Le Havre (, ; nrf, Lé Hâvre ) is a port city in the

Seine-Maritime Seine-Maritime () is a department of France in the Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the northern coast of France, at the mouth of the Seine, and includes the cities of Rouen and Le Havre. Until 1955 it was named Seine-Inféri ...

department in the

Normandy Normandy (; french: link=no, Normandie ; nrf, Normaundie, Nouormandie ; from Old French , plural of ''Normant'', originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical and cultural region in Northwestern ...

region of northern France. It is situated on the right bank of the

estuary An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environment ...

of the

river Seine ) , mouth_location = Le Havre/Honfleur , mouth_coordinates = , mouth_elevation = , progression = , river_system = Seine basin , basin_size = , tributaries_left = Yonne, Loing, Eure, Risle , tributarie ...

on the

Channel Channel, channels, channeling, etc., may refer to: Geography * Channel (geography), in physical geography, a landform consisting of the outline (banks) of the path of a narrow body of water. Australia * Channel Country, region of outback Austral ...

southwest of the

Pays de Caux The Pays de Caux (, , literally ''Land of Caux'') is an area in Normandy occupying the greater part of the French ''département'' of Seine Maritime in Normandy. It is a chalk plateau to the north of the Seine Estuary and extending to the cliffs ...

, very close to the

Prime Meridian A prime meridian is an arbitrary meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographic coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°. Together, a prime meridian and its anti-meridian (the 180th meridian in a 360°-system) form a great c ...

. Le Havre is the most populous commune of Upper Normandy, although the total population of the greater Le Havre

conurbation A conurbation is a region comprising a number of metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas which through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. In most ca ...

is smaller than that of

Rouen Rouen (, ; or ) is a city on the River Seine in northern France. It is the prefecture of the Regions of France, region of Normandy (administrative region), Normandy and the Departments of France, department of Seine-Maritime. Formerly one of ...

. After

Reims Reims ( , , ; also spelled Rheims in English) is the most populous city in the French department of Marne, and the 12th most populous city in France. The city lies northeast of Paris on the Vesle river, a tributary of the Aisne. Founded by ...

, it is also the second largest

subprefecture A subprefecture is an administrative division of a country that is below prefecture or province. Albania There are twelve Counties of Albania, Albanian counties or prefectures, each of which is divided into several Districts of Albania, district ...

in France. The name ''Le Havre'' means "the harbour" or "the port". Its inhabitants are known as ''Havrais'' or ''Havraises''. The city and port were founded by

King Francis I Francis I (french: François Ier; frm, Francoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy. He succeeded his first cousin once ...

in 1517. Economic development in the Early modern period was hampered by

religious wars A religious war or a war of religion, sometimes also known as a holy war ( la, sanctum bellum), is a war which is primarily caused or justified by differences in religion. In the modern period, there are frequent debates over the extent to wh ...

, conflicts with the English, epidemics, and storms. It was from the end of the 18th century that Le Havre started growing and the port took off first with the slave trade then other international trade. After the 1944 bombings the firm of

Auguste Perret Auguste Perret (12 February 1874 – 25 February 1954) was a French architect and a pioneer of the architectural use of reinforced concrete. His major works include the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, the first Art Deco building in Paris; the C ...

began to rebuild the city in concrete. The oil, chemical, and automotive industries were dynamic during the

Trente Glorieuses ''Les Trente Glorieuses'' (; 'The Glorious Thirty') was a thirty-year period of economic growth in France between 1945 and 1975, following the end of the Second World War. The name was first used by the French demographer Jean Fourastié, who ...

(postwar boom) but the 1970s marked the end of the golden age of

ocean liner An ocean liner is a passenger ship primarily used as a form of transportation across seas or oceans. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes (such as for pleasure cruises or as hospital ships). Ca ...

s and the beginning of the economic crisis: the population declined, unemployment increased and remains at a high level today. Changes in years 1990–2000 were numerous. The right won the municipal elections and committed the city to the path of reconversion, seeking to develop the

service sector The tertiary sector of the economy, generally known as the service sector, is the third of the three economic sectors in the three-sector model (also known as the economic cycle). The others are the primary sector (raw materials) and the second ...

and new industries (

Aeronautics Aeronautics is the science or art involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of air flight–capable machines, and the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere. The British Royal Aeronautical Society identifies ...

Wind turbine A wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. Hundreds of thousands of large turbines, in installations known as wind farms, now generate over 650 gigawatts of power, with 60 GW added each year. ...

s). The

Port 2000 The Port of Le Havre is the Port and port authority of the French city of Le Havre. It is the second-largest commercial port in France in terms of overall tonnage, and the largest container port, with three sets of terminals. It can accommodate a ...

project increased the container capacity to compete with ports of northern Europe, transformed the southern districts of the city, and ocean liners returned. Modern Le Havre remains deeply influenced by its employment and maritime traditions. Its

port A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Ham ...

is the second largest in France, after that of

Marseille Marseille ( , , ; also spelled in English as Marseilles; oc, Marselha ) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern Franc ...

, for total traffic, and the largest French

container A container is any receptacle or enclosure for holding a product used in storage, packaging, and transportation, including shipping. Things kept inside of a container are protected on several sides by being inside of its structure. The term ...

port. In 2005,

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...

inscribed the central city of Le Havre as a

World Heritage Site A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for h ...

because of its unique post-WWII reconstruction and architecture. The André Malraux Modern Art Museum is the second of France for the number of impressionist paintings. The city has been awarded two flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography

Location

Le Havre is located west of

on the shore of the

English Channel The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...

and at the mouth of the

Seine ) , mouth_location = Le Havre/Honfleur , mouth_coordinates = , mouth_elevation = , progression = , river_system = Seine basin , basin_size = , tributaries_left = Yonne, Loing, Eure, Risle , tributarie ...

. Numerous roads link to Le Havre with the main access roads being the

A29 autoroute The A 29 is a major toll motorway in Normandy and Picardy, northwestern and northern France. The road is also part of European route E44. From its western interchange with the A28 autoroute until its junction with the A26 autoroute, part of the ...

from

Amiens Amiens (English: or ; ; pcd, Anmien, or ) is a city and commune in northern France, located north of Paris and south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in the region of Hauts-de-France. In 2021, the population of ...

and the

A13 autoroute Autoroute 13, or ''L'Autoroute de Normandie'' links Paris to Caen, Calvados. The motorway starts in Paris at the Porte d'Auteuil, a former gate of the Paris walls, and ends at Mondeville's Mondeville 2 (Porte de Paris) exchange junction on the ...

from Paris linking to the

A131 autoroute The A131 Autoroute starts at in the outskirts of Le Havre and ends near Bourneville-Sainte-Croix close to exit 26 on the A13. It is operated by the Société des Autoroutes de Paris Normandie (SAPN). Its total length is . Apart from the Pont ...

Administratively, Le Havre is a commune in the

region in the west of the department of

. The urban area of Le Havre corresponds roughly to the territory of the

Agglomeration community of Le Havre The Agglomeration community of Le Havre (French language, French: ''Communauté de l'agglomération havraise'') is a former ''communauté d'agglomération'', an Communes of France#Intercommunality, intercommunal structure, centred on the Communes o ...

(CODAH) which includes 17 communes and 250,000 people. It occupies the south-western tip of the natural region of

where it is the largest city. Le Havre is sandwiched between the coast of the

from south-west to north-west and the estuary of the Seine to the south.

Geology and terrain

Le Havre belongs to the

Paris Basin The Paris Basin is one of the major geological regions of France. It developed since the Triassic over remnant uplands of the Variscan orogeny (Hercynian orogeny). The sedimentary basin, no longer a single drainage basin, is a large sag in th ...

which was formed in the

Mesozoic The Mesozoic Era ( ), also called the Age of Reptiles, the Age of Conifers, and colloquially as the Age of the Dinosaurs is the second-to-last era of Earth's geological history, lasting from about , comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceo ...

period. The Paris Basin consists of

sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface, followed by cementation. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause these particles t ...

. The commune of Le Havre consists of two areas separated by a natural cliff edge: one part in the lower part of the town to the south including the harbour, the city centre and the suburbs. It was built on former

marshland A marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species.Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p Marshes can often be found at ...

and

mudflat Mudflats or mud flats, also known as tidal flats or, in Ireland, slob or slobs, are coastal wetlands that form in intertidal areas where sediments have been deposited by tides or rivers. A global analysis published in 2019 suggested that tidal fl ...

s that were drained in the 16th century.Claire Étienne-Steiner, Frédéric Saunier, ''Le Havre a port with new towns'', Paris, éditions du patrimoine, 2005, p. 21 The soil consists of several metres of

alluvium Alluvium (from Latin ''alluvius'', from ''alluere'' 'to wash against') is loose clay, silt, sand, or gravel that has been deposited by running water in a stream bed, on a floodplain, in an alluvial fan or beach, or in similar settings. Alluv ...

or silt deposited by the

. The city centre was rebuilt after the Second World War using a metre of flattened rubble as a foundation.Isabelle Letélié, ''Le Havre, unusual itineraries'', Louviers, Ysec éditions, 2010, p. 14 The upper town to the north, is part of the cauchois

plateau In geology and physical geography, a plateau (; ; ), also called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat terrain that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side. Often one or more sides ha ...

: the neighbourhood of Dollemard is its highest point (between

above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...

). The plateau is covered with a layer of

flint Flint, occasionally flintstone, is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Flint was widely used historically to make stone tools and start fir ...

clay Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4). Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay par ...

and a fertile

silt Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay and composed mostly of broken grains of quartz. Silt may occur as a soil (often mixed with sand or clay) or as sediment mixed in suspension with water. Silt usually has a floury feel when ...

.J. Ragot, M. Ragot, ''Guide to Nature in the Pays de Caux'', 2005, p. 6 The bedrock consists of a large thickness of

chalk Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed deep under the sea by the compression of microscopic plankton that had settled to the sea floor. Chalk ...

measuring up to deep.P. Auger, G. Granier, ''The Guide to Pays de Caux'', 1993, p. 33 Because of the slope the coast is affected by the risk of landslides.''Information on Nature and scenery in the estuary of the Seine''
Carmen, Haute-Normandie, consulted on 19 July 2012

Climate

Due to its location on the coast of the Channel, the climate of Le Havre is

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

oceanic Oceanic may refer to: *Of or relating to the ocean *Of or relating to Oceania **Oceanic climate **Oceanic languages **Oceanic person or people, also called "Pacific Islander(s)" Places * Oceanic, British Columbia, a settlement on Smith Island, ...

