is responsible for the administration and capability development for his/her own branch. These positions were previously called Commander or
Panglima Panglima is a military title used in Indonesia and Malaysia, and historically in the Philippines. It means 'a commander of a body of troops'. In the past it is used to call some prominent military leaders in several kingdoms, such as Panglima Polem ...
(for some period in 60s, it is a Minister-equivalent post) which was equipped with commanding authority until it was changed as Chief of Staffs (until now). In the present day, the
Commander of The Indonesian National Armed Forces
The Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces ( id, Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonesia, known as Panglima TNI) is the professional head and highest-ranking officer of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Directly answerable to the pre ...
is the only military officer holding commanding authority for all the service branches under the overall authority of the
President
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
as
Commander in Chief of the Forces.
*The TNI-AD (
Indonesian Army
The Indonesian Army ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD), ) is the land branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It has an estimated strength of 300,000 active personnel. The history of the Indonesian Army has its ...
) was first formed in 1945 following the end of
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, to protect the newly independent country. It initially consisted of local militia and grew to become the regular army of today. The force now has up to 306,506 personnel, and comprises major strong territorial army commands known as ''
Kodam'' and several independent regiments, brigades and battalions. The Army is also built up of operational commands and special forces such as the:
Kopassus
The Kopassus ( id, Komando Pasukan Khusus, Special Forces Command) is an Indonesian Army (TNI-AD) special forces group that conducts special operations missions for the Indonesian government, such as direct action, unconventional warfare, sa ...
and the
Kostrad
The Army Strategic Reserves Command ( id, Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat; abbreviated ) is a combined-arms formation of the Indonesian Army. Kostrad is a Corps level command which has up to 35,000 troops. It also supervises operati ...
units also with other types of formation within the Army itself. The Army also operates aircraft under the
Army Aviation Command (''Pusat Penerbangan Angkatan Darat''). The Army operates 123 helicopters including combat, transport, and trainer models, and eight fixed-wing aircraft. The Army also guards and patrols the land borders with
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
,
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...
, and
East Timor
East Timor (), also known as Timor-Leste (), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-weste ...
.
![KRI I Gusti Ngurah Rai (332) and KRI Bontang (907) performing replenishment at sea](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/KRI_I_Gusti_Ngurah_Rai_%28332%29_and_KRI_Bontang_%28907%29_performing_replenishment_at_sea.jpg)
*The TNI-AL (
Indonesian Navy
The Indonesian Navy ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut, , Indonesian National Military-Naval Force, TNI-AL) is the naval branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It was founded on 10 September 1945 and has a role to patrol I ...
) was first formed on 22 August 1945. The current strength of the Navy is around up-to 74,000. In contrast to many other nations and military traditions, the Navy uses Army style ranks (''See:
Indonesian military ranks
The Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) uses a simplified ranking system for the three branches of Indonesian Army, Indonesian Navy and Indonesian Air Force. Most of the ranks are similar with differences for the rank titles of the high-rankin ...
''). The Navy has one centralized fleet command (Indonesia Fleet Command at Jakarta) which consists of three navy fleets which are the 1st Fleet Command (''Koarmada I'') based in
Jakarta
Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...
(to be relocated to Tanjung Pinang), the 2nd Fleet Command (''Koarmada II'') based in
Surabaya
Surabaya ( jv, ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ or jv, ꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ; ; ) is the capital city of the Provinces of Indonesia, Indonesian province of East Java and the List of Indonesian cities by population, second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. L ...
and the 3rd Fleet Command (''Koarmada III'') based in
Sorong
Sorong is the largest city and the capital of the Indonesian province of Southwest Papua. The city is located on the western tip of the island of New Guinea with its only land borders being with Sorong Regency. It is the gateway to Indonesia's ...
, all three fleet forces commands holding responsibility for the defense of the three maritime and naval territorial commands. The Navy also has a management of aircraft and aviation systems which are operated by the Naval Aviation Command (''Pusat Penerbangan Angkatan Laut''). The Navy operates 63 fixed wing aircraft and 29 combat and transport helicopters. The Navy also includes the
Indonesian Marine Corps
'' ("Glorious on the Land and Sea")
, colors =
, colors_label = Beret color
, march = Mars Korps Marinir
, mascot =
, equipment =
...
