Hypsilophodon

''Hypsilophodon'' (; meaning "''Hypsilophus''-tooth") is a neornithischian dinosaur genus from the Early Cretaceous period of England. It has traditionally been considered an early member of the group Ornithopoda, but recent research has put this into question.

The first remains of ''Hypsilophodon'' were found in 1849; the type species, ''Hypsilophodon foxii'', was named in 1869. Abundant fossil discoveries were made on the Isle of Wight, giving a good impression of the build of the species. It was a small, agile bipedal animal with an herbivorous or possibly omnivorous diet, measuring long and weighing . It had a pointed head equipped with a sharp beak used to bite off plant material, much like modern day parrots.

Older studies have given rise to a number of misconceptions about ''Hypsilophodon'' that it was an armored, arboreal animal and that it could be found in areas outside of Wight. During the past decades, new researches have gradually shown this to be incorrect.

Discovery and history

First specimens and the debate of distinctiveness

The first specimen of ''Hypsilophodon'' was recovered in 1849, when workers dug up the soon-called Mantell-Bowerbank block from an outcrop of the Wessex Formation, part of the Wealden Group, about one hundred yards west of Cowleaze Chine, on the south-west coast of Isle of Wight. The larger half of the block (including seventeen vertebrae, parts of ribs and a coracoid, some of the pelvis, and assorted hindleg remains) was given to naturalist James Scott Bowerbank, and the remainder (including eleven caudal vertebrae and most of the rest of hindlegs) to Gideon Mantell. After his death, Mantell's portion was acquired by the British Museum; Bowerbank's was acquired later, bringing both halves back together. Richard Owen studied both halves and, in 1855, published a short article on the specimen, considering it to be a young ''Iguanodon'' rather than a new taxon. This was unquestioned until 1867, when Thomas Henry Huxley compared the vertebrae and metatarsals of the specimen more closely to those of known ''Iguanodon'', and concluded that it must be a different animal entirely. The next year, he saw a fossil skull discovered by William Fox on exhibition at the Norwich Meeting of the British Associations. Fox, who had also found his fossil in the Cowleaze Chine area, along with several other specimens, considered it to belong to a juvenile ''Iguanodon'', or to represent a new, small species in the genus. Huxley noticed its unique dentition and edentulous premaxilla, reminiscent of but obviously distinct from that of ''Iguanodon''. He concluded this specimen, too, represented a distinct animal from ''Iguanodon''. After losing track of the specimen for some months, Huxley requested Fox grant him permission to study the specimen to a more extensive degree. The request was granted, and Huxley began work on his new species.

Huxley first announced the new species in 1869 in a lecture; the text of this, published the same year, forms the official naming article, because it contained a sufficient description. The species was named ''Hypsilophodon foxii'', and the holotype was the Fox skull (which today has the inventory number NHM R197). The next year, Huxley published the expanded full description article. Within the same block of stone as the Fox skull, the centrum of a dorsal vertebra had been preserved. This allowed comparison with the Mantell-Bowerbank block, confirming it to belong to the same species. Further supporting this, Fox had confirmed that the block was found in the same geological bed as his material. As such, Huxley described this specimen in addition to the skull and centrum. It would become the paratype; its two pieces are now registered in the Natural History Museum as specimen NHM 28707, 39560–1. Later in the same year, Huxley classified ''Hypsilophodon'' taxonomically, considering it to belong to the family Iguanodontidae, related to ''Iguanodon'' and ''Hadrosaurus''. There would later be a persistent misunderstanding as to the meaning of the generic name, which is often translated directly from the Greek as "high-ridged tooth". In reality Huxley, analogous to the way the name of the related genus ''Iguanodon'' ("iguana-tooth") had been formed, intended to name the animal after an extant herbivorous lizard, choosing for this role '' Hypsilophus'' and combining its name with Greek ὀδών, ''odon'', "tooth". ''Hypsilophodon'' thus means "''Hypsilophus''-tooth". The Greek ὑψίλοφος, ''hypsilophos'', means "high-crested" and refers to the back frill of the lizard, not to the teeth of ''Hypsilophodon'' itself, which are not high-ridged in any case.P.M. Galton, 2009, "Notes on Neocomian (Lower Cretaceous) ornithopod dinosaurs from England - ''Hypsilophodon'', ''Valdosaurus'', "Camptosaurus", "Iguanodon" - and referred specimens from Romania and elsewhere", ''Revue de Paléobiologie'', Genève 28(1): 211-273 The specific name ''foxii'' honours Fox.