. Days without wind are rare. There are maritime influences throughout the year. According to the records of the meteorological station of the Cap de la Heve (from 1961 to 1990), the temperature drops below on 24.9 days per year and it rises above on 11.3 days per year. The average annual sunshine duration is 1,785.8 hours per year. Precipitation is distributed throughout the year, with a maximum in autumn and winter. The months of June and July are marked by some thunderstorms on average 2 days per month. One of the characteristics of the region is the high variability of the temperature, even during the day.P. Auger, G. Granier, ''The Guide to Pays de Caux'', 1993, p. 42 The prevailing winds are from the southwest sector for strong winds and north-north-east for breezes, snowstorms occur in winter, especially in January and February. Photojanvier2005CLG 002

The absolute speed record for wind at Le Havre – Cap de la Heve was recorded on 16 October 1987 at . The main natural hazards are floods, storms, and

storm surge A storm surge, storm flood, tidal surge, or storm tide is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low-pressure weather systems, such as cyclones. It is measured as the rise in water level above the n ...

s. The lower town is subject to a rising

water table The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation. The zone of saturation is where the pores and fractures of the ground are saturated with water. It can also be simply explained as the depth below which the ground is saturated. T ...

.''Nature and Scenic information the estuary of the Seine''
Carmen, Haute-Normandie, consulted on 19 July 2012 The lack of watercourses within the commune prevents flooding from overflows. Le Havre's beach may rarely experience flooding known as "flooding from storms". These are caused by the combination of strong winds, high waves, and a large

tidal range Tidal range is the difference in height between high tide and low tide. Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and Sun and the rotation of Earth. Tidal range depends on time and location. ...

Environment

A study by ''Aphekom'' comparing ten large French cities showed that Le Havre is the least polluted urban commune of France. Le Havre is also the third best city in France with more than 100,000 inhabitants for air quality. A

Carbon accounting Greenhouse gas accounting or Carbon accounting is a framework of methods to measure and track how much greenhouse gas (GHG) an organization emits or takes actions to reduce. Corporations, cities and other groups use these techniques to help limi ...

showed in 2009 that the municipality ejected some 32,500 tonnes of CO₂ per year. In 2011 the average annual emissions of

sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide (IUPAC-recommended spelling) or sulphur dioxide (traditional Commonwealth English) is the chemical compound with the formula . It is a toxic gas responsible for the odor of burnt matches. It is released naturally by volcanic activ ...

by industry was between three micrograms per cubic metre in the centre of Le Havre to twelve micrograms per cubic metre in the district of Caucriauville.''Results of Measurements in 2011''
, Air Normand, consulted on 20 July 2012 The municipality has set a target to reduce emissions of CO₂ by 3% per year.''Fight against Changing Climate''
, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 To achieve this

solar panel A solar cell panel, solar electric panel, photo-voltaic (PV) module, PV panel or solar panel is an assembly of photovoltaic solar cells mounted in a (usually rectangular) frame, and a neatly organised collection of PV panels is called a photo ...

s have been installed on several municipal buildings (city hall, hanging gardens). Since 2008, Le Havre has been part of the network of

Energy Cities Energy Cities is the European Association of local authorities in energy transition. It represents 1000 towns and cities in 30 countries. From 2017 to 2020, Energy Cities is under the Presidency of the City of Heidelberg (DE). Energy Cities was e ...

and, in this context, it applies the steps of

Agenda 21 Agenda 21 is a non-binding action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development. It is a product of the Earth Summit (UN Conference on Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It is an action age ...

and an Environmental Approach to Urban Planning. The city has received many awards of eco-labels several times (Energy of the Future label in 2009–2011, sustainable Earth label in 2009). Since 1998, Le Havre's beach has received the Blue Flag yearly thanks to its range of facilities, which extend over 30,000m.The Beach at Le Havre has nothing new in being certified Pavillon bleu
, consulted on 20 July 2012 Le Havre has kept extensive green areas (750 hectares or 41m per inhabitant): the two largest areas are the Montgeon Forest and Rouelles Park which are both located in the upper town. The gardens of the Priory of Graville and the hanging gardens offer views of the lower city. In the city centre, Saint-Roch Square and the City Hall Gardens provide the people with urban recreation areas. Various

ecosystem An ecosystem (or ecological system) consists of all the organisms and the physical environment with which they interact. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Energy enters the syste ...

s are represented in the Beach Gardens and the Hauser Park (caves). Finally, the Plateau of Dollemard was classified as a "Sensitive Natural Area" of the department in 2001 to protect its landscape and ecosystems on the cliff. The streets are lined with 13,000 trees of 150 different varieties.Preservation of biodiversity, ecosystems and natural environments
, consulted on 12 March 2015

Transport

For a long time Le Havre has exploited the strengths of its coastal location but also suffered from its relative isolation. This is why the accessibility of the city has been improved with the harbour highway A131 (E05) which links Le Havre to the

over

Tancarville Bridge The Tancarville Bridge (Pont de Tancarville in French) is a suspension bridge that crosses the Seine River and connects Tancarville (Seine-Maritime) and Marais-Vernier (Eure), near Le Havre. The bridge was completed in 1959 at a cost of 9 billio ...

. The city is one hour from

and one and a half-hour from

Île-de-France , timezone1 = CET , utc_offset1 = +01:00 , timezone1_DST = CEST , utc_offset1_DST = +02:00 , blank_name_sec1 = Gross regional product , blank_info_sec1 = Ranked 1st , bla ...

.Communication Network
, Le Havre Development, consulted on 20 July 2012 More recently the

(E44) has connected Le Havre to the north of France and passes over the Normandy Bridge which makes

(in the north-east) two hours away and

Caen Caen (, ; nrf, Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the department of Calvados. The city proper has 105,512 inhabitants (), while its functional urban area has 470,000,TER Ter or TER may refer to: Places * River Ter, in Essex, England * Ter (river), in Catalonia * Ter (department), a region in France * Torre (river), (Slovene: ''Ter''), a river in Italy * Ter, Ljubno, a settlement in the Municipality of Ljubno ob ...

network was modernized with the creation of the LER line in 2001 and direct services to

Fécamp Fécamp () is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in north-western France. Geography Fécamp is situated in the valley of the river Valmont, at the heart of the Pays de Caux, on the Alabaster Coast. It is around ...

in 2005. Thirteen Corail trains of the Paris–Le Havre line link

Le Havre station Le Havre station ( French: ''Gare du Havre'') is the main railway station located in Le Havre, Seine-Maritime, France. The station was opened on 22 March 1847 and is located on the Paris–Le Havre railway. The train services are operated by SNC ...

with Bréauté-Beuzeville,

Yvetot Yvetot () is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. It is the capital of the Caux region. History The name Yvetot comes from the Germanic ''Yvo'' and the Old Norse ''-topt''. Therefore, Yvetot mean ...

and Paris Saint-Lazare station. In addition there is a

TGV The TGV (french: Train à Grande Vitesse, "high-speed train"; previously french: TurboTrain à Grande Vitesse, label=none) is France's intercity high-speed rail service, operated by SNCF. SNCF worked on a high-speed rail network from 1966 to 19 ...

daily service to Le Havre: it has connected the city to

since December 2004 serving Rouen,

Mantes-la-Jolie Mantes-la-Jolie (, often informally called Mantes) is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region of north-central France. It is located to the west of Paris, from the centre of the capital. Mantes-la-Jolie is a subprefe ...

Versailles The Palace of Versailles ( ; french: Château de Versailles ) is a former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, u ...

, Massy,

Lyon Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of t ...

Avignon Avignon (, ; ; oc, Avinhon, label=Provençal dialect, Provençal or , ; la, Avenio) is the Prefectures in France, prefecture of the Vaucluse Departments of France, department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Regions of France, region of So ...

Aix-en-Provence Aix-en-Provence (, , ; oc, label= Provençal, Ais de Provença in classical norm, or in Mistralian norm, ; la, Aquae Sextiae), or simply Aix ( medieval Occitan: ''Aics''), is a city and commune in southern France, about north of Marseille. ...

, and Saint Charles station in Marseille. There are also local services from Le Havre station to Rolleville and Fécamp.

Le Havre-Graville station Le Havre-Graville is a station serving the Graville-Sainte-Honorine quarter of the city of Le Havre. Services are mainly regional rail. It is situated on the Paris–Le Havre railway and the Lézarde Express Régionale line to Rolleville. It is ...

in the eastern part of the city is served by trains to Rolleville. No direct rail link connects Le Havre and

Étretat Étretat () is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of Northwestern France. It is a tourist and farming town situated about northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D 940, D 11 and D 139 roads. It is located on ...

and

and there is VTNI for destinations in the Seine valley and Rouen who provide inter-urban services on behalf of the Department of

. Finally, the company AirPlus provides a shuttle service to the railway stations and airports of Paris. Ferry Le Havre 2007

For air transport, there is Le Havre Octeville Airport which is located north of Le Havre at the town of

Octeville-sur-Mer Octeville-sur-Mer (, literally ''Octeville on Sea'') is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department, Normandy, northern France and is twinned with Bourne End (Bucks) in United Kingdom since 2003 and with Furci Siculo (Sicily) in Italy since 2010. ...

and managed by CODAH. The main destination is the

Transport hub A transport hub is a place where passengers and cargo are exchanged between vehicles and/or between transport modes. Public transport hubs include railway stations, rapid transit stations, bus stops, tram stops, airports and ferry slips. F ...

. Many holiday destinations are offered each year (

Tunisia ) , image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern Africa , image_map2 = , capital = Tunis , largest_city = capital , ...

, Balearic Islands, Portugal, Greece,

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...

, etc.) through local travel agencies that charter aircraft. There is also the

Flying club A flying club or aero club is a not-for-profit, member-run organization that provides its members with affordable access to aircraft. Many clubs also provide flight training, flight planning facilities, pilot supplies and associated services, as ...

Jean Maridor at the airport. The Channel maritime links with

Portsmouth Portsmouth ( ) is a port and city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire in southern England. The city of Portsmouth has been a unitary authority since 1 April 1997 and is administered by Portsmouth City Council. Portsmouth is the most dens ...

in southern England with

P&O Ferries P&O Ferries is a British shipping company that operates ferry, ferries from United Kingdom to Ireland, and to Continental Europe (France, Belgium and the Netherlands). The company was created in 2002 through mergers and acquisitions within P&O ...

ended on 30 September 2005 to be taken over by

LD Lines LD Lines was a French shipping company, with both roro freight and passenger ferry operations. It was a subsidiary of Louis Dreyfus Armateurs (LDA), which engages in building, owning, operating, and managing vessels. LD Lines operated fer ...

who have changed the configuration. Two services to Portsmouth are provided daily from the Terminal de la Citadelle. The link to Ireland was moved to the port of

Cherbourg Cherbourg (; , , ), nrf, Chèrbourg, ) is a former commune and subprefecture located at the northern end of the Cotentin peninsula in the northwestern French department of Manche. It was merged into the commune of Cherbourg-Octeville on 28 Feb ...

. Crossing times to Portsmouth vary from five hours and thirty minutes to eight hours. Popular alternative routes going to areas close to Le Havre include Newhaven to

Dieppe Dieppe (; Norman: ''Dgieppe'') is a coastal commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France. Dieppe is a seaport on the English Channel at the mouth of the river Arques. A regular ferry service runs to N ...

, and

Poole Poole () is a large coastal town and seaport in Dorset, on the south coast of England. The town is east of Dorchester and adjoins Bournemouth to the east. Since 1 April 2019, the local authority is Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Counc ...

