Haplogroup N (mtDNA)
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) clade. A macrohaplogroup, its descendant lineages are distributed across many continents. Like its sibling macrohaplogroup M, macrohaplogroup N is a descendant of the
haplogroup L3 Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade has played a pivotal role in the early dispersal of anatomically modern humans. It is strongly associated with the out-of-Africa migration of modern humans of about 70 ...
. All mtDNA haplogroups found outside of Africa are descendants of either haplogroup N or its sibling haplogroup M. M and N are the signature maternal haplogroups that define the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans and subsequent
early human migrations Early human migrations are the earliest migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents. They are believed to have begun approximately 2 million years ago with the early expansions out of Africa by ''Homo erectu ...
around the world. The global distribution of haplogroups N and M indicates that there was likely at least one major prehistoric migration of humans out of Africa, with both N and M later evolving outside the continent.


Origins

There is widespread agreement in the scientific community concerning the African ancestry of haplogroup L3 (haplogroup N's parent clade). However, whether or not the mutations which define haplogroup N itself first occurred within Asia or Africa has been a subject for ongoing discussion and study.
The out of Africa hypothesis has gained generalized consensus. However, many specific questions remain unsettled. To know whether the two M and N macrohaplogroups that colonized Eurasia were already present in Africa before the exit is puzzling.
Torroni et al. 2006 state that Haplogroups M, N and R occurred somewhere between East Africa and the Persian Gulf. Also related to the origins of haplogroup N is whether ancestral haplogroups M, N and R were part of the same migration out of Africa, or whether Haplogroup N left Africa via the Northern route through the Levant, and M left Africa via Horn of Africa. This theory was suggested because haplogroup N is by far the predominant haplogroup in Western Eurasia, and haplogroup M is absent in Western Eurasia, but is predominant in India and is common in regions East of India. However, the mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia and among Indigenous Australians supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa. Southeast Asian populations and Indigenous Australians all possess deep rooted clades of both haplogroups M and N. The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania therefore supports a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa. These findings also highlight the importance of Indian subcontinent in the early genetic history of human settlement and expansion.


Asian origin hypothesis

The hypothesis of Asia as the place of origin of haplogroup N is supported by the following: # Haplogroup N is found in all parts of the world but has low frequencies in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to a number of studies, the presence of Haplogroup N in Africa is most likely the result of back migration from Eurasia. # The oldest clades of macrohaplogroup N are found in Asia and Australia. # It would be paradoxical that haplogroup N had traveled all the distance to Australia or New World yet failed to affect other populations within Africa besides North Africans and Horn Africans. # The mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa. The distribution of the earliest branches within haplogroups M, N, and R across Eurasia and Oceania provides additional evidence for a three-founder-mtDNA scenario and a single migration route out of Africa. These findings also highlight the importance of Indian subcontinent in the early genetic history of human settlement and expansion. Therefore, N's history is similar to M and R which have their most probable origin in South Asia. A study (Vai et al. 2019), finds a basal branch of maternal haplogroup N in early Neolithic North African remains from the Libyan site of Takarkori. The authors propose that N most likely split from L3 in the Arabian peninsula and later migrated back to North Africa, with its sister haplogroup M also likely splitting from L3 in the Middle East, but also suggest that N may have possibly diverged in North Africa, and state that more information is necessary to be certain.


African origin hypothesis

According to Toomas Kivisild "the lack of L3 lineages other than M and N in India and among non-African mitochondria in general suggests that the earliest migration(s) of modern humans already carried these two mtDNA ancestors, via a departure route over the
Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa (HoA), also known as the Somali Peninsula, is a large peninsula and geopolitical region in East Africa.Robert Stock, ''Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation'', (The Guilford Press; 2004), ...
. In 2019, a study by Vai et al. presented evidence of a basal branch of haplogroup N from the Neolithic Sahara. They suggest that N either diverged from haplogroup L3 in the Near East (possibly in the Arabian peninsula, following the exit of L3 from Africa), then back-migrated to North Africa, or that it instead may have originated in North Africa (having diverged from L3 there).


