The Highway of Tears is a corridor of
Highway 16
Route 16, or Highway 16, can refer to:
International
* Asian Highway 16
* European route E16
* European route E016
Australia
- Thompsons Road (Victoria)
- South Australia
Canada
;Parts of the Trans-Canada Highway:
*Yellowhead Hi ...
between
Prince George and
Prince Rupert
Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Duke of Cumberland, (17 December 1619 (O.S.) / 27 December (N.S.) – 29 November 1682 (O.S.)) was an English army officer, admiral, scientist and colonial governor. He first came to prominence as a Royalist cavalr ...
in
British Columbia
British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, ...
, Canada, which has been the location of many disappearances and murders beginning in 1970. The phrase was coined during a vigil held in
Terrace, British Columbia
Terrace is a city located near the Skeena River in British Columbia, Canada. The community is the regional retail and service hub for the northwestern portion of British Columbia. With a current population of over 12,000 within municipal boundarie ...
in 1998, by Florence Naziel, who was thinking of the victims' families crying over their loved ones. There are a disproportionately high number of
indigenous women on the list of victims.
Proposed explanations for the years-long endurance of the crimes and the limited progress in identifying culprits include
poverty
Poverty is the state of having few material possessions or little income. Poverty can have diverse social, economic, and political causes and effects. When evaluating poverty in ...
,
drug abuse
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is the use of a drug in amounts or by methods which are harmful to the individual or others. It is a form of substance-related disorder. Differing definitions of drug abuse are used in public health, ...
, widespread
domestic violence
Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or family violence) is violence or other abuse that occurs in a domestic setting, such as in a marriage or cohabitation. ''Domestic violence'' is often used as a synonym for ''intimate partner ...
, disconnection with traditional culture and disruption of the family unit through the
foster care
Foster care is a system in which a minor has been placed into a ward, group home (residential child care community, treatment center, etc.), or private home of a state-certified caregiver, referred to as a "foster parent" or with a family mem ...
system and
Canadian Indian residential school system
In Canada, the Indian residential school system was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples. The network was funded by the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs and administered by Christian churches. The school sy ...
.
[Highway of Vanishing Women]
, ''Daily Beast
''The Daily Beast'' is an American news website focused on politics, media, and pop culture. It was founded in 2008.
It has been characterized as a "high-end tabloid" by Noah Shachtman, the site's editor-in-chief from 2018 to 2021. In a 20 ...
'', 10 July 2011 Poverty in particular leads to low rates of car ownership and mobility; thus,
hitchhiking
Hitchhiking (also known as thumbing, autostop or hitching) is a means of transportation that is gained by asking individuals, usually strangers, for a ride in their car or other vehicle. The ride is usually, but not always, free.
Nomads hav ...
is often the only way for many to travel vast distances to see family or go to work, school, or seek medical treatment. Another factor leading to abductions and murders is that the area is largely isolated and remote, with soft soil in many areas and carnivorous scavengers to carry away human remains; these factors precipitate violent attacks, as perpetrators feel a sense of impunity, privacy, and the ability to easily carry out their crimes and hide evidence.
Victims
Accounts vary as to the exact number of victims. According to the
RCMP
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP; french: Gendarmerie royale du Canada; french: GRC, label=none), commonly known in English as the Mounties (and colloquially in French as ) is the federal and national police service of Canada. As poli ...
Project E-Pana, the number of victims is fewer than 18,
while Aboriginal organizations estimate that the number of missing and murdered women is higher than 40.
[Human Rights Watch, 2013, ''Those Who Take Us Away: Abusive Policing and Failures in Protection of Indigenous Women and Girls in Northern British Columbia, Canada'' https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/canada0213webwcover_0.pdf]
The table below lists all the known women who went missing, were murdered, or died of unknown causes in the Highway of Tears.
E-Pana
Project E-Pana is a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) task force created in 2005 with the purpose of solving cases of missing and murdered persons along a section of Highway 16, all female, between Prince Rupert, British Columbia and Prince Ge ...
cases are categorized in the table.
