![Korea-Samseonggung 11-07406](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Korea-Samseonggung_11-07406.JPG)
Haneunim or Hanunim (하느님 "Heavenly Lord"/"Lord of Heaven") is the sky
God
In monotheism, monotheistic thought, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator deity, creator, and principal object of Faith#Religious views, faith.Richard Swinburne, Swinburne, R.G. "God" in Ted Honderich, Honderich, Ted. (ed)''The Ox ...
of
Cheondoism
Cheondoism (spelled Chondoism in North Korean sources; ) is a 20th-century Korean pantheistic religion, based on the 19th-century Donghak religious movement founded by Ch'oe Che-u and codified under Son Pyŏng-Hi. Cheondoism has its origins i ...
and
Jeungsanism
Jeungsanism (증산교 Jeungsangyo) is an English word with two different uses: as a synonym of Jeung San Do (증산도), a Korean new religious movement, or to designate a family of more than 100 Korean new religious movements that recognize Kang ...
. In the more
Buddhist
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
-aligned parts of these religions, he is identified with
Indra
Indra (; Sanskrit: इन्द्र) is the king of the devas (god-like deities) and Svarga (heaven) in Hindu mythology. He is associated with the sky, lightning, weather, thunder, storms, rains, river flows, and war. volumes/ref> I ...
. In the more
Taoist
Taoism (, ) or Daoism () refers to either a school of philosophical thought (道家; ''daojia'') or to a religion (道教; ''daojiao''), both of which share ideas and concepts of Chinese origin and emphasize living in harmony with the ''Tao'' ...
-aligned parts of these religions, he is also known as Okhwang Sangje (
Hangul
The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul, . Hangul may also be written as following South Korea's standard Romanization. ( ) in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. The let ...
: 옥황상제 /
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 玉皇上帝, "Highest Deity the
Jade Emperor
The Jade Emperor or Yudi ( or , ') in Chinese culture, traditional religions and myth is one of the representations of the first god ( '). In Daoist theology he is the assistant of Yuanshi Tianzun, who is one of the Three Pure Ones, the three ...
").
Dangun myth
![Dangun Wanggeom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Dangun_Wanggeom.jpg)
Dangun is traditionally considered to be the grandson of ''Hwanin'', the "Heavenly King", and founder of the Korean nation. Myths similar to that of Dangun are found in
Ainu
Ainu or Aynu may refer to:
*Ainu people, an East Asian ethnic group of Japan and the Russian Far East
*Ainu languages, a family of languages
**Ainu language of Hokkaido
**Kuril Ainu language, extinct language of the Kuril Islands
**Sakhalin Ainu la ...
and Siberian cultures.
The myth starts with prince ''
Hwanung
Hwanung (Korean for the "Supreme Divine Regent") is an important figure in the mythological origins of Korea. He plays a central role in the story of Dangun Wanggeom (단군왕검/), the legendary founder of Gojoseon, the first kingdom of Korea. ...
'' ("Heavenly Prince"), son of ''Hwanin''. The prince asked his father to grant him governance over Korea. Hwanin accepted, and Hwanung was sent to Earth bearing three Heavenly Seals and accompanied by three thousand followers. The prince arrived under the ''Sindansu/ Shindansu'' (신단수/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 神檀樹, "
Holy Tree
A sacred tree is a tree which is considered to be sacred, or worthy of spiritual respect or reverence. Such trees appear throughout world history in various cultures including the ancient Greek, Hindu mythology, Celtic and Germanic mythologies. ...
of
Sandalwood
Sandalwood is a class of woods from trees in the genus ''Santalum''. The woods are heavy, yellow, and fine-grained, and, unlike many other aromatic woods, they retain their fragrance for decades. Sandalwood oil is extracted from the woods for us ...
") on the holy mountain, where he founded his holy city.
At the time of his reign, ''
Ungnyeo
Ungnyeo (, lit. 'bear woman') was a bear
Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae. They are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans. Although only eight species of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in ...