Distribution

Haplogroup N is derived from the ancestral L3 macrohaplogroup, which represents the migration discussed in the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans. Haplogroup N is the ancestral haplogroup to almost all clades today distributed in Europe and Oceania, as well as many found in Asia and the Americas. It is believed to have arisen at a similar time to haplogroup M. Haplogroup N subclades like
haplogroup U6 Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. Its various subclades (labelled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found ...
are also found at high to low frequencies in northwest and northeast Africa due to a back migration from Europe or Asia during the Paleolithic ca. 46,000 ybp, the estimated age of the basal U6* clade. Other haplogroups common in Western Eurasia, such as R0, J, and T, are also common in North Africa and parts of East Africa. The haplogroup N descendant lineage U6 has been found among
Iberomaurusian The Iberomaurusian is a backed bladelet lithic industry found near the coasts of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. It is also known from a single major site in Libya, the Haua Fteah, where the industry is locally known as the Eastern Oranian.The " ...
specimens at the
Taforalt Taforalt or Grotte des Pigeons is a cave in the province of Berkane, Aït Iznasen region, Morocco, possibly the oldest cemetery in North Africa (Humphrey ''et al.'' 2012). It contained at least 34 Iberomaurusian adolescent and adult human skele ...
site, which date from the Epipaleolithic. In Sub-Saharan Africa, several ancient samples of N have been found, the oldest so far being K1a dating back to about 2000 BC in Kenya. Additionally, haplogroup N predominated among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre- Ptolemaic/late
New Kingdom New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created. New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz Albums and EPs * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator ...
, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.