Urban transport

Alstom Citadis 302 n°010 LiA - Hôtel de Ville

The city and the metropolitan area has a dense transport network. This solves the problem of a break between the lower town and the upper town and the two parts of the city are connected by long boulevards, winding roads, many stairs, a

funicular A funicular (, , ) is a type of cable railway system that connects points along a railway track laid on a steep slope. The system is characterized by two counterbalanced carriages (also called cars or trains) permanently attached to opposite en ...

, and finally the Jenner tunnel. The CODAH transport network is called ''Lia''''Who are we?''
CODAH, consulted on 27 July 2012 and is operated by the ''Ocean Port Transport company'' (CTPO), a subsidiary of

Veolia Transport Veolia Transport (formerly Connex and CGEA Transport) was the international transport services division of the French-based multinational company Veolia until the 2011 merger that gave rise to Veolia Transdev. Veolia Transport traded under the ...

. The overhaul of the bus network in 2008 helped to ensure a better service for all the towns in the metropolitan area. The CTPO operates a bus network consisting of 19 regular urban routes and six evening routes called the "Midnight Bus". The Le Havre urban area is served by 165 vehicles and 41 regular bus routes with an average of 100,000 passengers per day. From January 2011 there has been a regular shuttle service specific to the Industrial Zone and Port of Le Havre, thus adding to the cross-estuary service of VTNI. Since 1890 the funicular has provided a link between the upper town and the lower town in four minutes with a cable car.''Mobility Guide 2011''
, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 Le Havre had a tramway system from 1894 until it closed in 1957. More recently a new tramway system, with 23 stations and of route,''The Key Numbers''
(French), accessed on 20 July 2012 was built, and opened on 12 December 2012. The first part of the line connects the beach to the station climbing to the upper town through a new tunnel near the Jenner tunnel then it splits into two: one link going to Mont-Gaillard, the other to Caucriauville. Finally, since 2001 Le Havre agglomeration has operated the LER, a TER line connecting the Le Havre station to

Rolleville Rolleville () is a Communes of France, commune in the Seine-Maritime Departments of France, department in the Normandy (administrative region), Normandy region in northern France. Geography A farming village with some light industry, by the banks ...

passing through five other

SNCF The Société nationale des chemins de fer français (; abbreviated as SNCF ; French for "National society of French railroads") is France's national state-owned railway company. Founded in 1938, it operates the country's national rail traffi ...

railway stations of the urban area. From 2005, development work for

Segregated cycle facilities Cycling infrastructure is all infrastructure cyclists are allowed to use. Bikeways include bike paths, bike lanes, cycle tracks, rail trails and, where permitted, sidewalks. Roads used by motorists are also cycling infrastructure, except ...

have increased including a connection to the Greenway which promises to be an important network of quality. Between 2007 and 2011, the total length of cycle paths has doubled to in total length.''Annual Report on sustainable development for the city of Le Havre 2010–2011''
, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 It is possible to rent bicycles through agencies of the Océane bus or from the town hall (Vel-H) which has them on hand. Finally, 140 taxis work in Le Havre and serve 25 stations.

Layout

Lower city

City rebuilt after 1945

Largely destroyed during the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

, the city was rebuilt according to the plans of the architect

between 1945 and 1964. Only the

City Hall In local government, a city hall, town hall, civic centre (in the UK or Australia), guildhall, or a municipal building (in the Philippines), is the chief administrative building of a city, town, or other municipality. It usually houses ...

and the Church of Saint Joseph (107m-high) were personally designed by Auguste Perret. In commending the reconstruction work

listed the city of Le Havre on 15 July 2005 as a

. This area of 133 hectares is one of the few inscribed contemporary sites in Europe. The architecture of the area is characterized by the use of precast concrete using a system of a modular frame of 6.24 metres and straight lines.Isabelle Letélié, ''Le Havre, unusual itineraries'', Louviers, Ysec éditions, 2010, p. 31 Another notable architectural work of the central city is that of the ''House of Culture'' built in 1982 by the Brazilian architect

Oscar Niemeyer Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho (15 December 1907 – 5 December 2012), known as Oscar Niemeyer (), was a Brazilian architect considered to be one of the key figures in the development of modern architecture. Niemeyer was ...

and nicknamed "the Volcano" because of the shape of the building.Isabelle Letélié, ''Le Havre, unusual itineraries'', Louviers, Ysec éditions, 2010, p. 32 From 2012, this place was refurbished both inside and outside with fairly significant changes approved by the architect including greater openness to the outside of the plaza. The Notre Dame and Perrey neighbourhoods are mainly residential. Les Halles is one of the commercial hubs of the city. The Saint Francis neighborhood was also rebuilt beginning in 1950 but in a radically different architectural style: the buildings are brick and have pitched

slate Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional metamorphism. It is the finest grained foliated metamorphic rock. ...

roofs. This is the restaurant district and the fish market.

Neighbourhoods

To the east and north of the rebuilt central city are a stretch of old neighbourhoods (Danton, Saint-Vincent, Graville, Massillon, etc.) which were spared the bombings of World War II. The buildings, usually in brick, dated to the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. The shops are concentrated along several major roads in the Rond-Point neighbourhood. During the 1990s and 2000s, these neighborhoods have seen major redevelopments, particularly in the context of an OPAH: improvement of habitat by rehabilitation or reconstruction, creation of public facilities, and revitalization of business.''An old centre in course of renovation''
, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 At the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century, the area around the railway station has undergone a major transformation. As the station is the gateway to the city with the main avenues intersecting here. New buildings have sprung up (

University of Le Havre Le Havre Normandy University ( French: Université Le Havre Normandie) is a French university located in Le Havre. Along with five other schools, Le Havre Normandy University is a member of Normandy University, an association of universities and h ...

, the conservatory, headquarters of the SPB (Provident Society Bank), and of

CMA CGM CMA CGM S.A. is a French container transportation and shipping company. It is the world’s 3rd largest container shipping company, using 257 shipping routes between 420 ports in 160 countries. Its headquarters are in Marseille, France The name ...

Novotel Novotel is a French midscale hotel brand owned by Accor. Created in 1967 in France, the company grew into what became the Accor group in 1983, and Novotel remained a pillar brand of Accor's multi-brand strategy. Novotel manages 559 hotels in 65 ...

, Matmut, new CCI) some of which were designed by renowned architects. The bus station, certified ''NF'' since 2005, has been refurbished. North of the station, another construction project in place of the dilapidated island of Turgot-Magellan will be opened in 2013, including of office space and an eight-storey hotel, complete with shops on the ground-floor.

Southern districts

The southern districts of Le Havre are mainly used for industrial and port activities. There are buildings in brick from the 19th century, large developments (Chicago, Les Neiges), worker estates, SMEs, warehouses, dock and port facilities, and transport infrastructure. The southern districts have for some years experienced profound change due to European funding. It is revitalizing areas neglected by industrial and port activities by developing tertiary activities. Thus, the docks have been completely transformed into sports and entertainment complexes (

Dock Océane Dock Océane is an indoor sporting arena located in Le Havre, France. The capacity of the arena is 3,598 people. It is currently home to the Saint Thomas Basket Le Havre basketball Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most com ...

), a mall (Docks Vauban), and an exhibition hall (Docks Café).

Les Bains Des Docks Les Bains Des Docks (The Bath by the docks) is an Aquatic Center in the city of Le Havre, France. It was designed by award winning architectural firm Ateliers Jean Nouvel as part of an effort by Le Havre to revitalize its docks and warehouse di ...

was designed by the architect

Jean Nouvel Jean Nouvel (; born 12 August 1945) is a French architect. Nouvel studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and was a founding member of ''Mars 1976'' and ''Syndicat de l'Architecture'', France’s first labor union for architects. He has ob ...

. At the end of 2012 students from Sciences-Po Europe Asia and from INSA integrated new buildings next to the ISEL (Higher Institute of logistics studies) and the future ENSM (Ecole Nationale Supérieure Maritime).''Parks and Gardens of Le Havre''
, Sciences Po and INSA, consulted on 20 July 2012 The new medical axis around the new ''Clinic des Ormeaux'' was built in the neighbourhoods where many homes are planned with the aim of promoting social mix. The ''City of the Sea and of Sustainable Development'' (Odyssey 21) will be organized around a metal tower one hundred metres high designed by

: the project was suspended in 2007 but the work should finally begin in 2013.Pierre Gras, ''The time of ports. Decline and recovery of port cities (1940–2010)'', Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. p. 238 The municipality has to attract some 300,000 visitors per year.Pierre Gras, ''The time of ports. Decline and recovery of port cities (1940–2010)'', Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. p. 239

Upper town

The upper town is composed of three parts: the "coast", the suburban districts of the plateau, and large peripheral housing estates. The neighbourhoods on the "coast" (the Dead Cliff) are residential – more prosperous in the western part (Les Ormeaux, Rue Felix Faure) and more modest to the east (St. Cecilia, Aplemont). The Jenner tunnel passes under the "coast" and connects the upper town to the lower town. It is also on the coast that there are two

fortifications A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is also used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin ''fortis'' ("strong") and ''facere'' ...

of the city, Forts

Sainte-Adresse Sainte-Adresse () is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the region of Normandy, France. Geography A coastal suburb situated some northwest of Le Havre city centre, at the junction of the D147 and the D940. The English Channel forms t ...

and Tourneville, and the main cemetery (Sainte-Marie cemetery). With the demise of the military functions of the city, the forts are gradually being converted: Fort Sainte-Adresse houses the ''Hanging Gardens'' and Fort Tourneville hosted the Tetris project in 2013 – an axis of contemporary music with concert halls and rehearsal studios.''Tourneville Fort''
, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 To the north of the "coast" suburban districts such as Rouelles, Sainte-Cecile, la Mare au Clerc, Sanvic, Bleville, and Dollemard were developed during the first half of the 19th century. In their extension North-west between Bleville and Octeville airport a new area is being developed: "Les Hauts de Bleville". This eco-district made up of housing units to HQE standards, a Joint Development Area (ZAC), and a school should have a total of 1,000 housing units. The peripheral suburbs of the commune grew in the postwar period. These are large

housing estate A housing estate (or sometimes housing complex or housing development) is a group of homes and other buildings built together as a single development. The exact form may vary from country to country. Popular throughout the United States a ...

s in Caucriauville, Bois de Bleville, Mont-Gaillard, and Mare-rouge where a disadvantaged population is concentrated. In October 2004 the National Agency for Urban Renewal (ANRU) signed with the municipality of Havre the first agreement to finance the rehabilitation of these areas. This finance agreement provides more than 340 million euros for the housing estates in the northern districts, where about 41,000 people reside. This development extends the budget for the ''Grand Projet de Ville'' (GPV). It allows the demolition and rebuilding of more than 1,700 homes.

History

The Place Gambetta and docks, Havre, France-LCCN2001698147

When founded in 1517, the city was named ''Franciscopolis'' after

Francis I of France Francis I (french: François Ier; frm, Francoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy. He succeeded his first cousin once ...

. It was subsequently named ''Le Havre-de-Grâce'' ("Harbor of Grace"; hence

Havre de Grace, Maryland Havre de Grace (), abbreviated HdG, is a city in Harford County, Maryland, Harford County, Maryland. It is situated at the mouth of the Susquehanna River and the head of Chesapeake Bay. It is named after the port city of Le Havre, France, which ...