'' or ''Ungnye'' (웅녀, 熊女)—who was a
bear
Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae. They are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans. Although only eight species of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout the Nor ...
—and a
tiger
The tiger (''Panthera tigris'') is the largest living cat species and a member of the genus '' Panthera''. It is most recognisable for its dark vertical stripes on orange fur with a white underside. An apex predator, it primarily preys on u ...
were living in a cave near the holy city, praying earnestly that their wish to become part of humankind might be fulfilled. ''Ungnyeo'' patiently endured weariness and hunger, and after twenty-one days she was transformed into a woman, while the tiger ran away for it could not tolerate the effort. The woman ''Ungnyeo'' was overjoyed, and visiting the sandalwood city she prayed that she might become the mother of a child.
Ungnye's wish was fulfilled, so that she became the queen and gave birth to a prince who was given the royal name of ''Dangun'', the "Sandalwood King". Dangun reigned as the first human king of Korea, giving to his kingdom the name of
Joseon
Joseon (; ; Middle Korean: 됴ᇢ〯션〮 Dyǒw syéon or 됴ᇢ〯션〯 Dyǒw syěon), officially the Great Joseon (; ), was the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, lasting just over 500 years. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and re ...
, "Land of the Morning Calm", in 2333 BC.
According to some scholars, the name ''Dangun'' is related to the Turko-Mongol ''
Tengri
Tengri ( zh, 騰格里; otk, 𐰚𐰇𐰚:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃, Kök Teŋri/Teŋiri, lit=Blue Heaven; Old Uyghur: ''tängri''; Middle Turkic: تآنغرِ; ky, теңир; tr, Tanrı; az, Tanrı; bg, Тангра; Proto-Turkic *''teŋri / * ...
'' ("Heaven"), while the bear is a symbol of the
Big Dipper
The Big Dipper ( US, Canada) or the Plough ( UK, Ireland) is a large asterism consisting of seven bright stars of the constellation Ursa Major; six of them are of second magnitude and one, Megrez (δ), of third magnitude. Four define a "bowl" ...
(i.e.
Ursa Major
Ursa Major (; also known as the Great Bear) is a constellation in the northern sky, whose associated mythology likely dates back into prehistory. Its Latin name means "greater (or larger) bear," referring to and contrasting it with nearby Ursa ...
), itself a symbol of the supreme God in many Eurasian cultures, including
Chinese theological thought. Later in the myth, Dangun becomes the ''
Sansin
''Sanshin'' or ''Sansin'' () are local mountain-spirits in Korean Shamanism and folk-beliefs. In South Korea, most Buddhist temples and major Shamanic-shrines, and some traditionalist villages have a dedicated shrine called a ''sanshin-gak'' ( ...
'', the "Mountain God" (metaphorically of civilising growth, prosperity).
Kingdom of Hwanin
In the ''
Hwandan Gogi
''Hwandan Gogi'' (Hangul: 환단고기; Hanja: 桓檀古記), also called ''Handan Gogi'', is a compilation of texts on ancient Korean history. It is a bound volume of four supposedly historical records: ''Samseonggi'', ''Dangun Segi'', Bukbuyeogi ...
'' (환단고기/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 桓檀古記), a supposed 20th century compilation of older historical works that is regarded by many to be a forgery, described
Gojoseon
Gojoseon () also called Joseon (), was the first kingdom on the Korean Peninsula. According to Korean mythology, the kingdom was established by the legendary founder named Dangun. Gojoseon possessed the most advanced culture in the Korean Pen ...
to have existed and formed in Hwan-guk (환국/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 桓國, "Kingdom of ''Hwan''") and Baedal-guk (배달국/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 倍達國, "Kingdom of ''Baedal''": later known as ''Sinsi'' 신시/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 神市, "''City of the Gods''"). It is said that both nations were ruled by Hwan-in and Hwan-ung, each spanning from 7 rulers and 18 rulers respectively.