Immediate reception to Huxley's proposal of a new genus, distinct from ''Iguanodon'', was mixed. The issue of distinctiveness was seen as important as more information on the form of ''Iguanodon'' was in demand, and the cranial anatomy in particular was of importance. If the Cowleaze Chine material was a distinct genus, it ceased being useful in this respect. William Boyd Dawkins saw the differences in the two genera (in particular focusing on a differing number of digits) as being as significant as those between '' Equus'' and ''Hipparion'', which is to say that they were quite sufficient for distinction. Harry Seeley gave consideration to the differences in the skulls, and took Huxley's side. Fox, on the other hand, rejected Huxley's proposal of a distinct genus for his material, and subsequently took back his skull and gave it to Owen to study, along with some other fragments.

In attempt to clarify the situation, John Whitaker Hulke returned to the ''Hypsilophodon'' fossil bed on the Isle of Wight to obtain more material, with particular focus on teeth. He remarked that the whole of the skeleton seemed to be represented there, but the fragility of many elements greatly impeded excavation. He published a description of his new specimens in 1873, and based on his examination of the new teeth fossils echoed Fox's sentiments of doubt about the differences from ''Iguanodon''. He commented that Owen was due to argue for the taxon as a distinct species, but within the genus ''Iguanodon''. This came to pass, and Owen compared at length the teeth of known ''Iguanodon'' and those from Fox's specimens. He agreed there were differences, but found them lacking in sufficient distinctiveness to be considered a distinct genus. Regarding Boyd Dawkins' comparison, he acknowledged it, but it did not sway him. As such, he renamed the species ''Iguanodon foxii''.

However, Hulke had, by then, shifted his opinion. He had obtained yet more material from the beds, namely two specimens, one he suspected of being fully grown, which he thought demonstrated the anatomy of the species more clearly than any of the previous ones. Building on Huxley's comments on the Mantell-Bowerbank block, he gave focus to vertebral characters. As a result of his study, he retained that ''Hypsilophodon'' was definitely a relative of ''Iguanodon'', but that it seemed to him too different to be retained in the same genus. He published these findings in a supplementary note, also in 1874. Finally, in 1882 he published a full osteology of the species, considering it of great importance to properly document the taxon as such a wealth of specimens had been discovered and comparison with American dinosaurs was necessary (Othniel Charles Marsh had by this point allied the genus to his taxa ''Nanosaurus'', ''Laosaurus'', and ''Camptosaurus'' from the United States). Fox had by this point died, and no further argument against generic distinctiveness had occurred in the intervening time.

Later research

Later, the number of specimens was increased by Reginald Walter Hooley. In 1905, Baron Franz Nopcsa dedicated a study to ''Hypsilophodon'', and in 1936 William Elgin Swinton did the same,Swinton, W.E., 1936, "Notes on the osteology of ''Hypsilophodon'', and on the family Hypsilophodontidae", ''Zoological Society of London, Proceedings'', 1936: 555-578 on the occasion of the mounting of two restored skeletons in the British Museum of Natural History. Most known ''Hypsilophodon'' specimens were discovered between 1849 and 1921 and are in the possession of the Natural History Museum that acquired the collections of Mantell, Fox, Hulke and Hooley. These represent about twenty individual animals. Apart from the holotype and paratype, the most significant specimens are: NHM R5829, the skeleton of a large animal; NHM R5830 and NHM R196/196a, both skeletons of juvenile animals; and NHM R2477, a block with a skull together with two separate vertebral columns. Although this was the largest find, new ones continue to be made.

Modern research of ''Hypsilophodon'' began with the studies of Peter Malcolm Galton, starting with his thesis of 1967. He and James Jensen briefly described a left femur, AMNH 2585, in 1975, and in 1979 formally coined a second species, ''Hypsilophodon wielandi'', for the specimen. The femur was diagnosed with two supposed minor differences from that of ''H. foxii''. The specimen was found in 1900 in the Black Hills of South Dakota, United States, by George Reber Wieland, who the species was named after. Geologically, it comes from the Lakota Sandstone. This species was seen at the time as indicative of a probable late land bridge between North America and Europe, and of the dinosaur fauna of both continents being similar. Spanish Palaeontologist José Ignacio Ruiz-Omeñaca proposed that ''H. wielandi'' was not a species of ''Hypsilophodon'' but instead related to or synonymous with "''Camptosaurus''" ''valdensis'' from England, both species being dryosaurids. Galton refuted this in his contribution to a 2012 book, noting the femurs of the two species to be quite different, and that of ''H. wielandi'' to be unlike those of dryosaurs. He, as well as other studies before and after Ruiz-Omeñaca's proposal, considered ''H. wielandi'' a dubious basal ornithopod, with ''H. foxii'' the only species in the genus. Galton elaborated on the invalidity of the species in 2009, noting that the two supposed diagnostic characters were variable in both ''H. foxii'' and '' Orodromeus makelai'', making the species dubious. He speculated that it may belong to ''Zephyrosaurus'', from a similar time and place, as no femur was known from that taxon.