). Its construction was ordered to replace the ancient harbours of

Honfleur Honfleur () is a commune in the Calvados department in northwestern France. It is located on the southern bank of the estuary of the Seine across from le Havre and very close to the exit of the Pont de Normandie. The people that inhabit Honf ...

and

Harfleur Harfleur () is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France. It was the principal seaport in north-western France for six centuries, until Le Havre was built about five kilometres (three miles) downstrea ...

whose utility had decreased due to silting. The history of the city is inextricably linked to its harbour. In the 18th century, as trade from the

West Indies The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea that includes 13 independent island countries and 18 dependencies and other territories in three major archipelagos: the Greater A ...

was added to that of France and Europe, Le Havre began to grow. On 19 November 1793, the city changed its name to Hâvre de Marat and later Hâvre-Marat in honor of the recently deceased

Jean-Paul Marat Jean-Paul Marat (; born Mara; 24 May 1743 – 13 July 1793) was a French political theorist, physician, and scientist. A journalist and politician during the French Revolution, he was a vigorous defender of the ''sans-culottes'', a radical ...

, who was seen as a martyr of the

French Revolution The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considere ...

. By early 1795, however, Marat's memory had become somewhat tarnished, and on 13 January 1795, Hâvre-Marat changed its name once more to simply Le Havre, its modern name. During the 19th century, it became an industrial center. At the end of World War I Le Havre played a major role as the transit port used to wind up affairs after the war. The city was devastated during the Battle of Normandy when 5,000 people were killed and 12,000 homes were totally destroyed before its capture in Operation Astonia. The center was rebuilt in a Modernism, modernist style by

Toponymy

The name of the town was attested in 1489, even before it was founded by François I in the form ''le Hable de Grace'' then ''Ville de Grace'' in 1516, two years before its official founding.François de Beaurepaire (pref. Marianne Mulon), ''The names of Communes and former parishes of Seine-Maritime'', Paris, A. et J. Picard, 1979, 180 p., , , p. 92-93 The learned and transient name of ''Franciscopolis'' in tribute to the same king, is encountered in some documents then that of ''Havre Marat'', referring to

during the

but was not imposed. However it explains why the complementary determinant ''-de-Grace'' was not restored. This qualifier undoubtedly referred to the Chapel of Notre Dame located at the site of the Le Havre Cathedral, cathedral of the same name. The chapel faced the Chapel Notre Dame de Grace of

across the estuary. The common noun ''havre'' meaning "port" was out of use at the end of the 18th or beginning of the 19th centuries but is still preserved in the phrase ''wikt:havre de paix, havre de paix'' meaning "safe haven". It is generally considered a loan from Middle Dutch from the 12th century. A Germanic origin can explain the "aspiration" of the initial ''h''. New research however focuses on the fact that the term was attested very early (12th century) and in Norman language, Norman texts in the forms ''Hable'', ''hafne'', ''havene'', ''havne'', and ''haule'' makes a Dutch origin unlikely. By contrast, a North Germanic languages, Scandinavian etymology is relevant given the old Scandinavian ''höfn'' (genitive ''hafnar'') or ''hafn'' meaning "natural harbour" or "haven" and the phonetic evolution of the term ''Stem (ship), étrave'' which is assuredly of Scandinavian origin is also attested in similar forms such as ''estable'' and probably dates back to the ancient Scandinavian ''stafn''.

Heraldry

Politics and administration

Le Havre is one of two sub-prefectures of Seine-Maritime and the second largest

in France after

. It is the capital of the Arrondissement of Le Havre which includes 149 communes. It is also the largest member of the Le Havre Seine Métropole. Sous pref

Since 2015, the city of Le Havre is divided over Cantons of Le Havre, six Cantons, some of which also cover neighbouring communes. For the parliamentary elections, Le Havre spans two constituencies: the Seine-Maritime's 7th constituency, seventh (former cantons I, V, VI, and VII) and the Seine-Maritime's 8th constituency, eighth (former cantons II, III, IV, VIII, IX).

Political trends and results

Several politicians have spent part of their lives in the city: Jules Lecesne (1818–1878), Jules Siegfried (1837–1922), and Félix Faure (1841–1899) were elected as municipal councillors and MPs. A pool, a shopping centre and a street have been named after René Coty from Le Havre, who served as President of the French Republic from 1954 to 1959. Christine Lagarde (born 1956) attended high schools in Le Havre before becoming Minister of the Economy, Finances and Industry (France), Minister of the Economy and Director-General of the International Monetary Fund in 2011. Since 23 October 2010 the Mayor (France), mayor has been Édouard Philippe (Union for a Popular Movement, UMP). He also holds the presidency of the CODAH and has held a seat in the National Assembly for the 7th district of Seine-Maritime since 2012.''Édouard Philippe''
, Ville du Havre, consulted on 24 July 2012 He succeeded Antoine Rufenacht (UMP), who was mayor of Le Havre for fifteen years before resigning, as the head of the municipality. The city of Le Havre has long been the strongest bastion of the Communist Party of France, who directed it from 1956 to 1995.Pierre Gras, ''The time of Ports. Declin and recovery of Port Cities (1940–2010)'', Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. (), p. 47 Overall, the inhabitants of Le Havre in the 7th electoral district (city centre and western neighbourhoods) tend to vote for the right while those of the 8th electoral district (eastern neighbourhoods) tend to choose the candidate of the left. For example, in the presidential election of 2007, the 7th electoral district voted for Nicolas Sarkozy (UMP) by 55.05% against 44.95% for Ségolène Royal (PS) while in the 8th electoral district 55.02% voted for the Socialist candidate.''Results of Legislative Elections for 2012 Seine-Maritime 7th electoral district''
L'Express, consulted on 24 July 2012
L'Express, consulted on 24 July 2012 However, the results of the 2012 presidential elections gave the PS wins in both districts with a smaller margin in the 7th (Hollande: 51.71% / Sarkozy: 48.29%) than in the 8th (Hollande 64.21% / Sarkozy: 35.79%).

Municipal administration

The number of inhabitants in Le Havre is between 150,000 and 199,999 so the number of councillors is 59 members. The Mayor (France), mayor, 41 aldermen and 17 deputies form the City council (France), council of Le Havre elected in 2008.The Municipal Council
, Ville du Havre, consulted on 24 July 2012 It meets on average once a month at the town hall. The debates are generally public except for certain proceedings. Le Havre has experienced many territorial extensions by annexing neighbouring communes: *1852: Ingouville and parts of Graville-l'Eure and Sanvic *1919: all of Graville-Sainte-Honorine *1953: Bleville *1955: all of Sanvic *1971: part of

(a district of Caucriauville) *1973: Rouelles (with the status of associated commune, 3,184 inhabitants in 2006)

Mayors

Public institutions and services

The Le Havre Palace of Justice is located on the Boulevard de Strasbourg. With its annex, it includes a high court, a juvenile court, and a commercial court. The city also has a Labour Court and District Court. Among the legal services offered there are legal aid services and the application of penalties. Le Havre depends on the Court of Appeal (France), Court of Appeal of Rouen. The prison, which dates from the Second French Empire, Second Empire, was completely destroyed in 2012. The new prison for Le Havre was completed in 2010 at Saint-Aubin-Routot east of the Le Havre agglomeration. It has an area of 32,000 m2 on a site of 15 hectares and can accommodate 690 people. The ''Hospital Group of Havre'' is a public health facility managed by a supervisory board chaired by the Mayor (France), Mayor of Le Havre. Its main structures are Flaubert Hospital (the oldest, located downtown), the Monod Hospital (in Montivilliers), the Pierre Janet Hospital (psychiatry), the house for adolescents, day hospitals, and seniors' residences. It is the largest employer in the CODAH. Built in 1987, the Jacques Monod Hospital offers a full range of care in medicine, surgery, gynecology, obstetrics, pediatrics, geriatrics, mental health follow-up care, rehabilitation, reintegration, and public health. Finally, there are several private clinics that offer complete care: the private clinic of the Estuary groups together the old clinics of ''Petit Colmoulins'' and François I. The private clinic of Ormeaux is located in the neighbourhood of Eure. During the first half of the 20th century, the 129th regiment of infantry of the line was stationed at Le Havre and left an important mark on the city so a street was named after them. The 74th Infantry Regiment of commandos was present from 1963 to 1976. Finally, Le Havre is the godmother city for Mistral-class amphibious assault ship, BPC Mistral. The ceremony was held at the City Hall on 15 November 2009, during a stopover at the Building.

National politics

For elections to the National Assembly (France), National Assembly, Le Havre is divided between Seine-Maritime's 7th constituency, Seine-Maritime's 7th and Seine-Maritime's 8th constituency, 8th constituency. They are currently represented by Agnès Firmin-Le Bodo and Jean-Paul Lecoq.

Twin towns and sister cities

Le Havre is Twin towns and sister cities, twinned with: * Dalian, China * Magdeburg, Germany * Saint Petersburg, Russia * Southampton, England, United Kingdom * Tampa, Florida, Tampa, United States

Demographics

Le Havre experienced a population boom in the second half of the 19th century. Subsequently, the population drain of the First World War was offset by the annexation of the town of Graville (the city gained 27,215 people between 1911 and 1921). During the

the population decreased significantly (a loss of 57,149 people between 1936 and 1946) because of the exodus and bombings. After the war the commune saw its population increase until 1975. Since then population has decreased again, especially between 1975 and 1982: during these years of industrial crisis the population fell by 18,494 people. The trend continued in the 1980s although at a slower pace. The current policy of the municipality is to build new housing to attract new residents with the goal of exceeding 200,000 inhabitants, a level that was reached in the 1960s. The population of the commune of Le Havre was 191,000 inhabitants in 1999 which placed the city at 12th place among the most populated cities in France and in the first place in

. In 2018 Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques, INSEE counted 169,733 people living in the commune of Le Havre, while the Unité urbaine, urban area of Le Havre had 234,945 inhabitants and the metropolitan area of Le Havre had 337,086 inhabitants.Comparateur de territoire
INSEE, consulted on 16 June 2022 Between 2012 and 2017, the birth rate was 14.3 per thousand and the mortality rate was 10.4 per thousand: even though the Rate of natural increase is positive it does not compensate for the clearly negative net migration rate (-0.7%).Dossier complet: Commune du Havre (76351)
INSEE, 2020, consulted on 14 August 2020 In 2017 19% of Le Havre's population was under 15 years old and 39% were under 30 years old, which was above the average for metropolitan France.Evolution and Structure of the Population 2017
INSEE 24% of men and 26% of women were over 60 years old. The most populous quarters are the city centre, Sanvic, Caucriauville, Anatole France/Danton and Côte Ouest/Ormeaux.Recensement de la population: Chiffres clés 2013 - Le Havre
, AURH In 2009 the Alien (law), foreign population was estimated at 8,525 persons or 4.8% of the population. 12,148 immigrants lived in Havre, or 6.8% of the urban population.Le Havre (76351 – Commune) – Immigration
INSEE, consulted on 26 July 2012 Most had North African (5060) or African (3114) origins.Le Havre (76351 – Commune) – Immigration
consulted on 26 July 2012 With the economic changes that have affected the city, the ''Professions and Socio-professional categories'' (PCS) have changed dramatically since the 1980s: between 1982 and 1999, the number of workers has declined by about a third (−10,593), their share of the active labour force was 16% in 1982 and 12.5% in 1999. The population of workers is concentrated in the southern suburbs close to the port and the industrial zone. At the same time the numbers of executives and intellectual professions increased by 24.5%, which is explained in part by the creation and development of the

. In 2017 the city had a lower proportion of managers and intellectual occupations than the national average (14.4% against 18.1%). The proportion of workers (22.5%) was higher than the national average (19.9%). Going from 16.7% to 21.7% of the labour force, the rate of unemployment has increased between 2007 and 2017, and it remains higher than in the rest of the country (13.9%). The proportion Le Havre people in short-term employment (CDD and interim work) is higher than the national average. Finally, the proportion of Le Havre people with a degree from higher education dramatically increased from 17.3% in 2007 to 23.2% in 2017 against 29.9% for entire France.