(''Korps Marinir'', or ''KorMar''). It was created on 15 November 1945 and has the duties of being the main
naval infantry
Marines, or naval infantry, are typically a military force trained to operate in littoral zones in support of naval operations. Historically, tasks undertaken by marines have included helping maintain discipline and order aboard the ship (refle ...
and
amphibious warfare
Amphibious warfare is a type of offensive military operation that today uses naval ships to project ground and air power onto a hostile or potentially hostile shore at a designated landing beach. Through history the operations were conducte ...
force with quick reaction capabilities and special operations abilities.
![Indonesian Air Force Sukhoi SU-30 MK2 at Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Indonesian_Air_Force_Sukhoi_SU-30_MK2_at_Sultan_Hasanuddin_International_Airport.jpg)
*The TNI-AU (
Indonesian Air Force
The Indonesian Air Force ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU), literally "''Indonesian National Military-Air Force''") sometimes shortened as IDAF / IdAF, is the aerial branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The ...
) is headquartered in
Jakarta
Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...
, Indonesia. Its
Order of Battle
In modern use, the order of battle of an armed force participating in a military operation or campaign shows the hierarchical organization, command structure, strength, disposition of personnel, and equipment of units and formations of the armed ...
is under the Air Force Operational Commands (''KOOPSAU'') which consists of three operational commands (Koopsau I, Koopsau II, and Koopsau III). Most of its airbases are located on the island of
Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...
.
Presently, the Air Force has up-to 34,930 personnel equipped with 202 aircraft including
Sukhoi Su-27
The Sukhoi Su-27 (russian: Сухой Су-27; NATO reporting name: Flanker) is a Soviet-origin twin-engine supermaneuverable fighter aircraft designed by Sukhoi. It was intended as a direct competitor for the large US fourth-generation jet ...
s,
Su-30
The Sukhoi Su-30 (russian: Сухой Су-30; NATO reporting name: Flanker-C/G/H) is a twin-engine, two-seat supermaneuverable fighter aircraft developed in the Soviet Union by Russia's Sukhoi Aviation Corporation. It is a multirole fighter ...
s,
F-16 Fighting Falcon
The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon is a single-engine multirole fighter aircraft originally developed by General Dynamics for the United States Air Force (USAF). Designed as an air superiority day fighter, it evolved into a successful ...
s,
Hawk 100/200s,
KAI T-50 Golden Eagle
The KAI T-50 Golden Eagle (골든이글) is a family of South Korean supersonic advanced jet trainers and light combat aircraft, developed by Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) with Lockheed Martin. The T-50 is South Korea's first indigenous s ...
s, and
EMB 314 Super Tucanos.
The Air Force also has
air force infantry
Air force ground forces and special forces are ground forces, and may include special operations units that are part of a nation's air force. Airmen assigned to such units may be trained, armed and equipped for ground combat and special operati ...
corps which is known as ''
Kopasgat
The Kopasgat ( id, Komando Pasukan Gerak Cepat, Quick Reaction Forces Command) is the air force infantry and special forces corps of the Indonesian Air Force. The corps is also known as the Orange Berets ( in Indonesian language, Indonesian) fr ...
'' that are tasked for airbase defense, airborne troops and
special forces
Special forces and special operations forces (SOF) are military units trained to conduct special operations. NATO has defined special operations as "military activities conducted by specially designated, organized, selected, trained and equip ...
unit.
*While no longer a part of the Armed Forces since 1 April 1999, the
Indonesian National Police
''
, mottotranslated = (Serving the Nation)
, formed =
, preceding1 =
, dissolved =
, superseding =
, employees = 440,000 (2020)
, volunteers =
, budget =
, nongovernment ...
(''POLRI'') often operate in paramilitary roles independently or in co-operation with the other services on internal security missions, usually in cooperation with the Indonesian National Armed Forces (''TNI''). The National Police
Mobile Brigade Corps
The Mobile Brigade Corps ( id, Korps Brigade Mobil) abbreviated Brimob is the special operations, paramilitary, and tactical unit of the Indonesian National Police (Polri). It is one of the oldest existing units within Polri. Some of its main ...
are the main paramilitary forces which are usually put on to these roles and tasks with the service branches of the armed forces. Until today, both the ''TNI'' and the ''POLRI'' still holds strong ties and cooperation for the sake of the nation's national security and integrity purposes.