Subgroups distribution

Haplogroup N's derived clades include the macro-haplogroup R and its descendants, and haplogroups A, I, S, W, X, and Y. Rare unclassified haplogroup N* has been found among fossils belonging to the Cardial and Epicardial culture ( Cardium pottery) and the
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, dating to years ago, that is, 8800–6500 BC. It was typed by British archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon during ...
. A rare unclassified form of N has been also been reported in modern
Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , religi ...
. * Haplogroup N1'5 ** Haplogroup N1 – found in Africa . *** Haplogroup N1b – found in
Middle East The Middle East ( ar, الشرق الأوسط, ISO 233: ) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (Europ ...
, Egypt ( Gurna), Caucasus and Europe. *** N1a'c'd'e'I **** Haplogroup N1c – Northern Saudi Arabia, Turkey **** N1a'd'e'I ***** Haplogroup N1d –
India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...
***** N1a'e'I ****** Haplogroup N1a – Arabian Peninsula and Northeast Africa. Found also in Central Asia and Southern Siberia. This branch is well attested in ancient people from various cultures of
Neolithic Europe The European Neolithic is the period when Neolithic (New Stone Age) technology was present in Europe, roughly between 7000 BCE (the approximate time of the first farming societies in Greece) and c.2000–1700 BCE (the beginning of the Bronze Age ...
, from Hungary to Spain, and among the earliest farmers of
Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The r ...
. ****** N1e'I ******* Haplogroup N1e – found in Balochs, Burushos, and
Buryats The Buryats ( bua, Буряад, Buryaad; mn, Буриад, Buriad) are a Mongolic ethnic group native to southeastern Siberia who speak the Buryat language. They are one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the other being the Ya ...
******* Haplogroup I – West Eurasia and South Asia. ** Haplogroup N5 – found in
India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...
. * Haplogroup N2 ** Haplogroup N2a – small clade found in West Europe. ** Haplogroup W – found in Western Eurasia and South Asia * Haplogroup N3 – all subgroups have so far only been found in Belarus *** Haplogroup N3a *** Haplogroup N3a1 ** Haplogroup N3b * Haplogroup N7 – all subgroups have so far only been found in Cambodia ** Haplogroup N7a *** Haplogroup N7a1 *** Haplogroup N7a2 ** Haplogroup N7b * Haplogroup N8 – found in China.Kong, Qing-Peng et al. 2011
Large-Scale mtDNA Screening Reveals a Surprising Matrilineal Complexity in East Asia and Its Implications to the Peopling of the Region.
/ref> * Haplogroup N9 – found in
Far East The ''Far East'' was a European term to refer to the geographical regions that includes East and Southeast Asia as well as the Russian Far East to a lesser extent. South Asia is sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons. The te ...
. ">MRCA 45,709.7 ± 7,931.5 ybp; CI=95%** Haplogroup N9a ">MRCA 17,520.4 ± 4,389.8 ybp; CI=95%*** Haplogroup N9a12 – Khon Mueang ( Pai District) *** Haplogroup N9a-C16261T **** Haplogroup N9a-C16261T* – Vietnam ( Kinh) **** Haplogroup N9a-A4129G-A4913G-T12354C-A12612G-C12636T-T16311C!!! – Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz) **** Haplogroup N9a1'3 Behar et al., 2012b">MRCA 15,007.4 ± 6,060.1 ybp; CI=95%Behar et al., 2012b***** Haplogroup N9a1 – Chinese (Hakka in Taiwan, ''etc.''),
She She most commonly refers to: *She (pronoun), the third person singular, feminine, nominative case pronoun in modern English. She or S.H.E. may also refer to: Literature and films *'' She: A History of Adventure'', an 1887 novel by H. Rider Hagga ...
, Tu, Uyghur, Tuvan, Mongolia, Khamnigan, Korea,Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." ''Electrophoresis'' (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151. Japan [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 7,100 <-> 11,600) ybpYFull Haplogroup YTree
v6.05.11 at 25 September 2018.
] ****** Haplogroup N9a1a – Chinese (Sichuan, Zhanjiang, ''etc.'') [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 12,800) ybp] ****** Haplogroup N9a1b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan) ****** Haplogroup N9a1c – Vietnam ( Tay people), Thailand ( Khon Mueang from
Chiang Mai Province Chiang Mai ( th, เชียงใหม่, ; nod, , ) is the largest Province ('' changwat'') of Thailand. It lies in upper northern Thailand and has a population of 1.78 million people. It is bordered by Chiang Rai province, Chiang R ...
, Lao Isan from Loei Province) ***** Haplogroup N9a3 – China ">MRCA 11,500 (95% CI 7,500 <-> 16,800) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a3a – Japan, Korean (Seoul), Taiwan (incl. Paiwan), Thailand (
Mon Mon, MON or Mon. may refer to: Places * Mon State, a subdivision of Myanmar * Mon, India, a town in Nagaland * Mon district, Nagaland * Mon, Raebareli, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India * Mon, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Grisons * An ...
from Lopburi Province and Kanchanaburi Province), China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Kazakhstan, Buryat, Russia (Belgorod, Chechen Republic, ''etc.''), Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Czech (West Bohemia), Hungary, Austria, Germany ">MRCA 8,280.9 ± 5,124.4 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9a2'4'5'11 ">MRCA 15,305.4 ± 4,022.6 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup N9a2 – Japan, Korea, China (Barghut in Hulunbuir, Uyghur, ''etc.'') ">MRCA 10,700 (95% CI 8,200 <-> 13,800) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a2a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur ">MRCA 8,100 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 10,000) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2a1 – Japan ">MRCA 4,200 (95% CI 1,850 <-> 8,400) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2a2 – Japan, Korea, Volga-Ural region (Tatar) ">MRCA 5,700 (95% CI 3,500 <-> 8,900) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2a3 – Japan, Hulun-Buir region (Barghut) ">MRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,400 <-> 8,400) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2a4 – Japan ">MRCA 2,800 (95% CI 600 <-> 7,900) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a2b – China ****** Haplogroup N9a2c ">MRCA 7,200 (95% CI 3,600 <-> 12,700) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a2c* – Japan ******* Haplogroup N9a2c1 – Japan, Korea, Uyghur ">MRCA 2,600 (95% CI 1,250 <-> 4,900) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a2d – Japan, Korea ">MRCA 5,200 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,000) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a2e – China ***** Haplogroup N9a4 – Malaysia ">MRCA 7,900 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 14,300) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a4a – Japan ">MRCA 4,400 (95% CI 1,500 <-> 10,200) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a4b ">MRCA 5,700 (95% CI 2,400 <-> 11,400) ybp******* Haplogroup N9a4b* – Japan ******* Haplogroup N9a4b1 – China (Minnan in Taiwan, ''etc.'') ******* Haplogroup N9a4b2 – China ***** Haplogroup N9a5 ">MRCA 8,700 (95% CI 4,700 <-> 15,000) ybp****** Haplogroup N9a5* – Korea ****** Haplogroup N9a5a – Japan ****** Haplogroup N9a5b – Japan ">MRCA 5,300 (95% CI 1,150 <-> 15,300) ybp***** Haplogroup N9a11 – Taiwan (Hakka, Minnan), Laos ( Lao from Luang Prabang) **** Haplogroup N9a6 – Thailand ( Phuan from Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang from Lamphun Province, Phutai from Sakon Nakhon Province,