Education

Schools

Le Havre is located in the Academy of Rouen. The city operates 55 kindergartens (254 classes) and 49 communal primary schools (402 classes).The Schools
, Ville du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 The department manages 16 colleges and the region of

manages 9 schools. The Jules Valles college in Caucriauville is classified as a ''sensitive institution'' and eleven colleges are in a priority education zone (ZEP). A ''boarding school of excellence'', the Claude Bernard college, opened in 2011. The first college in Le Havre dates to the 16th century, the high school François I was founded during the French Second Empire, Second Empire and is the oldest in Le Havre. The philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) and Raymond Aron (1905–1983) taught there. The writer Armand Salacrou (1899–1989) studied in this institution.

Public junior high schools (''collèges'')

* Collège Claude Bernard * Collège des Acacias * Collège Descartes * Collège Eugène Varlin * Collège Gérard Philipe * Collège Guy Moquet * Collège Henri Wallon * Collège Irène Joliot-Curie * Collège Jacques Monod * Collège Jean Moulin * Collège Jules Vallès * Collège Léo Lagrange * Collège Raoul Dufy * Collège Romain Rolland * Collège Théophile Gautier * Collège Marcel Pagnol

Private junior high schools

* Collège du Sacré Cœur * Collège Saint-Joseph * Collège Les Ormeaux * Collège Montesquieu

Public sixth-form colleges/senior high schools

* Lycée Claude Monet * Lycée général et technologique Porte-OcéaneLycee Porte Océane
Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 * Lycée François I * Lycée général et technologique Robert SchumanRobert Schuman School
, Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 * Lycée Jules SiegfriedJules Siegfried School of Le Havre
, Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010

Private sixth-form colleges/senior high schools

* Lycée Saint-Joseph

Public vocational high schools

* Lycée technique et professionnel Françoise de Grâce * Lycée professionnel Jules Lecesne (Hotel trades and services) * Lycée professionnel Jules Siegfried (Electronic and Mechanical trades) * Lycée professionnel Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier (Transport and Logistics – Metallic structures – automobiles) * Lycée professionnel Auguste Perret (Housing trades) * Lycée professionnel Claude Monet (Accounting – Secretarial) * Lycée professionnel Porte Océane (Accounting – Secretarial) * Lycée professionnel Robert Schuman (Industry)

Private vocational high schools

* Lycée professionnel Germaine Coty * Lycée professionnel Saint Vincent de Paul * Lycée professionnel Jeanne d'Arc

Special schools and higher education

In 2011 there were approximately 12,000 students in all disciplines in Le Havre. Opened in 1986, the

is recent, medium-sized and well located: the largest campus is virtually in the centre of the city near railway and Tramway du Havre, tram stations.A hospitable university
, University of Le Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 The campus includes a University Library (2006), a gym, several dining halls with student housing, a structure incorporating a theatre, an orientation service, and student associations. In 2010–2011, 6,914 students were enrolled including 5,071 undergraduates, 1,651 Masters students, and 192 postgraduate students.
Ministry of Higher Education and Research, consulted on 26 July 2012 The university also trains 317 engineering students including the Logistical Studies Higher Education Institute (ISEL). It offers 120 Diplomas of State prepared by the Faculty of Science and Technology, Faculty of International Affairs, and the Faculty of Arts and Humanities. Many courses are offered are related to the port operations, logistics, industry, and sustainable development. Twelve languages are taught and 17% of students are foreigners.International
, University of Le Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 The University of Le Havre is also a research centre with nine laboratories. It works in partnership with other higher education institutions (INSA Rouen, Instituts d'études politiques, IEP, IUFM, and Normandy University). The University Institutes of Technology of Le Havre occupies two main sites: one in the upper town in the Caucriauville-Rouelles district which was opened in 1967 and another in the Eure district since 2011. The IUT has a total of 1,881 students divided into ten departments preparing for the DUT. There is also a branch of the teacher training institute of Rouen (IUFM) for two courses (CAPET of technology and CRPE school teacher). In addition there is a large number of specialized higher education institutions covering a wide range of different areas. Founded in 1871, the ''École Supérieure de Commerce du Havre'', one of the oldest in France, has merged with ''Sup Europe'' and ''l'IPER'' to create the ''Normandy Business School'' in 2006. This school had over 2,800 students on its five campuses (Le Havre,

Sports

The city of Le Havre has some of the oldest sports clubs in France: the ''Le Havre Rowing Society'' (1838), the ''Regatta Society of Le Havre'' (1838), and ''Le Havre Athletic Club'' (1872), doyen of French football and rugby clubs. The city also hosted the Sailing at the Summer Olympics, sailing events for the 1900 Summer Olympics, 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics, respectively. Le Havre is dominated by three professional sports teams: the first is the Le Havre AC football team who played in Ligue 1 for the last time in 2008–2009 and is currently in Ligue 2. Its training centre is well-reputed for having trained a number of international French players, including Vikash Dhorasoo, Julien Faubert, Jean-Alain Boumsong, Lassana Diarra, and Steve Mandanda. The second major sports team is STB Le Havre, Saint Thomas Basketball who represent the city in LNB Pro A. Thirdly the HAC women's team who play in the first division with many international players in its ranks. The team won their first major national title, the Coupe de France for women's handball in 2006. ''Le Havre Rugby athletic club'' plays in Fédérale 3 (equivalent to fifth division). The Hockey Club of Le Havre played at the fourth level nationally (Division 3) for the 2008–2009 season. The team is nicknamed the "Dock's du Havre". The maritime side of the city is found in many sports: for example, the tradition of sailing is old. On 29 July 1840 the first French pleasure boat regatta was held. Today, Le Havre is known as a water sports and Seaside resort. The marina can host deepwater vessels around the clock in any weather. Built in the Interwar period, it is now the largest in

with about 1,300 moorings200 Key Figures and Statistics
, Le Havre Development, consulted 2 April 2008 additional moorings were installed in the Vauban basin in 2011–2012. The ''Havraise Rowing Society'' has trained many rowers to a high level as Thierry Renault. The ''Club Nautique Le Havrais'' (CNH) is the centre of mixed swimming, synchronized swimming, and men's water polo. The ''Centre Nautique Paul Vatine'' is the fifth largest club in the country for the number of sports licenses it holds; it ranks second in the Division 1 of the Championship France for Catamaran Clubs. Several major local sportsmen began their career at Le Havre: the swimmer Hugues Duboscq was an Olympic medallist several times. In judo the French team has two members from Le Havre: Dimitri Dragin and Baptiste Leroy. Jerome Le Banner is a professional Kickboxing, kick-boxer at world level who participates in the K-1 championship. Finally the navigator Paul Vatine, who was lost at sea in 1999, won the Transat Jacques Vabre several times.

Facilities

The city has 99 sports facilities including 46 gymnasiums, 23 sports fields, and 5 swimming pools. The Stade Océane (Ocean Stadium), inaugurated in July 2012, replaced the Stade Jules Deschaseaux. With 25,000 seats, it can host football matches as well as other sporting and cultural events. Basketball and Handball matches are playued in the

hall (3600 seats) while ice hockey is played at the ice hockey rink (900 seats). Of the five swimming pools in the city, two are operated by the municipality: the CNH (which has an Olympic pool for competitions) and

(which was designed by the architect

). Le Havre has the largest free outdoor skatepark in France with approximately 7,000 m2 allocated to the urban Boardsport. The port infrastructure allows for many water activities such as sailing, fishing, canoeing, and rowing. Finally, the beach is a place for kitesurfing, windsurfing and surfing.

Events

Le Havre has been and is still the venue of major sports events: the Tour de France has passed a dozen times by the Ocean Gate, the last stage took place here in 2015. Sailing events are often held and the Transat Jacques Vabre transatlantic race has been held every two years since 1993 linking Le Havre to Latin America. The course of the Solitaire du Figaro was partly in Le Havre in 2010. Since 2006, weekends of freestyle board sports have been popular (skateboarding, rollerblading, funboard, kiteboarding, skydiving etc.). Every summer roller blade events are organized in the city on Friday evening every fortnight and have great success. The first International Triathlon was held in 2012. Finally, there are several opportunities for runners with ten kilometres () in Le Havre or the strides of Montgeon.

Media

Five newspapers cover the Le Havre agglomeration: the dailies ''Le Havre libre'', ''Le Havre Presse'', ''Paris Normandie'' in its Le Havre edition in collaboration with ''Le Havre Presse'' and ''Liberté-Dimanche'' (communal Sunday edition of the previous three) are part of the Hersant group which is currently in serious financial trouble and looking for a buyer. A free weekly of information, ''Le Havre Infos'' (PubliHebdo group) has been published since 2010 every Wednesday and is available in many places in the city. Several magazines provide local information: ''LH Océanes'' (Municipal magazine) and ''Terres d'Agglo'' (Agglomeration Area magazine) to which must be added several free magazines: ''Aux Arts'' (cultural information more focused on the Basse-Normandie region) ''Bazart'' (cultural events in Le Havre but now with circulation across all of Normandy), and ''HAC Magazine'' (news about Havre Athletic Club, HAC). Several newspapers are also available on the Internet: Infocéane, Le Havre on the Internet. A local televised edition on France 3, ''France 3 Baie de Seine'', is broadcast every evening then again on ''France 3 Haute Normandie''. ''Radio Albatros'' is a local station installed in the Sanvic du Havre district transmitting on FM frequency 88.2. ''Radio Vallée de la Lézarde'', based in Épouville, ''RESONANCE'' on 98.9, and ''RCF Le Havre'' are other radio stations. It was in Le Havre radio stations that the journalist and television host Laurent Ruquier, who was born in Le Havre in 1963, began his career. Several national and regional radio stations are relays for Le Havre: local information on ''France Bleu Haute Normandie'', local relay from 12 noon to 4pm on ''Virgin radio Normandie 101.8 FM'', local relay for Information from 6am to 9am and from 4pm to 8pm on ''NRJ Le Havre 92.5 FM''. Associations like ''LHnouslanuit'' and ''Only-Hit'' have tried to develop alternative and cultural local radio by featuring local community associations (Papa's Production, Ben Salad Prod, Asso6Sons, Agend'Havre, Pied Nu, I Love LH).

