Hypomanganate
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In chemistry, hypomanganate, also called manganate(V) or tetraoxidomanganate(3−), is a
trivalent In chemistry, the valence (US spelling) or valency (British spelling) of an element is the measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules. Description The combining capacity, or affinity of a ...
anion An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by conve ...
( negative
ion An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by conven ...
) composed of
manganese Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy u ...
and
oxygen Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as we ...
, with formula . Hypomanganates are usually bright blue.D. Reinen, W. Rauw, U. Kesper, M. Atanasov, H. U Güdel, M. Hazenkamp, and U. Oetliker (1997): "Colour, luminescence and bonding properties of tetrahedrally coordinated chromium(IV), manganese(V) and iron(VI) in various oxide ceramics" ''Journal of Alloys and Compounds'', volume 246, issue 1-2, pages 193-208. Potassium hypomanganate is the best known
salt Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in the form of a natural crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quanti ...
, but
sodium hypomanganate Sodium is a chemical element with the Symbol (chemistry), symbol Na (from Latin ''natrium'') and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 element, group 1 of the ...
,
barium hypomanganate Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. ...
, and the mixed potassium-barium salt is also known. The anion can replace
phosphate In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid . The phosphate or orthophosphate ion is derived from phosph ...
in synthetic variants of the minerals
apatite Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, with high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ions, respectively, in the crystal. The formula of the admixture of the three most common ...
K. Dardenne, D. Vivien, and D. Huguenin (1999): "Color of Mn(V)-substituted apatites A10((B, Mn)O4)6F2, A = Ba, Sr, Ca; B= P, V". ''Journal of Solid State Chem.istry, volume 146, issue 2, pages 464-472. Grisafe, D.A. and Hummel, F.A. (1970): "Pentavalent ion substitutions in the apatite structure, part A: Crystal chemistry". ''Journal of Solid State Chemistry'', volume 2, issue 2, pages 160-166 and
brownmillerite Brownmillerite is a rare oxide mineral with chemical formula . It is named for Lorrin Thomas Brownmiller (1902–1990), chief chemist of the Alpha Portland Cement Company, Easton, Pennsylvania. Discovery and occurrence The chemical compound ...
.P. Jiang, J. Li, A. Ozarowski, A. W. Sleight, and M. A, Subramanian (2013): "Intense turquoise and green colors in brownmillerite-type oxides based on Mn5+ in " ''Inorganic Chemistry'', volume 52, issue 3, pages 1349-1357.


History

The manganate(V) anion was first reported in 1946 by Hermann Lux, who synthesized the intensely blue sodium hypomanganate by reacting
sodium oxide Sodium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula Na2 O. It is used in ceramics and glasses. It is a white solid but the compound is rarely encountered. Instead "sodium oxide" is used to describe components of various materials such as glass ...
and
manganese dioxide Manganese dioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula . This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese and a component of manganese nodules. The principal use for is for dry-cel ...
in fused
sodium nitrite Sodium nitrite is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaNO2. It is a white to slightly yellowish crystalline powder that is very soluble in water and is hygroscopic. From an industrial perspective, it is the most important nitrite ...
at 500 °C.Herrman Lux (1946):
Über Salze des fünfwertigen Mangans
" ''Zeitschrift für Naturforschung'', volume 1, pages 281-283.
He also crystalized the salt from strong (50%)
sodium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions . Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkal ...
solutions as the
decahydrate {{Short pages monitor