Special Forces Unit
Indonesian Military Special Forces
*TNI AD (
Indonesian Army
The Indonesian Army ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD), ) is the land branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It has an estimated strength of 300,000 active personnel. The history of the Indonesian Army has its ...
):
Kopassus
The Kopassus ( id, Komando Pasukan Khusus, Special Forces Command) is an Indonesian Army (TNI-AD) special forces group that conducts special operations missions for the Indonesian government, such as direct action, unconventional warfare, sa ...
,
Tontaipur
*TNI AL (
Indonesian Navy
The Indonesian Navy ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut, , Indonesian National Military-Naval Force, TNI-AL) is the naval branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It was founded on 10 September 1945 and has a role to patrol I ...
):
Kopaska,
Taifib
Taifib ( id, Batalyon Intai Amfibi) is an elite recon unit within the Indonesian Marine Corps which is tasked for conducting amphibious reconnaissance and special reconnaissance. It is operationally similar to the Combat Reconnaissance Platoon ...
,
Denjaka
Denjaka (abbreviation from ''Detasemen Jala Mangkara''; Jala Mangkara Detachment) is a counter-terrorism special operations force of the Indonesian Navy. It is a combined detachment formed from selected personnel of the Navy's frogmen unit ( KOP ...
*TNI AU (
Indonesian Air Force
The Indonesian Air Force ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU), literally "''Indonesian National Military-Air Force''") sometimes shortened as IDAF / IdAF, is the aerial branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The ...
):
Kopasgat
The Kopasgat ( id, Komando Pasukan Gerak Cepat, Quick Reaction Forces Command) is the air force infantry and special forces corps of the Indonesian Air Force. The corps is also known as the Orange Berets ( in Indonesian language, Indonesian) fr ...
In the immediate aftermath of
2018 Surabaya bombings, President Widodo has agreed to revive the TNI Joint Special Operations Command (''Koopsusgab'') to assist the National Police in antiterrorism operations under certain conditions. This joint force is composed of special forces of the National Armed Forces as mentioned above, and is under the direct control of the Commander of the National Armed Forces. In July 2019, President Widodo officially formed the
Armed Forces Special Operations Command (''Koopsus TNI'') which comprised 400 personnel each from Sat-81 Gultor of Kopassus, Denjaka, and
Den Bravo of Kopasgat to conduct special operations to protect national interests within or outside Indonesian territory.
Equipment
*TNI AD
List of Equipment of the Indonesian Army
This is a list of Equipment of the Indonesian Army currently in service. The Indonesian Army (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia-Angkatan Darat, TNI–AD), the land component of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, has an estimated strength ...
*TNI AL
List of Equipment of the Indonesian Navy
The Equipment of the Indonesian Navy can be subdivided into: vessels, aircraft, munitions, small arms, vehicles, and attire. These also includes the equipment of the Marine Corps, KOPASKA and Denjaka special forces.
Ships
All commissioned sh ...
*TNI AU
List of Equipment of the Indonesian Air Force
This is a list of Equipment of the Indonesian Air Force currently in service, as well as former equipment.
Aircraft
Current inventory
Retired
Below is a list of some notable aircraft previous operated by the Armed Forces of Indonesia. ...
Reserves
The
Indonesian National Armed Forces Reserve Component
The Reserve Component of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (, abbreviated into Komcad TNI) is the military reserve force of Indonesia, jointly managed under the General Headquarters of the Indonesian National Armed Forces ( or TNI) and the Min ...
(''Komponen Cadangan TNI'', abbreviated into KOMCAD) is the
military reserve force
A military reserve force is a military organization whose members have military and civilian occupations. They are not normally kept under arms, and their main role is to be available when their military requires additional manpower. Reserve f ...
element of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.
On January 12, 2021, President Joko Widodo, as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, issued ''Government Regulation Number 3 of 2021 implementing Law 23 on the Management of National Resources for Defense of the Nation'' which established the Reserve as a directly reporting unit under the General Headquarters, in order to supplement the ''Principal Component'', i.e. the Armed Forces and the National Police.