Religion

At the request of Monsigneur André Mulch, Archbishop of Rouen, Pope Paul VI decided on 6 July 1974 through the papal bull ''Quae Sacrosanctum'' on the creation of the diocese of Le Havre (''Portus Gratiae'' in Latin meaning "Port of Grace"). The diocese was created from part of the parishes of the Archdiocese of Rouen to the west of a line joining Norville to Sassetot-le-Mauconduit. Monseigneur Michel Saudreau, its first bishop, was ordained on 22 September 1974. The church of Notre Dame was promoted to le Havre Cathedral, Cathedral Notre Dame du Havre. Today, the commune of Le Havre is divided into eight parishesLe Havre-Sainte-Adresse
diocèse of Le Havre, consulted on 4 April 2008 and 24 places of worship (churches and chapels). The oldest chapel is Saint-Michel d'Ingouville which dates back to the 11th century. The St. Joseph's Church, Le Havre, Church of Saint Joseph du Havre, built by

, dominates the city with its spire 107m high. There are several monastic establishments (Carmel of the Transfiguration, Franciscan Monastery, Little Sisters of the Poor, etc.). The Protestant Church of Le Havre was built in the city centre in 1862. Bombed in 1941, it lost its pediment, its bell tower, and roof. Rebuilt in 1953 by the architects Jacques Lamy and Gérard Dupasquier,C. Étienne-Steiner, ''Le Havre. City, Port, and conurbation'', Rouen, édition du patrimoine, 1999, p. 114 who worked in the Auguste Perret office, is the only building in Le Havre uniting the original architecture of the 19th century with the architecture of the Perret school. Le Havre also has seven evangelical Protestant churches: ''Salvation Army'', ''Seventh Day Adventist'', ''Apostolic Church'', ''Assembly of God'', ''Baptist Church'', ''Good News Church'', et ''Church of Le Havre'' as well as several Protestant churches of African origin. The city also has seven Muslim places of worship: the socio-cultural association of Muslims in Upper Normandy, En-Nour Mosque on Rue Paul Claudel, El Fath Mosque on rue Victor Hugo, Bellevue mosque on rue Gustavus Brindeau, and three prayer rooms located on rue Audran, Boulevard Jules Durant, and rue Lodi. The synagogue, located in the rebuilt central city, was visited by President Jacques Chirac in April 2002. It is the seat of the ''association consistoriale israélite du Havre'' whose president is Victor Elgressy.

Economy

General

Although well developed and diversified, the local economy relies heavily on industrial sites, international groups, and subcontracted Small and medium enterprises, SMEs. The Le Havre economy is far from decision centres which are located mainly in Paris and major European economic cities. There is therefore a low representation of head offices in the city with the exception of some local economic successes such as the Sidel Group (now a subsidiary of Tetra Pak) – a distributor of interior furniture, and the ship-owner Delmas (shipping company), Delmas which was recently acquired by the CMA-CGM group.

Port

Fishing boats in Le Havre, bateaux de pêche

With 68.6 million tons of cargo in 2011, the port of Le Havre is the second largest French seaport in trade volume behind that of

and 50th largest port in the world. It represents 60% of total French container traffic with nearly 2.2 million Twenty-foot equivalent unit, EVP]s in 2011.Definitive Statistics 2011
Port du Havre, consulted on 27 December 2012 At the European level, it is eighth largest for container traffic and sixth largest for total traffic. The Port receives a large number of oil tankers that transported 27.5 million tonnes of crude oil and 11.7 million tonnes of refined product in 2011. Finally, 340,500 vehicles passed through the Roll-on/roll-off terminal in 2010. 75 regular shipping lines serve 500 ports around the world.The Port of Le Havre
, Le Havre développement, consulted on 30 July 2012 The largest trading partner of the port of Le Havre is the Asian continent which alone accounts for 58% of imports by container and 39.6% of exports. The rest of the traffic is distributed mainly to Europe and America. Le Havre occupies the north bank of the estuary of the

on the

. Its location is favourable for several reasons: it is on the most frequented waterway in the world; it is the first and last port in the ''North Range'' of European ports – the largest in Europe which handles a quarter of all global maritime trade.The Port today
, Grand Port Maritime du Havre, consulted on 28 July 2012 As a deepwater port, it is accessible to all types of ships whatever their size around the clock. At the national level, Le Havre is west of the most populous and richest region in France:

Île-de-France , timezone1 = CET , utc_offset1 = +01:00 , timezone1_DST = CEST , utc_offset1_DST = +02:00 , blank_name_sec1 = Gross regional product , blank_info_sec1 = Ranked 1st , bla ...

. Since its founding in 1517 on the orders of François I, Le Havre has continued to grow: today it measures from east to west, about from north to south with an area of . The last big project called Port 2000 increased the handling capacity for containers. The port provides 16,000 direct jobs to the Le Havre region, to which must be added indirect jobs in industry and transport. With approximately 3,000 employees in 2006, the activities of distribution and warehousing provide more jobs,Employment linked to the Maritime and Port activities in the Le Havre area (excluding industry)
, Port du Havre, consulted on 29 July 2012 followed by road transport (2,420 jobs) and handling (2,319 jobs). In 2011, 715,279 passengers passed through the port of Le Havre and there were 95 visits by cruise ships carrying 185,000 passengers.Laurence Périn, ''The Cruises in vogue'', in Océanes, No. 154, March 2012, p. 6 The port expects 110 cuise ship calls in 2012. Created in 1934, the leisure boat harbour of Le Havre is located to the west and is the largest French boat harbour in the

with a capacity of 1,160 moorings. Finally, there is a small fishing port in the Saint-François district and a Hawker (trade), Hawker centre.

Industry

Most industries are located in the industrial-port area north of the estuary and east of the city of Le Havre. The largest industrial employer (2,400 employees) of the Le Havre region is the Renault public company in the commune of Sandouville. The second important sector for the industrial zone is petrochemicals. The Le Havre region has more than a third of French refining capacity. It provides about 50% of the production of basic plastics and 80% of additives and oilsPetrochemical Chemistry
, Le Havre développement, consulted on 30 July 2012 with more than 3,500 researchers working in private and public laboratories. Large firms in the chemical industry are mainly in the communes of Le Havre (Millenium Chemicals Le Havre), Montivilliers (TotalEnergies, Yara International, Yara, Chevron Corporation, Chevron Oronite SA, Lanxess, etc.) and Sandouville (Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Goodyear Chemicals Europe). A total of 28 industrial establishments manufacture plastics in the Le Havre area many of which are classed as SECESO. There are several firms in the aerospace industry: SAFRAN Nacelles, a supplier to Airbus, Boeing and other commercial air-framers, making jet engine nacelles and thrust reversers, is located in

and employs 1,200 people from the Le Havre area.Aeronautic
, Le Havre développement, consulted on 30 July 2012 Finally, Dresser-Rand Group, Dresser-Rand SA manufactures equipment for the oil and gas industry and employs about 700 people.Huge contract for Dresser-Rand Le Havre
L'usine nouvelle, 20 July 2007, consulted on 30 July 2012 In the energy field, the ''EDF thermal power plant'' of Le Havre has an installed capacity of 1,450MW and operates using coal with 357 employees.2011 in brief
EDF, centrale du Havre, consulted on 30 July 2012 The AREVA group announced the opening of a factory for building wind turbines: installed in the port of Le Havre, it should create some 1,800 jobs. The machines are designed for Offshore wind power in Brittany, the UK, and

. Other industries are dispersed throughout the Le Havre agglomeration: the ''Brûlerie du Havre'', which belongs to Legal-Legoût, located in the district of Dollemard that roasts coffee, Sidel located both in the industrial area of Port of Le Havre and

designs and manufactures blow moulding machines and complete filling line machines for plastic bottles.

Services sector

The two largest employers in the service sector are the ''Groupe Hospitalier du Havre'' with 4,384 staffPresentation and key data
Groupe Hospitalier du Havre, consulted on 30 July 2012 and the ''City of Le Havre'' with 3,467 permanent employees.The City recruits
, Ville du Havre, consulted on 30 July 2012 The city has long been home to many service companies whose activity is related to port operations: primarily the ship-owning companies and also the marine insurance companies. The headquarters of Delmas (shipping company), Delmas (transport and communications, 1,200 employees) and SPB (Provident Society Banking, insurance, 500 employees) have settled recently at the entrance to the city. The head office of Groupama Transport (300 employees) is also present. The transport sector is the largest economic sector in Le Havre with 15.5% of employment. Logistics occupies a large part of the population and the Industrial Syndicalist Education League, ISEL trains engineers in this field. Since September 2007 the ICC has welcomed local students in their first year in the relocated Europe-Asia campus of the Sciences Po, Institute of Political Studies of Paris. Higher Education is represented by the

which employs 399 permanent professors and 850 lecturersUniversity of Le Havre data
, Université du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 as well as by engineering companies like Auxitec and SERO. There are many growth factors in the tourist industry: Blue Flag beach, blue flag rating, World Heritage status from UNESCO, the label ''French Towns and Lands of Art and History'', cruise ship development, a policy of value-creation from heritage, and the ''City of the Sea'' project. In January 2020 the city had 26 hotels with a total of 1,428 rooms. Le Havre is the seat of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Le Havre. It manages the Le Havre Octeville Airport.

Culture

Events and festivals

Le Havre's festival calendar is punctuated by a wide range of events. In spring a ''Children's Book Festival'' was recently created. In May there is the ''Fest Yves'', a Breton festival in the Saint-François district. On the beach of Le Havre and Sainte-Adresse there is a jazz festival called ''Dixie Days'' in June. In July, detective novels are featured in the Polar room at the Beach hosted by ''The Black Anchors''. Between the latter also in the context of ''Z'Estivales'' is an event offering many shows of street art throughout the summer supplemented by the festival of world music ''MoZaïques'' at the fort of Sainte-Adresse in August since 2010. In mid-August there is a Flower parade which passes through the streets of the central city. In the first weekend of September the marine element is highlighted in the ''Festival of the Sea''. This is a race between Le Havre and Bahia in Brazil. Also every November there is a fair held in the Docks Café. The Autumn Festival in Normandy, organized by the departments of

and Eure, and the Region of

, runs from September to November and offers numerous concerts throughout the region as well as theatre performances and dance. In late October, since 2009, there is rock music festival which has been at the fort of Tourneville since the moving of the ''Papa's Production'' association site there. The West Park Festival, after its inauguration in 2004, has been held in the park of the town hall of Harfleur. Since 1 June 2006 a ''Biennale of contemporary Art'' has been organized by the group ''Partouche''.