Investigation and suspects
![Highway of Tears Corridor](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Highway_of_Tears_Corridor.png)
The first investigation by RCMP that tried to look at Highway of Tears as linked cases was opened in December 1998. However, the list of cases as it existed back then included three additional male victims – Larry Vu, Eric Charles Coss and Phillip Innes Fraser, which are not considered linked today.
To date, a number of people have been convicted in cases related to the Highway of Tears. Three serial killers are among those charged, Brian Peter Arp, Edward Dennis Isaac and
Cody Legebokoff
Cody Alan Legebokoff (born 21 January 1990) is a Canadian serial killer convicted in 2014 by the British Columbia Supreme Court of murdering three women and one teenage girl, between 2009 and 2010, in or near the city of Prince George, British Col ...
.
Although he was not publicly implicated in any Highway of Tears cases,
Bobby Jack Fowler was implicated in numerous non-Highway-of-Tears
E-Pana
Project E-Pana is a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) task force created in 2005 with the purpose of solving cases of missing and murdered persons along a section of Highway 16, all female, between Prince Rupert, British Columbia and Prince Ge ...
cases. Fowler died in prison and has never been charged in the deaths of any of the Highway of Tears victims. It is possible that Fowler was linked to the Highway of Tears cases because he worked for a now closed Prince George company called Happy's Roofing in 1974, which was the same year that Monica Ignas went missing in Terrace, BC. Former Vancouver police geographic profiler
Kim Rossmo Dr. Kim Rossmo (born 1955 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian criminologist specializing in geographic profiling. Vancouver
He joined the Vancouver Police Department as a civilian employee in 1978 and became a sworn officer in 1980. In 1987 ...
is on the record having said that in his opinion Fowler is not responsible for any of the crimes along Highway 16 between 1989 and 2006.
In 2009, police converged on a property in
Isle Pierre, in rural Prince George, to search for the remains of Nicole Hoar, a young tree planter who went missing on Highway 16 on 21 June 2002. The property was once owned by Leland "Chuggy" Vincent Switzer, who served a prison sentence for the second-degree murder of his brother and is out on day parole as of late 2016. The RCMP also searched the property for the other missing women from the Highway of Tears; however, no further actions followed the investigation.
RCMP Sgt. Wayne Clary said they may never solve all of the cases and that it will be the "people in the communities that are going to solve these crimes." They do have persons of interest in several cases, but not enough evidence to lay charges.
B.C. government email scandal
In an official government report, ministerial assistant George Gretes was accused of being irresponsible for "triple deleting" all emails relating to the Highway of Tears from the email account of Tim Duncan, former executive assistant to Transportation minister
Todd Stone
Todd Graham Stone (born 1972) is a Canadian politician who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in the 2013 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Kamloops-South Thompson as a member of the Britis ...
.
On 22 October 2015, Elizabeth Denham, the Information and Privacy Commissioner of British Columbia, published a 65-page report outlining how B.C. government officials had "triple deleted" emails relating to the Highway of Tears.
In her report ''Access Denied'', Denham describes the act of "triple deleting" as transferring an email to the "deleted" folder on a computer system, deleting the email from the folder and then overriding the backup that permits the system to retrieve deleted items. By deleting these files, Denham states the government had breached the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
Denham became aware of the scandal in May 2015 after she received a letter from Tim Duncan, the former executive assistant to Transportation Minister
Todd Stone
Todd Graham Stone (born 1972) is a Canadian politician who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in the 2013 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Kamloops-South Thompson as a member of the Britis ...
.
Duncan claimed that as he was responding to an FOI (Freedom of Information) application, ministerial assistant George Gretes ordered for Duncan to search his records for any files pertaining to the Highway of Tears and missing women.
Once the files were located, Duncan testified that Gretes ordered for them to be deleted. When Duncan hesitated, Gretes allegedly took the keyboard and "triple deleted" all of the emails relating to the Highway of Tears.
According to Denham, Gretes originally denied this claim but later admitted to the triple deletion during a second police interview.
Denham states that Gretes—who resigned from his job in October 2015—would have then lied under oath.
A year earlier in the summer of 2014, a team from the Transportation Ministry toured Highway 16 and conducted numerous meetings with Aboriginal leaders and communities.