Under the regulation, the Reserve shall consists of land, sea, and air reserve force. The membership is voluntary for all citizens, even for members of the civil service.
Budget
*The 2020 budget was changed due to
COVID-19 outbreak, while the budget for the
Ministry of Health, and
Ministry of Education and Culture The Ministry of Education and Culture is a Cabinet position in the governments of several nations. In some nations the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Culture are separate departments; in others, the Ministry of Education and Culture als ...
has been increased.
Commander
Uniforms
![120530-N-MB542-014 (7315405298) (Rahmat Eko Rahardjo)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/120530-N-MB542-014_%287315405298%29_%28Rahmat_Eko_Rahardjo%29.jpg)
The Indonesian National Armed Forces have three types of uniforms worn by its personnel, which are general service uniforms, specialized service uniforms and branch-specific uniforms.
General service uniforms have three subtypes of uniform, which are
Dress uniform
Full dress uniform, also known as a ceremonial dress uniform or parade dress uniform, is the most formal type of uniforms used by military, police, fire and other public uniformed services for official parades, ceremonies, and receptions, incl ...
( / PDU),
Service uniform ( / PDH) and
Field Uniform ( / PDL). Each uniform subtypes also consists of several categories, which are:
Each branches of the national armed forces have different color in their general service uniforms.
*
Dress uniform
Full dress uniform, also known as a ceremonial dress uniform or parade dress uniform, is the most formal type of uniforms used by military, police, fire and other public uniformed services for official parades, ceremonies, and receptions, incl ...
( / PDU)
** Army: Dark green coat, Dark green trousers
** Navy: White suit.
** Air Force: Dark blue coat, Dark blue trousers.
*
Service uniform ( / PDH)
** Army: green shirt, with dark green trousers
** Navy: greyish blue shirt, with dark greyish trousers. For international event/duty, the navy personnel will wear white shirt with white trousers.
** Air Force: light blue shirt, dark blue trousers
*
Field uniform ( / PDL)
** All branches:
DPM camouflage, sometimes called as "".
Specialized service uniform consists of:
# Pregnant-women service uniform (''PDSH'')
#
Standard-bearer
A standard-bearer, also known as a flag-bearer is a person (soldier or civilian) who bears an emblem known as a standard or military colours, i.e. either a type of flag or an inflexible but mobile image, which is used (and often honoured) as a ...
service uniform (''Gampokbang'')
#
Military parade
A military parade is a formation of soldiers whose movement is restricted by close-order manoeuvering known as drilling or marching. The military parade is now almost entirely ceremonial, though soldiers from time immemorial up until the lat ...
service uniform (''PDP'')
#
State visit
A state visit is a formal visit by a head of state to a foreign country, at the invitation of the head of state of that foreign country, with the latter also acting as the official host for the duration of the state visit. Speaking for the host ...
service uniform (''Gamprot'')
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Provost service uniform (''Gamprov'')
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Military police
Military police (MP) are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state. In wartime operations, the military police may support the main fighting force with force protection, convoy security, screening, rear recon ...
service uniform (''Gam Pom'')
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Military band
A military band is a group of personnel that performs musical duties for military functions, usually for the armed forces. A typical military band consists mostly of wind and percussion instruments. The conductor of a band commonly bears the tit ...
service uniform (Gamsik)
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Presidential security force service uniform (''Gam Paspampres'')
# Desert field uniform
Branch-specific uniforms consists of:
On 2 March 2022, the Army unveiled their field uniform with new camo pattern, called as "" (Army camo pattern), that is specific only to the Army. This camo is a variant of
Multicam based on US Army
OCP with local
DPM color palette. A Desert/Arid variant intended to replace the older local Desert DPM Variant are also Present.
Personnel
The Indonesian armed forces are
voluntary
Voluntary may refer to:
* Voluntary (music)
* Voluntary or volunteer, person participating via volunteering/volunteerism
* Voluntary muscle contraction
See also
* Voluntary action
* Voluntariness, in law and philosophy
* Voluntaryism
Volunt ...