Establishment of the Nation
According to the pseudo-historic document ''
Hwandan Gogi
''Hwandan Gogi'' (Hangul: 환단고기; Hanja: 桓檀古記), also called ''Handan Gogi'', is a compilation of texts on ancient Korean history. It is a bound volume of four supposedly historical records: ''Samseonggi'', ''Dangun Segi'', Bukbuyeogi ...
'' (환단고기/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 桓檀古記), Hwan-in transformed himself from the sky of ''Sabaek-nyeok''/ ''Sabaek-ryeok'' (사백력) to become a god, and with him, 800 young men and women descended from the sky to the eastern land of the shallow sea (천해/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 淺海), which is the land of ''Heuk-su'' (흑수/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 黑水, "Black Water") and ''Baek-san'' (백산/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 白山, "White Snow-capped Mountain"). Some claims the area of ''Sabaek-nyeok''/ ''Sabaek-ryeok'' is
Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
(in spite of the similarity of prior archaic pronunciation), and the shallow sea is
Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal (, russian: Oзеро Байкал, Ozero Baykal ); mn, Байгал нуур, Baigal nuur) is a rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Repu ...
.
The 12 Federations
According to ''
Hwandan Gogi
''Hwandan Gogi'' (Hangul: 환단고기; Hanja: 桓檀古記), also called ''Handan Gogi'', is a compilation of texts on ancient Korean history. It is a bound volume of four supposedly historical records: ''Samseonggi'', ''Dangun Segi'', Bukbuyeogi ...
'' (환단고기/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 桓檀古記), apart the Kingdom of ''Hwan'' (환국/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 桓國)'','' the nation is a federal state based on a nomadic culture composed each of the 11 countries:
환단고기 내용중 환인 12분국 비정에서 정진만(재야 사학자)은 아래와 같이 분석, 주장하였다.
1) Kingdom of ''Biri'' (비리국/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 卑離國),정진만의 '21세기에 새로 조명하는 고대사' (ISBN 978-89-6798-043-6 수서원(修書院-정진만, 2017)제 1권의 내용에 따르면 비리국은 영어로 Biri가 되며, '광명(光明)을 뜻한다. 이 비리국은 고대 터키의 문명으로 기원전 8,000년경으로 추산되었다.
2) Kingdom of ''Ilgun'' (일군국/ ]: 日群國),정진만은 이 일군국이 고대 그리스 북부에 있는 고대 일리리아로 일명 일리쿰이라고 하였다. 이러한 주장의 배경엔 이미 서양 학자들이 연구한 고대 그리스를 만든 사람이 북쪽에서 왔으며 일리리아인과 트라키아인이며 마케도니아를 아우러는 지역이라고 하였다,.
3) Kingdom of ''Gumak-han'' (구막한국/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 寇莫汗國), 종족학적으로 고막해 종족이 있으므로 구막, 고막을 같은 어원이므로 인용하였다.내몽골과 요녕성 문명으로 이어지는 연결 밸트의 문명이다.
4) Kingdom of ''Gudacheon'' (구다천국/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 句茶川國),-위구르인들이 모여사는 지역이며 고대 신강성 주변에 '구자국'의 이름을 빌려 구자는 구다와 같이 인용되므로 구다천국은 신강성의 비단길 입구에서 티벳의 연결 밸트 문명으로 비정한다.
5) Kingdom of ''Uru'' (우루국/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 虞婁國) or either the Kingdom of ''Pilna'' (필나국/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 畢那國),-지중해 문명으로 일명 페니키아 문명이라고 말한다
6) Kingdom of Gumo-aek (구모액국/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 句牟額國),북만주권(부라디 보스톡 이남) 문명으로 비정하나 인류문명사, 고고학적으로 밝혀진 문명은 아직 없다.