The significance of this project was to produce safer travel solutions for women living along Highway 16, many of whom had turned to hitchhiking as a way of transportation. In November 2014, the
NDP
NDP may stand for:
Computing
* Neighbor Discovery Protocol, an Internet protocol
* Nortel Discovery Protocol, a layer two Internet protocol, also called SONMP
* Nondeterministic programming, a type of computer language
Government
* National ...
made the FOI request seeking all government files pertaining to missing women, the Highway of Tears and meetings arranged by the ministry: the report Duncan would later respond to.
Despite a two-month tour and multiple meetings, the B.C. government claimed the FOI request produced no files relating to the Highway of Tears.
According to Denham's report, these records did exist until government officials destroyed them in order to "skirt freedom of information laws". In ''Access Denied'', Denham called upon the RCMP to further investigate the triple deletion of government files.
In November 2015, Vancouver lawyer Mark Jetté was appointed as special prosecutor within the
RCMP
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP; french: Gendarmerie royale du Canada; french: GRC, label=none), commonly known in English as the Mounties (and colloquially in French as ) is the federal and national police service of Canada. As poli ...
investigation. Jetté will act as the RCMP's independent legal adviser as well as administer an independent assessment of the evidence. He will also pursue any criminal charges that may be found appropriate.
Gretes was convicted of one count of lying to the British Columbia privacy commissioner and fined $2,500.
Project E-Pana
In 2005, the RCMP launched a provincially funded project,
E-Pana
Project E-Pana is a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) task force created in 2005 with the purpose of solving cases of missing and murdered persons along a section of Highway 16, all female, between Prince Rupert, British Columbia and Prince Ge ...
, which started with a focus on some of the unsolved murders and disappearances of female children and young women along Highway 16.
E-Pana sought to discover if there was a single serial killer at work or a multitude of killers operating along the highway.
The unit started with 3 cases in 2005, then the unit investigated 9 cases in 2006, but by 2007, its caseload had doubled to 18 and its geographical scope began spanning large parts of the province and not just the Highway of Tears.
The victims involved within the E-Pana investigation followed the criteria of being female, participating in a high-risk lifestyle, known to hitchhike and were last seen or their bodies were discovered within a mile from Highway 16,
Highway 97
Route 97, or Highway 97, may refer to:
Australia
- Olympic Dam Highway, South Australia
Canada
* British Columbia Highway 97
** British Columbia Highway 97A
** British Columbia Highway 97B
** British Columbia Highway 97C
** British Columb ...
and
Highway 5
Route 5, or Highway 5, may refer to routes in the following countries:
International
* Asian Highway 5
* European route E05
* European route E005
Argentina
* National Route 5
Australia New South Wales
* M5 Motorway (Sydney)
* The De ...
.
In the 2009/2010 year, E-Pana received over $5 million in annual funding but has since declined due to budget cutbacks; receiving only $806,109 for the 2013/2014 year.
In 2013, Craig Callens, the RCMP deputy commissioner, warned that further budget reductions from the provincial government would greatly affect the Highway of Tears investigations; however, he didn't say this would affect the E-Pana cases which aren't Highway of Tears. A 2014 freedom-of-information request stated that the task force had dropped from 70 officers to 12 officers since 2010.
E-Pana is responsible for linking the homicide of 16-year-old Colleen MacMillen, who was killed in 1974, with the now-deceased American serial killer
Bobby Jack Fowler.
E-Pana now considers Fowler a suspect in the murders of two other highway victims, Gale Weys and Pamela Darlington, both of whom were killed in the 1970s. In 2014, investigations by E-Pana and the Provincial Unsolved Homicide Unit brought murder charges against Garry Taylor Handlen for the death of 12-year-old Monica Jack in 1978. He was found guilty by jury and sentenced to life in prison in early 2019, thus Monica Jack's murder becomes the first file in Project E-Pana to officially be solved with full court proceedings and sentence. E-Pana is still investigating the remaining unsolved cases although it is unlikely that all will be solved.
E-Pana is not Highway of Tears, nor is Highway of Tears E-Pana, although some cases overlap.