Fossils from other locations, especially from the mainland of southern Great Britain, Portugal and Spain, have once been referred to ''Hypsilophodon''. However, in 2009 Galton concluded that the specimens from Great Britain proper were either indeterminable or belonged to ''Valdosaurus'', and that the fossils from the rest of Europe were those of related but different species. This leaves the finds on Isle of Wight, off the south coast of England, as the only known authentic ''Hypsilophodon'' fossils. The fossils have been found in the ''Hypsilophodon'' Bed, a one-metre thick marl layer surfacing in a 1200 metre long strip along the Cowleaze Chine parallel to the southwest coast of Wight, part of the upper Wessex Formation and dating to the late Barremian, about 126 million years old. Reports that ''Hypsilophodon'' would be present in the later Vectis Formation, Galton in 2009 considered as unsubstantiated.

Description

''Hypsilophodon'' was a relatively small dinosaur, though not quite so small as, for example, ''Compsognathus''. For ''Hypsilophodon'' often a maximum length of is stated. This has its origin in a study of 1974 by Galton, in which he extrapolated a length of based on specimen BMNH R 167, a thigh bone.Galton, P.M., 1974, ''The ornithischian dinosaur ''Hypsilophodon'' from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight''. British Museum (Natural History), Bulletin, Geology, London, 25: 1‑152c However, in 2009, Galton concluded that this femur in fact belonged to ''Valdosaurus'' and downsized ''Hypsilophodon'' to a maximum known length of , the largest specimen being NHM R5829 with a femur length of 202 millimetres. Typical specimens are about long. In 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimated a weight of for an animal in length.

Like most small dinosaurs, ''Hypsilophodon'' was bipedal: it ran on two legs. Its entire body was built for running. Numerous anatomical features aided this, such as: light-weight, minimized skeleton, low, aerodynamic posture, long legs, and stiff tail — immobilized by ossified tendons for balance. In light of this, Galton in 1974 concluded it would have been among the ornithischians best adapted to running. Despite living in the last of the periods in which non-avian dinosaurs walked the earth, the Cretaceous, ''Hypsilophodon'' had a number of seemingly " primitive" features. For example, there were five digits on each hand and four on each foot. With ''Hypsilophodon'' the fifth finger had gained a specialised function: being opposable it could serve to grasp food items.

Cranial anatomy

In an example of primitive anatomy, although it had a beak like most ornithischians, ''Hypsilophodon'' still had five pointed triangular teeth in the front of the upper jaw, the premaxilla. Most herbivorous dinosaurs had, by the Early Cretaceous, become sufficiently specialized that the front teeth had been altogether lost (although there is some debate as to whether these teeth may have had a specialized function in ''Hypsilophodon''). More to the back, the upper jaw carried up to eleven teeth in the maxilla; the lower jaw had up to sixteen teeth. The number was variable, depending on the size of the animal. The teeth to the back were fan-shaped.

The skull of ''Hypsilophodon'' was short and relatively large. The snout was triangular in outline and sharply pointed, ending in an upper beak of which the cutting edge was markedly lower than the maxillary tooth row. The eye socket was very large. A palpebral with a length equal to half the diameter of the eye socket overshadowed its top section. A sclerotic ring of fifteen small bone plates supported the outer eye surface. The back of the skull was rather high, with a very large and high jugal and quadratojugal closing off a highly positioned small infratemporal fenestra.

Postcranial anatomy

The vertebral column consisted of nine cervical vertebrae, fifteen or sixteen dorsal vertebrae, six of five sacral vertebrae and about forty-eight vertebrae of the tail. Much of the back and the tail was stiffened by long ossified tendons connecting the spines on top of the vertebrae. The processes on the underside of the tail vertebrae, the chevrons, were also connected by ossified tendons, which however were of a different form: they were shorter and split and frayed at one end, with the point of the sharp other end laying within the diverging end of the subsequent tendon. Furthermore, there were several counterdirectional rows of these, resulting in a herring-bone pattern completely immobilising the tail end.

A long-lived misconception concerning the anatomy of ''Hypsilophodon'' has been that it was armoured. This was first suggested by Hulke in 1874, after the find of a bone plate in the neck region.Hulke, J.W., 1874, "Supplemental note on the anatomy of ''Hypsilophodon foxii''", ''Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal'', 30: 18-23 If so, ''Hypsilophodon'' would have been the only known armoured ornithopod. As Galton pointed out in 2008, the putative armour instead appears to be from the torso, an example of internal intercostal plates associated with the rib cage. It consists of thin mineralized circular plates growing from the back end of the middle rib shaft and overlapping the front edge of the subsequent rib. Such plates are better known from ''Talenkauen'' and ''Thescelosaurus'', and were probably cartilaginous in origin.