7) Kingdom of ''Mae-gu-yeo'' (매구여국/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 賣句餘國) or either the Kingdom of ''Jikkuda'' (직구다국/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 稷臼多國),-파키스탄 문명으로 일명, 메르가르 문명이다. 메구여는 메구려, 메구르에 해당되므로 인도 문명이 확실한 것이다.
8) Kingdom of 'Tokro'독로국'(督路國)-트라키아 종족이 일군국의 일리리아 종족과 같이 그리스 북부의 빈카문명권을 이루게 되었다.(기원전 7300-8,000년)
9) Kingdom of ''Seonbi''/ ''Seombi'' (선비국/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 鮮裨國, 일명 시위국).-내몽골의 홍산문명이라고 부른다.
10)Kingdom of Sumer./수메르국-유프라테스, 티그리스 문명권으로 본다.
환인 12국중 정진만은 10국을 비정하며 설명하였다(21세기에 새로 조명하는 고대사 제1권 36p-88p)이 비정은 기원전 7,000년설에 바탕을 두고 정리 한 것이다.
Its territory is so vast that it is said to be 50,000
Li (unit), ''li'' (around 25,000,000 metres or 25,000 kilometres) from north and south and 20,000
Li (unit), ''li'' (10,000,000 metres or 10,000 kilometres) from east and west on record.
Dynasty of ''Hwanin''
한국의 강단사학에서 인정하지 않는 '환단고기''
Hwandan Gogi
''Hwandan Gogi'' (Hangul: 환단고기; Hanja: 桓檀古記), also called ''Handan Gogi'', is a compilation of texts on ancient Korean history. It is a bound volume of four supposedly historical records: ''Samseonggi'', ''Dangun Segi'', Bukbuyeogi ...
'' (환단고기/
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 桓檀古記), the Kingdom of ''Hwan'' (환국/ ''
Hanja
Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom.
(, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, wh ...
: 桓國''), the period lasted for either 3,301 years to 63,182 years during this dynasty of kings, seven in total.
The following rulers of the dynasty is dominantly
ancient Korean
Old Korean () is the first historically documented stage of the Korean language, typified by the language of the Unified Silla period (668–935).
The boundaries of Old Korean periodization remain in dispute. Some linguists classify the sparsely ...
in nature'':''
See also
*
Chinese theology
Chinese theology, which comes in different interpretations according to the classic texts and the common religion, and specifically Confucian, Taoist and other philosophical formulations, is fundamentally monistic, that is to say it sees the w ...
**
Tian
''Tiān'' () is one of the oldest Chinese terms for heaven and a key concept in Chinese mythology, Chinese philosophy, philosophy, and Chinese folk religion, religion. During the Shang dynasty (17th―11th century BCE), the Chinese referred to ...
—
Shangdi
Shangdi (), also written simply, "Emperor" (), is the Chinese term for "Supreme Deity" or "Highest Deity" in the theology of the classical texts, especially deriving from Shang theology and finding an equivalent in the later ''Tian'' ("Heaven ...
**
Tao
''Tao'' or ''Dao'' is the natural order of the universe, whose character one's intuition must discern to realize the potential for individual wisdom, as conceived in the context of East Asian philosophy, East Asian religions, or any other philo ...
**
Three Pure Ones
The Three Pure Ones (), also translated as the Three Pure Pellucid Ones, the Three Pristine Ones, the Three Divine Teachers, the Three Clarities, or the Three Purities, are the three highest gods in the Taoist pantheon. They are regarded as pure ...
Counterparts of Haneullim in other Asian cultures
*
Amenominakanushi
Ame-no-Minakanushi (アメノミナカヌシ, lit. "Lord of the August Center of Heaven") is a deity (''kami'') in Japanese mythology, portrayed in the ''Kojiki'' and the '' Nihon Shoki'' as the very first or one of the first deities who manifes ...