Racism
Some critics argue that the lack of results arising from this investigation is the result of systemic racism. This was also reported to be an issue in the case of
Vancouver's missing women and the
Robert Pickton
Robert William "Willy" Pickton (born October 24, 1949) is a Canadian serial killer and former pig farmer. He is suspected of being one of the most prolific serial killers in Canadian history.
After dropping out of school, Pickton left a butcher ...
murders. The issue of systemic racism in these cases is explored in ''
Finding Dawn
''Finding Dawn'' is a 2006 documentary film by Métis filmmaker Christine Welsh looking into the fate of an estimated 500 Canadian Aboriginal women who have been murdered or have gone missing over the past 30 years.
Subject
The film begins with ...
'', the 2006 documentary by
Christine Welsh
Christine Welsh is a Métis Canadian filmmaker, feminist and associate professor at the University of Victoria.
Early life
Welsh was born and raised in Regina, Saskatchewan. She is the great-grand-daughter of Norbert Welsh, the famous Metis bu ...
whose film includes a section on the Highway of Tears victim Ramona Wilson, including interviews with family and community members.
Activists argue that media coverage of these cases has been limited, claiming that "media assign a lesser value to aboriginal women".
Furthermore, despite the fact that these disappearances date back as far as 1970, it was not until 2005 that an RCMP task force was launched to look into similarities between the cases. Nicole Hoar, a Caucasian woman who disappeared in 2002 received a disproportionate amount of media attention at the time of her disappearance. Hers was the first of the Highway of Tears cases to be covered in ''
The Globe and Mail
''The Globe and Mail'' is a Canadian newspaper printed in five cities in western and central Canada. With a weekly readership of approximately 2 million in 2015, it is Canada's most widely read newspaper on weekdays and Saturdays, although it ...
'', ''
Vancouver Sun
The ''Vancouver Sun'', also known as the ''Sun'', is a daily broadsheet newspaper based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The newspaper is currently published by the Pacific Newspaper Group, a division of Postmedia Network. Published s ...
'', and ''
Edmonton Journal
The ''Edmonton Journal'' is a daily newspaper in Edmonton, Alberta. It is part of the Postmedia Network.
History
The ''Journal'' was founded in 1903 by three local businessmen — John Macpherson, Arthur Moore and J.W. Cunningham — as ...
''. Gladys Radek, a native activist and the aunt of victim Tamara Chipman, "believes that if it weren't for Hoar, the police would have invested less effort in investigating cases, and the media would have done little, if anything, to inform the public about the tragedies along the road."
Recommendation reports
Numerous municipalities and 23 First Nations communities border the Highway of Tears.
The rural region is plagued with poverty and lacks public transportation; many residents turn to
hitchhiking
Hitchhiking (also known as thumbing, autostop or hitching) is a means of transportation that is gained by asking individuals, usually strangers, for a ride in their car or other vehicle. The ride is usually, but not always, free.
Nomads hav ...
as a form of transit or partake in high risk lifestyles to survive.
Poverty and a lack of public transit has forced many disadvantaged Aboriginal women to turn to hitchhiking as a cheap means of transportation along Highway 16. Many of the Highway of Tears victims were last seen or reported to be hitchhiking before their disappearances.
In March 2006, various Aboriginal groups hosted a two-day Highway of Tears symposium at the CN Center in
Prince George.
In attendance to the event were the victim's families and over 500 Aboriginal leaders from across British Columbia.
Shortly thereafter, the Highway of Tears Symposium Recommendation Report was issued with 33 recommendations to improve public transit, deter hitchhiking, and prevent violence towards Aboriginal women.
Some of the recommendations from the report include a shuttle bus operation along Highway 16, improved educational, health and social services for Aboriginal people as well counseling and mental health groups organized by Aboriginal workers.
These propositions are part of a long-term recommendation to directly confront the issue of First Nations inter-generational poverty.
The Highway of Tears Symposium Recommendation Report was endorsed by B.C. inquiry commissioner
Wally Oppal
Wallace Taroo "Wally" Oppal, (born 1940) is a Canadian lawyer, former judge and provincial politician. Between 2005 and 2009, he served as British Columbia's Attorney General and Minister responsible for Multiculturalism, as well as Member of ...
in his 2012 Missing Women Commission of Inquiry recommendations.