Phylogeny

Huxley originally assigned ''Hypsilophodon'' to the Iguanodontidae. In 1882 Louis Dollo named a separate Hypsilophodontidae. By the middle of the twentieth century that had become the accepted classification but in the early twenty-first century it became clear through cladistic analysis that hypsilophodontids formed an unnatural, paraphyletic group of successive off-shoots from throughout Neornithischia. ''Hypsilophodon'' in the modern view thus simply is a basal ornithopod. In 2017, Daniel Madzia, Clint Boyd, and Martin Mazuch removed ''Hypsilophodon'' itself from Ornithopoda altogether, placing it as the sister group to the Cerapoda, in a more basal position; several other "hypsilophodontids" have undergone similar reclassifications. The following cladogram is reproduced from this study:

Paleobiology

Due to its small size, ''Hypsilophodon'' fed on low-growing vegetation, in view of the pointed snout most likely preferring high quality plant material, such as young shoots and roots, in the manner of modern deer. The structure of its skull, with the teeth set far back into the jaw, strongly suggests that it had cheeks, an advanced feature that would have facilitated the chewing of food. There were twenty-three to twenty-seven maxillary and dentary teeth with vertical ridges in the animal's upper and lower jaws which, due to the fact that the tooth row of the lower jaw, its teeth curving outwards, fitted within that of the upper jaw, with its teeth curving inwards, appear to have been self-sharpening, the occlusion wearing down the teeth and providing for a simple chewing mechanism. As in almost all dinosaurs and certainly all the ornithischians, the teeth were continuously replaced in an alternate arrangement, with the two replacement waves moving from the back to the front of the jaw. The Zahnreihen-spacing, the average distance in tooth position between teeth of the same eruption stage, was rather low with ''Hyspilophodon'', about 2,3. Such a dentition would have allowed to process relatively tough plants.

Early paleontologists modelled the body of this small, bipedal, herbivorous dinosaur in various ways. In 1882 Hulke suggested that ''Hypsilophodon'' was quadrupedal but also, in view of its grasping hand, able to climb rocks and trees in order to seek shelter. In 1912 this line of thought was further pursued by Austrian paleontologist Othenio Abel. Concluding that the first toe of the foot could function as an opposable hallux, Abel stated that ''Hypsilophodon'' was a fully arboreal animal and even that an arboreal lifestyle was primitive for the dinosaurs as a whole. Though this hypothesis was doubted by Nopcsa, it was adopted by the Danish researcher Gerhard Heilmann who in 1916 proposed that a quadrupedal ''Hypsilophodon'' lived like the modern tree-kangaroo ''Dendrolagus''. In 1926 Heilmann had again changed his mind, denying that the first toe was opposable because the first metatarsal was firmly connected to the second, but in 1927 Abel refused to accept this. In this he was in 1936 supported by Swinton who claimed that even a forward pointing first metatarsal might carry a movable toe. As Swinton was a very influential populariser of dinosaurs, this remained the accepted view for over three decades, most books typically illustrating ''Hypsilophodon'' sitting on a tree branch. However, Peter M. Galton in 1969 performed a more accurate analysis of the musculo-skeletal structure, showing that the body posture was horizontal. In 1971 Galton in detail refuted Abel's arguments, showing that the first toe had been incorrectly reconstructed and that neither the curvature of the claws, nor the level of mobility of the shoulder girdle or the tail could be seen as adaptations for climbing, concluding that ''Hypsilophodon'' was a bipedal running form.Galton, P.M., 1971, "The mode of life of ''Hypsilophodon'', the supposedly arboreal ornithopod dinosaur", ''Lethaia'', 4: 453-465 This convinced the paleontological community that ''Hypsilophodon'' remained firmly on the ground.

The level of parental care in this dinosaur has not been defined, nests not having been found, although neatly arranged nests are known from related species, suggesting that some care was taken before hatching. The ''Hypsilophodon'' fossils were probably accumulated in a single mass mortality event, so it has been considered likely that the animals moved in large groups. For these reasons, the hypsilophodonts, particularly ''Hypsilophodon'', have often been referred to as the "deer of the Mesozoic". Some indications about the reproductive habits are provided by the possibility of sexual dimorphism: Galton considered it likely that exemplars with five instead of six sacral vertebrae — with some specimens the vertebra that should normally count as the first of the sacrum has a rib not touching the pelvis — represented female individuals.

References

Bibliography

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q131086

Ornithischian genera
Barremian life
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
Cretaceous England
Fossils of England
Fossil taxa described in 1869
Taxa named by Thomas Henry Huxley