. The active military strength is 400,000 with 400,000 reserves
with available manpower fit for military service of males aged between 16 and 49 is 75,000,000, with a further 4,500,000 new suitable for service annually.
Rank structures
In the Indonesian Army, Navy (including Marine Corps), Air Force, and the Police Force, the rank consists of
officer
An officer is a person who has a position of authority in a hierarchical organization. The term derives from Old French ''oficier'' "officer, official" (early 14c., Modern French ''officier''), from Medieval Latin ''officiarius'' "an officer," fro ...
known as in
Indonesian
Indonesian is anything of, from, or related to Indonesia, an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It may refer to:
* Indonesians, citizens of Indonesia
** Native Indonesians, diverse groups of local inhabitants of the archipelago
** Indonesian ...
: "''Perwira''",
NCO: "''Bintara''" and
enlisted
Enlisted may refer to:
* Enlisted rank
An enlisted rank (also known as an enlisted grade or enlisted rate) is, in some armed services, any rank below that of a commissioned officer. The term can be inclusive of non-commissioned officers or ...
: "''Tamtama''". The rank titles of the Marine Corps are the same as those of the Army, but it still uses the Navy's style insignia (for lower-ranking enlisted men, blue are replacing the red colour).
Armed Forces Pledge (''Sapta Marga'')
The Armed Forces Pledge is a pledge of loyalty and fidelity of the military personnel to the government and people of Indonesia and to the principles of nationhood.
See also
*
Foreign relations of Indonesia
Since independence, Indonesian foreign relations have adhered to a "free and active" foreign policy, seeking to play a role in regional affairs commensurate with its size and location but avoiding involvement in conflicts among major powe ...
*
March of the Indonesian National Armed Forces
March of the Indonesian National Armed Forces is the official march of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The lyrics and music were composed by Addie MS.
Background
Before the creation of the current march, the Republic of Indonesia Ar ...
*
List of aircraft of the Indonesian National Armed Forces
This list identifies the military aircraft which are currently being operated or have formerly been operated by the Indonesian National Armed Forces.
Current aircraft Indonesian Air Force
Indonesian Army Aviation
Indonesian Naval Avia ...
*
Indonesian Maritime Security Agency
The Indonesian Maritime Security Agency ( id, Badan Keamanan Laut Republik Indonesia – Bakamla) is a maritime patrol and rescue agency of the Republic of Indonesia. Bakamla is a non-ministerial government institution which reports directly to t ...
*
Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard
The Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard Unit ( id, Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai Republik Indonesia – KPLP) is an agency of Government of Indonesia which main function is to ensure the safety of shipping inside the Indonesian Maritime Zone. K ...
Notes
References
Further reading
*Bresnan, John. (1993). ''Managing Indonesia: the modern political economy''. New York: Columbia University Press.
**Many topics, including the political role of the military at the height of Suharto's New Order.
*Chandra, Siddharth and Douglas Kammen. (2002). "Generating Reforms and Reforming Generations: Military Politics in Indonesia's Transition to Democracy." ''World Politics'', Vol. 55, No. 1.
*
Crouch, Harold. (1988). ''The army and politics in Indonesia''. Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
**First published 1978. Now somewhat dated, but provides an influential overview of the role of the military in consolidating Suharto's power
"Guerilla Warfare and the Indonesian Strategic Psyche" Small Wars Journal article by Emmet McElhatton
*Israel, Fauzi.(2009) – Advanced Weapon's Infantry Firepower & Accuracy
*Kammen, Douglas and Siddharth Chandra. (1999). ''A Tour of Duty: Changing Patterns of Military Politics in Indonesia in the 1990s.'' Ithaca, New York: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project No. 75.
* Kingsbury, Damen. ''Power Politics and the Indonesian Military'', Routledge: 2003
External links
Official Website of TNIOfficial Website of the Department of DefenceCivil-Military Relations in Post-Suharto Indonesia and the Implications for Democracy Today: A Preliminary AnalysisIndonesia's Army (TNI-AD)Indonesia's Navy (TNI-AL)Indonesia's Air Force (TNI-AU)
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Military of Indonesia
Military history of Indonesia
I
1945 establishments in Indonesia