Oppal's public inquiry report into the
Robert Pickton
Robert William "Willy" Pickton (born October 24, 1949) is a Canadian serial killer and former pig farmer. He is suspected of being one of the most prolific serial killers in Canadian history.
After dropping out of school, Pickton left a butcher ...
case demanded urgent transportation improvement along Highway 16. Like the Highway of Tears Symposium Recommendation Report,
Oppal's report also suggested implementing a shuttle bus service along Highway 16 to deter young women from hitchhiking.
On 24 November 2015, the
First Nations Health Authority
The First Nations Health Authority (FNHA) is a health service delivery organization responsible for administering a variety of health programs and service for First Nations people living in BC.
Overview
The FNHA is part of a First Nations Health ...
and B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure held the Northern Transportation Symposium in
Smithers, British Columbia
Smithers is a town in northwestern British Columbia, approximately halfway between Prince George and Prince Rupert. With a population of 5,351 in 2016, Smithers provides service coverage for most of the Bulkley Valley.
History Region
First Nation ...
.
The symposium included Aboriginal communities and municipalities along Highway 16 and focused on the issue of medical and non-medical transportation in those regions.
Discussions included and expanded upon the 2006 Highway of Tears Symposium Recommendation Report and the 2012 Missing Women Commission of Inquiry recommendations.
In June 2016, Transportation Minister Todd Stone announced that as the result of collaboration across local communities, a bus service would become available along Highway 16. The project will be joint funded by the federal government and the government of British Columbia.
In June 2017, a subsidized transit service began operations on alternating days along a section between Prince George and Burns Lake.
Media and awareness efforts
![Wow, Maddy Has Been Missing Since 2011 (15829760890)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Wow%2C_Maddy_Has_Been_Missing_Since_2011_%2815829760890%29.jpg)
* Highway of Tears totem pole raised by family of Tamara Chipman in
Kitsumkalum
Kitsumkalum is an original tribe/ galts'ap (community) of the Tsimshian Nation. Kitsumkalum is one of the 14 tribes of the Tsimshian nation in British Columbia, Canada. Kitsumkalum and is also the name of one of their Indian Reserve just west of th ...
, 4 September 2020.
* ''SERIAL KILLER: Highway of Tears'' is a Crime Junkies podcast that was broadcast 15 December 2019.
* ''Cold Track'' is a script written by French writer Sylvain Blanchot based on the Highway Of Tears.
* ''
Finding Dawn
''Finding Dawn'' is a 2006 documentary film by Métis filmmaker Christine Welsh looking into the fate of an estimated 500 Canadian Aboriginal women who have been murdered or have gone missing over the past 30 years.
Subject
The film begins with ...
'' (2006) is a
documentary film
A documentary film or documentary is a non-fictional film, motion-picture intended to "document reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education or maintaining a Recorded history, historical record". Bill Nichols (film critic), Bil ...
by
Métis
The Métis ( ; Canadian ) are Indigenous peoples who inhabit Canada's three Prairie Provinces, as well as parts of British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, and the Northern United States. They have a shared history and culture which derives ...
filmmaker
Christine Welsh
Christine Welsh is a Métis Canadian filmmaker, feminist and associate professor at the University of Victoria.
Early life
Welsh was born and raised in Regina, Saskatchewan. She is the great-grand-daughter of Norbert Welsh, the famous Metis bu ...
, about 16-year-old Ramona Wilson, one of the victims found alongside the highway.
Welsh's documentary highlights the reality that Aboriginal women face today: in the past 30 years, an estimated 500 Aboriginal women have gone missing or have been murdered in Canada.
Welsh uncovers the social, economic, and historical factors that contribute to this statistic.
The film can be accessed online on the Nation Film Board web page.
* ''The Vanishing of Madison Scott'', a documentary produced and directed by
Steven Scouller
Stephen or Steven is a common English first name. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen ( grc-gre, Στέφανος ), an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; ...
.