Cultural heritage and architecture

Abbaye de Graville ensoleillée (Le Havre, France)

Many buildings in the city are classified as "historical monuments", but the 2000s marked the real recognition of Le Havre's architectural heritage. The city received the label "City of Art and History" in 2001, then in 2005

inscribed the city of Le Havre as a

. The oldest building still standing in Le Havre is the Graville Abbey. The other medieval building in the city is the Chapel of Saint-Michel of Ingouville. Because of the bombing in 1944, heritage from the modern era is rare: ''Le Havre Cathedral'', the ''Church of Saint Francis'', the ''Museum of the Hotel Dubocage of Bleville'', the ''House of the ship-owner'' and the old palace of justice (now the ''Natural History Museum'') are concentrated in the Notre-Dame and Saint-François areas. The buildings of the 19th century testify to the maritime and military vocations of the city: the ''Hanging Gardens'', the ''Fort of Tourneville'', ''Vauban docks'', and the ''Maritime Villa''. The heritage of the 1950s and 1960s which were the work of the

workshop forms the most coherent architecture: the ''Church of Saint Francis'' and the Town Hall are the centrepieces. The all curved architecture of the ''"Volcano"'', designed by

, contrasts with that of the rebuilt centre. Finally, the reconstruction of many districts is a showcase for the architecture of the 21st century. Among the achievements by renowned architects are the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (René and Phine Weeke Dottelond),

(

). °

Churches

*Le Havre Cathedral: the first stone of the building was laid in 1536. It is the seat of the Bishop of Le Havre. * Church of Saint Joseph, one of the most recognized symbols of the city. The belltower is one of the tallest in France, rising to a height of 107 metres. It was designed by

. * Church of Saint Michel * Church of Saint Vincent * Church of Saint François * Church of St. Anne * Church of Saint Marie * Chapel of Saint Michel d'Ingouville (15th century) * Graville Abbey, a monastery dedicated to Sainte Honorine, set in grounds on the northern bank of the Seine, Seine River. *Presbyterian Reform Church (Église Réformée), 47 rue Anatole France, built in 1857, bombed in 1941, the roof and ceiling were rebuilt in 1953 by two architects from the famous

office: Jacques Lamy and Gérard Dupasquier, The only building in town offering both ancient and the new Perret school of architecture in the same building. Holy Office each Sunday morning at 10.30.

Museums

Five Museums in Le Havre have the distinction of being classified as ''Musées de France'' (Museums of France) an official label granted only to museums of a high status. The five museums are:

Museum of modern art André Malraux – MuMa

The most important of the five, Museum of modern art André Malraux - MuMa, Museum Malraux was built in 1955 by the Atelier LWD and was opened in 1961 by André Malraux. This museum houses a collection of art from the late Middle Ages until the 20th century. The impressionist paintings collections are the second most extensive in France after those of the Orsay Museum in Paris. The museum houses some paintings of Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Raoul Dufy, Edgar Degas.

Musée du Vieux Havre (Museum of old Le Havre)

A Museum dedicated to the history of Le Havre with many objects from the Ancien Régime and the 19th century: furniture, old maps, statues, and paintings.

Musée d'histoire naturelle (Museum of Natural History)

Founded in 1881 but heavily damaged during World War II, the Museum of Natural History is housed in Le Havre's former law courts, built in the mid-18th century; the façade and monumental staircase are listed as historical monuments. The museum houses mineralogy, zoology, ornithology, palaeontology and prehistory departments as well as 8,000 early 19th-century paintings from the collection of local naturalist and traveller Charles-Alexandre Lesueur (1778–1846). The museum was destroyed during Allied bombings on 5 September 1944. The library was lost, along with its collections of photographs, scientific instruments and archives. The mineral and geological collections were all destroyed, including a rare collection of local mineral specimens of

. The destruction of the museum was so intense, that all the catalogues, lists of donations, lists of purchases and other archives prevented even a precise inventory of all that was lost."

The Shipowner's house

From the 18th century; like the Museum of Old Havre it is dedicated to the History of Le Havre and contains many relics from the Ancien Régime as well as furniture, old maps, statues, and paintings.

Museum of the Priory of Graville

The Museum at the Priory of Graville displays many items of religious art including statues, madonnas, and other religious objects many of which are classified by the Ministry of Culture. It also houses the Gosselin collection of 206 model houses created by Jules Gosselin in the 19th century.

Others

Other less important museums reflect the history of Le Havre and its maritime vocation. The ''apartment-control'' (Apartement-Temoine) was a standard apartment designed by in 1947–1950 and shows a place of daily life in the 1950s. The maritime museum displays objects related to the sea and the port. Finally, there are numerous exhibitions in the city such as the ''SPOT'', a centre for contemporary art, art galleries, and ''Le Portique'' – a contemporary art space opened in 2008; the municipal library of Le Havre regularly organizes exhibitions. Garden Saint-Roch in Le Havre (France), April 2012

Garden Saint-Roch in Le Havre (France), April 2012

Other attractions include: * The former tribunal (18th century) * The Town Hall: the modern Bell tower, belfry which now contains offices * The "Volcan" cultural centre built by

* Square St. Roch * Japanese Garden

Theatres, auditoriums and concerts

There are two main cultural axes in Le Havre: the central city and the Eure district. The ''Espace Oscar Niemeyer'' consists of a part of the "Great Volcano", a national theatre seating 1,093The Gallery
Le Volcan, consulted on 27 July 2012 (which houses the ''National Choreographic Centre'' of Le Havre Haute-Normandie directed by Hervé Robbe) and secondly the "Little Volcano" with a 250-seat multi-purpose hall for live performances. The whole ''Espace Oscar Niemeyer'' has been worked on since 2011: the ''little volcano'' will be transformed into a multimedia library. As for the performances at the ''Great Volcano'', they are now taking place in the old ferry terminal until the end of construction. Other cultural institutions of the city centre are being transformed: the cinema of art and a trial of ''Le Sirius'' facing the university will reopen in 2013. ''Le Tetris'' at the fort of Tourneville will, in 2013, be a place devoted to contemporary music. Other cultural venues are scattered in the city centre: the cinema ''Le Studio'', the theatre of the City Hall (700 seats), the ''Little Theatre'' (450 seats), the ''Théâtre des Bains Douches'' (94 seats), ''Akté theatre'' (60 seats), and the ''Poulailler'' (Henhouse)) (associative theatre with 50 seats) host numerous shows each year. The National Choreographic Centre of Le Havre Haute-Normandie specialises in the creation and production of dance shows. Other shows and performances are given in other places and at the Conservatory Arthur Honegger. The second cultural centre of the city is in the Eure district near the Basin Vauban. Docks Océane is a multi-purpose hall (concerts, shows, and sporting events) which can accommodate up to 4,700 spectators in .Welcome to the Docks
, Les Docks, consulted on 2 April 2008 The largest cinema in Le Havre is located on the Docks Vauban (2,430 seats). The Docks Café is an exhibition centre of used for shows, fairs, and exhibitions. The ''Magic Mirrors'' offers many concerts managed by the city and leased to private organizers. Following the closure of ''Cabaret Electric'' which was located in the ''Espace Oscar Niemeyer'' in 2011 a new auditorium, ''Le Tetris'', is under construction at the Fort of Tourneville. It was scheduled to open in September 2013 with a large festival free-of-charge. It will consist of two halls with 800 and 200 seats, exhibition space, housing for artists in residence, a restaurant etc. ''Le Tetris'' will be a venue for contemporary music as well as theatre, dance, and visual arts. An "expectation" outside the walls was held on the site of the fort during 2012 and early 2013.

Libraries and archives

The main library is located in the city centre, named after the writer Armand Salacrou. It has branches in all districts. A new multimedia library at the "Volcano" is being refurbished for 2014. Thousands of references are available in specialized libraries in the Higher School of Art, the Museum of André Malraux, and the Natural History Museum. Medieval manuscripts and Incunables are conserved at the public library. The archives of the city, at the Fort of Tourneville, possesses documents from the 16th to the 20th centuries.Educational services in the cultural establishments of the Academy of Rouen
, Academy of Rouen, consulted on 2 April 2008

Representations in visual arts

The Port of Le Havre and the light on the estuary of the Seine inspired many painters: Louis-Philippe Crepin (1772–1851), Jean-Baptiste Corot (1796–1875), Eugène Isabey (1803–1886), Theodore Gudin (1802–1880), Adolphe-Felix Cals (1810–1880), Jean-François Millet (1814–1875) in 1845,Alfred Sensier, ''The Life and works of J.-F Millet'', A. Quantin, 1881. Gustave Courbet (1819–1877) etc.. It is to Eugène Boudin (1824–1898) who created many representations of Le Havre in the 19th century. The artist lived for a time in the city. Thanks to its proximity to

, Le Havre was also represented by foreign artists such as William Turner (artist), William Turner, Johan Barthold Jongkind, Alfred Stevens (painter), Alfred Stevens, and Richard Parkes Bonington. Claude Monet (1840–1926), a resident of Le Havre from the age of five, in 1872 painted ''Impression soleil levant'' (Impression, Sunrise), a painting that gave its name to the impressionist movement. In 1867–1868, he painted many seascapes in the Le Havre region (''Terrasse à Sainte-Adresse'' (Garden at Sainte-Adresse (Monet), Garden at Sainte-Adresse), 1867 ''Bateaux quittant le port'' (Boats Leaving the Port), 1874). The Musée Malraux houses some of his paintings : Waterlilies, London Parliament et Winter Sun at Lavacourt. Two other Impressionists, Camille Pissarro (1830–1903) and Maxime Maufra (1861–1918) also represented the port of Le Havre which also inspired Paul Signac (1863–1935), Albert Marquet (1875–1947), and Maurice de Vlaminck (1876–1958). Then came the school of Fauvism in which many artists did their training at Le Havre: Othon Friesz (1879–1949), Henri de Saint-Delis (1876–1958), Raoul Dufy (1877–1953), Georges Braque (1882–1963), Raymond Lecourt (1882–1946), Albert Copieux (1885–1956), who followed the course of the ''School of Fine Arts of Le Havre'' in the time of Charles Lhuillier. They left a number of paintings on the theme of the city and the port. In 1899, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864–1901) painted ''La serveuse anglaise du Star'' (The English waitress of Star) (Museum Toulouse-Lautrec, Albi) of a girl he met in a bar in the city. Other painters who painted Le Havre and/or its surroundings such as Sainte-Adresse can be cited in particular: Frédéric Bazille, John Gendall, Thomas Couture, Ambroise Louis Garneray, Pablo Picasso (''Souvenir du Havre''). Jean Dubuffet studied at the School of Art in Le Havre.

Cinema

With nearly 70 films, Le Havre is one of the provincial cities most represented in the cinema.The making of films in Le Havre
Ville du Havre, consulted on 1 April 2008 Several directors have chosen the port facilities as part of their movie: *''L'Atalante'' by Jean Vigo (1934) *''Port of Shadows, Le Quai des brumes'' by Marcel Carné (1938) *''Un homme marche dans la ville'' by Marcello Pagliero took place in the port and the Saint-François district after the Second World War. *''Ce qu'ils imaginent'' by Anne Théron (2004) The city has also hosted the filming of several comedies such as: *''Le Cerveau'' by Gérard Oury (1968) *''La Beuze'' (2002) *''Disco (2008 film), Disco'' (2008) *''The Fairy, La Fée'', also presented at the Directors' Fortnight in 2011. The film by Sophie Marceau, ''Trivial (film), La Disparue de Deauville'', made in 2007, contains many scenes around the port of Le Havre, in the Coty shopping centre of Coty and in the streets of the central city. The film ''Le Havre (film), Le Havre'' by Aki Kaurismäki received two prizes at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and also the Louis Delluc Prize.Aki Kaurismäki wins the Louis-Delluc Prize for Le Havre
Le Monde, 16 December 2011, consulted on 19 December 2011 It was nominated three times for the 37th César Awards.