, the
Japanese
Japanese may refer to:
* Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia
* Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan
* Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture
** Japanese diaspor ...
counterpart
*
Jade Emperor
The Jade Emperor or Yudi ( or , ') in Chinese culture, traditional religions and myth is one of the representations of the first god ( '). In Daoist theology he is the assistant of Yuanshi Tianzun, who is one of the Three Pure Ones, the three ...
, the
Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...
counterpart
*
Para Brahman
''Para Brahman'' ( sa, परब्रह्म, translit=parabrahma, translit-std=IAST) in Hindu philosophy is the "Supreme Brahman" that which is beyond all descriptions and conceptualisations. It is described as the formless (in the sense th ...
, the
Hindu
Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism.Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
counterpart
*
Śakra, the
Buddhist
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
counterpart
*
Tengri
Tengri ( zh, 騰格里; otk, 𐰚𐰇𐰚:𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃, Kök Teŋri/Teŋiri, lit=Blue Heaven; Old Uyghur: ''tängri''; Middle Turkic: تآنغرِ; ky, теңир; tr, Tanrı; az, Tanrı; bg, Тангра; Proto-Turkic *''teŋri / * ...
, the
Turko-
Mongolian counterpart
*
Thagyamin
Thagyamin ( my, သိကြားမင်း, ; from Sanskrit ''Śakra'') is the highest-ranking nat (deity) in traditional Burmese Buddhist belief. Considered as the king of Heaven, he is the Burmese adaptation of the Hindu deity Indra.
...
, the
Burmese Buddhist
Buddhism ( my, ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ), specifically Theravāda Buddhism ( my, ထေရဝါဒဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ), is the State religion of Myanmar since 1961, and practiced by nearly 90% of the population. It is the most rel ...
representation of Śakra, a counterpart of the Jade Emperor
*
Yahweh
Yahweh *''Yahwe'', was the national god of ancient Israel and Judah. The origins of his worship reach at least to the early Iron Age, and likely to the Late Bronze Age if not somewhat earlier, and in the oldest biblical literature he posse ...
or
Jehovah
Jehovah () is a Latinization of the Hebrew , one vocalization of the Tetragrammaton (YHWH), the proper name of the God of Israel in the Hebrew Bible/ Old Testament. The Tetragrammaton is considered one of the seven names of God in Judais ...
(referred as
Allah
Allah (; ar, الله, translit=Allāh, ) is the common Arabic word for God. In the English language, the word generally refers to God in Islam. The word is thought to be derived by contraction from '' al- ilāh'', which means "the god", an ...
("the god") in
Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C ...
), the
Abrahamic
The Abrahamic religions are a group of religions centered around worship of the God of Abraham. Abraham, a Hebrew patriarch, is extensively mentioned throughout Abrahamic religious scriptures such as the Bible and the Quran.
Jewish tradition ...
counterpart
*
Yuanshi Tianzun
Yuanshi Tianzun (), the ''Celestial Venerable of the Primordial Beginning'' or the ''Primeval Lord of Heaven'', is one of the highest deities of Taoism. He is one of the Three Pure Ones () and is also known as the ''Jade Pure One'' (). He resides ...
, the
Taoist
Taoism (, ) or Daoism () refers to either a school of philosophical thought (道家; ''daojia'') or to a religion (道教; ''daojiao''), both of which share ideas and concepts of Chinese origin and emphasize living in harmony with the ''Tao'' ...
counterpart
*
Ông Trời
Ông Trời (Chữ Nôm: 翁𡗶; "Old Man Sky/Heaven" / "Grandfather Sky/Heaven") commonly referred to as Trời (𡗶; "Sky/Heaven"); Ông Thiên (翁天); also called Ngọc Hoàng Thượng Đế ( Chữ Hán: 玉皇上帝; "Highest Deity the ...
, the
Vietnamese
Vietnamese may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia
** A citizen of Vietnam. See Demographics of Vietnam.
* Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam
** Overse ...
counterpart
Notes
References
Sources
*
Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot',
Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China',
Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China'.
*
*
*
{{Names of God
God
Religion in Korea
Dangun