* ''
48 Hours'': "Highway of Tears" (season 25, episode 7), about the Highway of Tears murders, airdate 17 November 2012.
* ''
Highway of Tears
The Highway of Tears is a corridor of Highway 16 between Prince George and Prince Rupert in British Columbia, Canada, which has been the location of many disappearances and murders beginning in 1970. The phrase was coined during a vigil held ...
'' (March 2014), an 80-minute documentary by Canadian filmmakers Matthew Smiley and
Carly Pope
Carly Pope (born August 28, 1980) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles on The WB's drama series ''Popular'' (1999–2001), supernatural drama series ''The Collector'' (2004–2005), USA Network's legal drama series '' Suits'' ...
, narrated by Canadian actor
Nathan Fillion
Nathan Fillion (; born March 27, 1971) is a Canadian-American actor. He played the leading roles of Captain Malcolm "Mal" Reynolds on '' Firefly'' and its film continuation '' Serenity'', and Richard Castle on '' Castle''. , he was starring as J ...
. The documentary, which was featured in numerous film festivals, raises awareness about the stretch of highway and missing women. In a 2014 interview with CBC, Smiley said that during the editing of the film "over 400
ndigenouswomen were estimated to be missing and or murdered across Canada. By the time we premiered the film, the number was over 600 in March of 2014, then the numbers increased to 900 and now over 1,200 missing and murdered indigenous women across Canada. We cannot turn a blind eye to this."
* ''Searchers: The Highway of Tears'' (2015), a mini-series produced by the online newscast
VICE
A vice is a practice, behaviour, or habit generally considered immoral, sinful, criminal, rude, taboo, depraved, degrading, deviant or perverted in the associated society. In more minor usage, vice can refer to a fault, a negative character tra ...
, highlights the story of various Aboriginal women who have disappeared along the Highway of Tears and brings attention to the family, friends, and detectives fighting for justice. VICE also offers online articles pertaining to the Highway of Tears murders and disappearances.
* ''Canada's Missing & Murdered Aboriginal Women'' is a series of 14 short episodes, aired on CBC's flagship news program ''
The National''. The series is accessible at ''The National's''
YouTube
YouTube is a global online video platform, online video sharing and social media, social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by ...
channel, under the playlist ''Canada's Missing & Murdered Aboriginal Women''.
* ''That Lonely Section of Hell: The Botched Investigation of a Serial Killer Who Almost Got Away'' (13 October 2015), is a memoir for which its author,
Lorimer Shenher, was nominated for the B.C. Book Prize. Shenher writes from the perspective of a former reporter and the first police detective to be assigned to the case of the missing women. They also cover the police culture in detail.
* ''Highway Of Tears'' is the name of a 2011 studio album by Vancouver, BC musician Pernell Reichert featuring the track "Highway Of Tears (Song For Nicole)", a dedication to Nicole Hoar who disappeared in 2002.
* The ''
Stacey Dooley Investigates'' episode entitled "Canada’s Lost Girls", first broadcast on 7 March 2017, where Dooley met the family of
Amber Tuccaro, who went missing in 2010 aged 20.
* "Highway of Tears: A True Story of Racism, Indifference, and the Pursuit of Justice for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls" by Jessica McDiarmid, Atria Books, November 12, 2019.
See also
*
Canadian Indian residential school system
In Canada, the Indian residential school system was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples. The network was funded by the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs and administered by Christian churches. The school sy ...
*
Sixties Scoop
The Sixties Scoop was a period in which a series of policies were enacted in Canada that enabled child welfare authorities to take, or "scoop up," Indigenous children from their families and communities for placement in foster homes, from which th ...
*
Ministry of Children and Family Development (British Columbia)
The Ministry of Children and Family Development (MCFD) is a ministry of the government of British Columbia in Canada. The MCFD is responsible for the child protection service across the province and is provided through 429 ministry offices in 5 r ...
*
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC; french: Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada []) was a truth and reconciliation commission active in Canada from 2008 to 2015, organized by the parties of the Indian Reside ...
*Missing and murdered Indigenous women
References
External links
Private Highway of Tears WebsiteHighway of Tears Symposium Recommendation ReportHighway of Tears documentary film Website
{{Discrimination against Indigenous peoples in Canada
Missing person cases in Canada
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Suspected serial killers
Unidentified serial killers