Literature

Bernardin de Saint-Pierre statue Le Havre

Le Havre appears in several literary works as a point of departure to America: in the 18th century, Antoine François Prévost, Father Prevost embarked ''Manon Lescaut'' and ''Des Grieux'' for French Louisiana. Fanny Loviot departed from Le Havre in 1852, as an emigrant to San Francisco and points further west, and recounted her adventures in ''Les pirates chinois'' (''A Lady's Captivity among Chinese Pirates in the Chinese Seas'', 1858). In the 19th century, Le Havre was the setting for several French novels: Honoré de Balzac described the failure of a Le Havre merchant family in ''Modeste Mignon''. Later, the Norman writer Guy de Maupassant located several of his works at Le Havre such as ''Au muséum d'histoire naturelle'' (At the Museum of Natural History) a text published in ''Le Gaulois'' on 23 March 1881 and again in ''Pierre et Jean''. Alphonse Allais located his intrigues at Le Havre too. ''La Bête humaine'' (The Human Beast) by Émile Zola evokes the world of the railway and runs along the Paris–Le Havre railway. Streets, buildings, and public places in Le Havre pay tribute to other famous Le Havre people from this period: the writer Casimir Delavigne (1793–1843) has a street named after him and a statue in front of the palace of justice alongside another man of letters, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1737–1814). In the 20th century, Henry Miller located part of the action in Le Havre in his masterpiece ''Tropic of Cancer (novel), Tropic of Cancer'', published in 1934. Bouville, Seine-Maritime, Bouville was the commune where the writer lived who wrote his diary in ''La Nausée'' (The Nausea) (1938) by Jean-Paul Sartre who was inspired by Le Havre city where he wrote his first novel. There are also the testimonies of Raymond Queneau (1903–1976), born in Le Havre, the city served as a framework for his novel ''Un rude hiver'' (A harsh winter) (1939). The plot of ''Une maison soufflée aux vents'' (A house blown to the winds) by Emile Danoën, winner of the Popular Novel Prize in 1951, and its sequel ''Idylle dans un quartier muré'' (Idyll in a walled neighbourhood) were located in Le Havre during the

. Under the name ''Port de Brume'' Le Havre is the setting for three other novels by this author: ''Cerfs-volants'' (Kites), ''L'Aventure de Noël'' (The Adventure at Christmas), and ''La Queue à la pègre'' (Queue to the underworld). Michel Leiris wrote ''De la littérature considérée comme une tauromachie'' (Of literature considered like a bullfight) in December 1945. Diana Gabaldon set the second novel in her Outlander series, ''Outlander'' series, ''Dragonfly in Amber'' (1992), partly in Le Havre. Two mystery novels take place in Le Havre: ''Le Bilan Maletras'' (The Maletras Balance) by Georges Simenon and ''Le Crime de Rouletabille'' (Crime at the Roulette table) by Gaston Leroux. In ''Rouge Brésil'' (Red Brazil), winner of the Prix Goncourt, Goncourt Prize in 2001, Jean-Christophe Rufin describes Le Havre in the 16th century as the port of departure of French expeditions to the New World: the hero Villegagnon leaves of the port to conquer new lands for the French crown which become Brazil. Martine–Marie Muller tells the saga of a clan of Stevedores from Le Havre in the 1950s to the 1970s in ''Quai des Amériques'' (Quay of the Americas). Benoît Duteurtre published in 2001, ''Le Voyage en France'' (Travel in France), for which he received the Prix Médicis: the main character, a young American impassioned by France, lands at Le Havre which he describes in the first part of the novel. In 2008, Benoît Duteurtre publishes ''Les pieds dans l'eau'' (Feet in the water), a highly autobiographical book in which he describes his youth spent between Le Havre and

. The city hosted writers such as Emile Danoën (1920–1999) who grew up in the district of Saint-François, Yoland Simon (born 1941), and Philippe Huet (born 1955). Canadian poet Octave Crémazie (1827–1879) died at Le Havre and was buried in Saint Marie Cemetery. The playwright Jacques-François Ancelot (1794–1854) was also a native of Le Havre. Two famous historians, Gabriel Monod (1844–1912) and André Siegfried (1875–1959) were from the city. Le Havre also appears in comic books: for example, in ''L'Oreille cassée'' (The Broken Ear) (1937), Tintin (character), Tintin embarks on the vessel ''City of Lyon'' sailing to South America. The meeting between Tintin and General Alcazar in ''Les Sept Boules de cristal'' (The Seven Crystal Balls) (1948) is in Le Havre, according to notes by Hergé in the margins of Le Soir, the first publisher of this adventure. The first adventure of Ric Hochet (1963), the designer Tibet (comics), Tibet and André-Paul Duchâteau, ''Traquenard au Havre'' (Trap at Le Havre) shows the seaside and the port. Similarly, in 1967, for the album ''Rapt sur le France'' (Rapt on France), the hero passes by the ocean port. Frank Le Gall, in ''Novembre toute l'année'' (November all year) (2000) embarks Theodore Poussin at Le Havre on the ''Cap Padaran''.

Music

Le Havre is the birthplace of many musicians and composers such as Henri Woollett (1864–1936), André Caplet (1878–1925) and Arthur Honegger (1892–1955). There was also Victor Mustel (1815–1890) who was famous for having perfected the Pump organ, harmonium. Le Havre has long been regarded as one of the cradles of French rock and blues. In the 1980s many groups have emerged after a first dynamic development in the 1960s and 1970s. The most famous personality of Le Havre rock is ''Little Bob'' who began his career in the 1970s. The port tradition in many of the groups was repeated in the unused sheds of the port, such as Bovis hall which could hold 20,000 spectators. A blues festival, driven by Jean-François Skrobek, Blues a Gogo existed for eight years from 1995 to 2002. Several artists have been produced such as: Youssou N'Dour, Popa Chubby, Amadou & Mariam, Patrick Verbeke etc. It was organized by the Coup de Bleu association whose former president was head of music Café ''L'Agora'' in the Niemeyer Centre which produced the new Le Havre scene. During these same years, the ''Festival of the Future'', the local version of the ''Fête de l'Humanité'' (Festival of Humanity), attracted a large audience. Currently, the musical tradition continues in the Symphony Orchestra of the city of Le Havre, the orchestra of Concerts André Caplet, the conservatory, and music schools such as the Centre for Vocal and Musical Expression (rock) or the JUPO (mainly jazz), associations or labels like Papa's Production (la Folie Ordinaire, Mob's et Travaux, Dominique Comont, Souinq, Your Happy End etc.). The organization by the association of West Park Festival since the 2000s in

and since 2004 at the Fort of Tourneville is a demonstration. Moreover, since 2008, the association ''I Love LH'' was started and promotes Le Havre culture and especially its music scene by organizing original cultural events as well as the free distribution of compilation music by local artists.

Board game

Main articles: Le Havre (board game) ''Le Havre'' is a board game about the development of the town of Le Havre. It was inspired by the games ''Caylus'' and ''Agricola'' and was developed in December 2007.

Norman language

Main articles: Norman language and Cauchois dialect. The legacy of the Norman language is present in the language used by the people of Le Havre, part of which is identified as speaking Cauchois dialect, cauchois. Among the Norman words most used in Le Havre there are: ''boujou'' (hello, goodbye), ''clenche'' (door handle), ''morveux (veuse)'' (child), and ''bezot (te)'' (last born).

People

Le Havre was the birthplace of: Lesueur Charles-Alexandre 1818

* Georges de Scudéry (1601–1667), novelist, Playwdramatist and poet * Madeleine de Scudéry (1607–1701), writer * Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1737–1814), writer and botanist * Charles Alexandre Lesueur (1778–1846), naturalist, artist and explorer * Casimir Delavigne (1793–1843), poet and dramatist * Gabriel Monod (1844–1912), historian * Alfred-Louis Brunet-Debaines (1845–c. 1935), artist * Juliette Heuzey (1865-1952), writer * Louis Bachelier (1870–1946), mathematician * Raoul Dufy (1877–1953), painter * André Caplet (1878–1925), composer and conductor * René Coty (1882–1962), President of the French Republic, French president (1954–1959) * Suzanne Balguerie (1888–1973), French soprano * Arthur Honegger (1892–1955), composer, a member of Les Six * Thomas Roberts (archbishop), Thomas Roberts (1893–1976), Roman Catholic archbishop * Jean Dubuffet (1901–1985), artist * Jean Mallon (1904–1982), palaeographer * Raymond Queneau (1903–1976), poet and novelist * Jacques Leguerney (1906–1997), composer * Bénédicte Pesle (1927–2018), arts patron * Tristan Murail (born 1947), composer * Laurent Ruquier (born 1963), journalist * Jérôme Le Banner (born 1972), K-1 fighter * Olivier Durand (born 1967), guitarist for Elliott Murphy * Paul Hennessey (born 1994), OG of NUIG * Eugenia DeLamare (1824–1907) – Guilherme Schüch – Wife – Baron Von Capanema * Elvire Murail (born 1958), writer for children * Vikash Dhorasoo, (born 1973), international footballer * Gueïda Fofana (born 1991), footballer * Olivier Davidas (born 1981), footballer * Dimitri Dragin (born 1984), judoka * Sylvain Poirier, mathematician * Julien Faubert (born 1983), footballer * Fouleymata Camara, handball player * Kevin Anin (born 1986), footballer * govy, (born 1981), artist *Jaylen Hoard (born 1999), French-American basketball player for Hapoel Tel Aviv B.C., Hapoel Tel Aviv of the Israeli Basketball Premier League Others were significantly associated with the city: * Rex Cherryman, died here in 1925 * Patrick Demarchelier, fashion photographer, born in Le Havre * Christine Lagarde, IMF managing director, grew up in Le Havre * Jean-Paul Sartre, philosopher, taught at the Lycée François-Ier (Le Havre)

References

* Michel de Boüard, ''History of Normandy'', Toulouse, 2001, * Pierre Gras, ''The Time of Ports, Decline and Recovery of Port Cities (1940–2010)'', Tallandier, 2010, 298 pages, * Claire Étienne-Steiner, Le Havre. City, Port, and Agglomeration, Connaissance du patrimoine de Haute-Normandie, Rouen, 1999,

Footnotes

External links

Le Havre Official website

Official tourism website

(Archive)
Le Havre on Lion1906

Slave streets of Le Havre; article on the slave trade here in 17th and 18th centuryLe Havre on Géoportail
Institut géographique national, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website * {{DEFAULTSORT:Havre Le Havre, Cities in France Communes of Seine-Maritime Olympic sailing venues Populated coastal places in France Populated places established in 1517 Port cities and towns on the French Atlantic coast Ports and harbours of the English Channel Subprefectures in France World Heritage Sites in France Venues of the 1900 Summer Olympics Venues of the 1924 Summer Olympics 1517 establishments in France