Lawa Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) is the airport authority that owns and operates Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and Van Nuys Airport (VNY) for the city of Los Angeles, California. LAWA also owns and manages aviation-related property n ...
from Mae Hong Son Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province), Vietnam, Sumatra ">MRCA 11,972.5 ± 5,491.7 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup N9a6a – Cambodia (Khmer), Malaysia (Bidayuh, Jehai, Temuan, Kensiu), Sumatra, Sundanese ***** Haplogroup N9a6b – Malaysia (Seletar) **** Haplogroup N9a7 – Japan **** Haplogroup N9a8 – Japan, China, Buryat **** Haplogroup N9a9 –
Chelkans The Chelkans (native name—''Chalkandu, Shalkandu'') are a small group of Turkic indigenous people of Siberia. They speak the Northern Altai Chelkan language. Those residing in Altai Republic are sometimes grouped together with the Altai ethni ...
(
Biyka Biyka (russian: Бийка; alt, Бий, ''Biy'') is a rural locality (a selo) in and the administrative centre of Biykinskoye Rural Settlement, Turochaksky District, the Altai Republic, Russia. The population was 537 as of 2016. There are 15 str ...
,
Turochak Turochak (russian: Туроча́к, alt, Турачак, ''Turaçak'') is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Turochaksky District of the Altai Republic The Altai Republic (; russian: Респу́блика Алта ...
), Tubalar (North-East Altai), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan), China, Ukraine ( Vinnytsia Oblast), Romania (10th century AD Dobruja) **** Haplogroup N9a10 – Thailand ( Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province, Shan from Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan from Loei Province, Black Tai from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Phichit Province,
Mon Mon, MON or Mon. may refer to: Places * Mon State, a subdivision of Myanmar * Mon, India, a town in Nagaland * Mon district, Nagaland * Mon, Raebareli, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India * Mon, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Grisons * An ...
from Kanchanaburi Province), Laos ( Lao from Luang Prabang, Hmong), Vietnam (Tay Nung), China (incl. Han in Chongqing) ***** Haplogroup N9a10a – China, Taiwan (Ami) ****** Haplogroup N9a10a1 – Chinese (Suzhou) ****** Haplogroup N9a10a2 – Philippines (Ivatan), Taiwan (Ami) ******* Haplogroup N9a10a2a – Taiwan (Atayal, Tsou) ***** Haplogroup N9a10b – China ** Haplogroup N9b – Japan, Udegey, Nanai, Korea ">MRCA 14,885.6 ± 4,092.5 ybp; CI=95%*** Haplogroup N9b1 – Japan ">MRCA 11,859.3 ± 3,760.2 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9b1a – Japan ">MRCA 10,645.2 ± 3,690.3 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9b1b – Japan ">MRCA 2,746.5 ± 2,947.0 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9b1c – Japan ">MRCA 6,987.8 ± 4,967.0 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup N9b1c1 – Japan *** Haplogroup N9b2 – Japan ">MRCA 13,369.7 ± 4,110.0 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup N9b2a – Japan *** Haplogroup N9b3 – Japan ">MRCA 7,629.8 ± 6,007.6 ybp; CI=95%*** Haplogroup N9b4 – Japan, Ulchi **
Haplogroup Y In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Origin Haplogroup Y is a descendant of haplogroup N9. Distribution Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations w ...
– found especially among Nivkhs, Ulchs, Nanais, Negidals, Ainus, and the population of Nias Island, with a moderate frequency among other Tungusic peoples,
Koreans Koreans ( South Korean: , , North Korean: , ; see names of Korea) are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula. Koreans mainly live in the two Korean nation states: North Korea and South Korea (collectively and simply re ...
,
Mongols The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member ...
,
Koryaks Koryaks () are an indigenous people of the Russian Far East, who live immediately north of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Kamchatka Krai and inhabit the coastlands of the Bering Sea. The cultural borders of the Koryaks include Tigilsk in the so ...
,
Itelmens The Itelmens ( Itelmen: Итәнмән, russian: Ительмены) are an indigenous ethnic group of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia. The Itelmen language is distantly related to Chukchi and Koryak, forming the Chukotko-Kamchatkan langu ...
, Chinese, Japanese,
Tajiks Tajiks ( fa, تاجيک، تاجک, ''Tājīk, Tājek''; tg, Тоҷик) are a Persian language, Persian-speaking Iranian peoples, Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Tajiks ...
, Island Southeast Asians (including
Taiwanese aborigines Taiwanese may refer to: * Taiwanese language, another name for Taiwanese Hokkien * Something from or related to Taiwan (Formosa) * Taiwanese aborigines, the indigenous people of Taiwan * Han Taiwanese Han Taiwanese, Taiwanese Han (), Taiwane ...
), and some
Turkic peoples The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West Asia, West, Central Asia, Central, East Asia, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.. "Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose memb ...
">MRCA 24,576.4 ± 7,083.2 ybp; CI=95%*** Haplogroup Y1 – Korea, Taiwan ( Minnan), Thailand (
Iu Mien The Iu Mien language ( ium, Iu Mienh, ; zh, 勉語 or ; th, ภาษาอิวเมี่ยน) is the language spoken by the Iu Mien people in China (where they are considered a constituent group of the Yao peoples), Laos, Vietnam, T ...
from Phayao ProvinceWibhu Kutanan, Rasmi Shoocongdej, Metawee Srikummool, ''et al.'' (2020), "Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand." ''European Journal of Human Genetics''. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-0693-x), Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic ">MRCA 14,689.5 ± 5,264.3 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup Y1a – Nivkh, Ulchi, Hezhen, Udegey, Even, Zabaikal Buryat, Mongolian, Daur, Korea, Han, Tibet, UkraineY-DNA D Haplogroup Project
at Family Tree DNA
">MRCA 7,467.5 ± 5,526.7 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup Y1a1 – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Yakut, Buryat, Hezhen, Udegey, Evenk ( Taimyr),
Ket Kentucky Educational Television (KET) is a state network of PBS member television stations serving the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky. It is operated by the Kentucky Authority for Educational Television, an agency of the Kentucky state governm ...
, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Turkey ***** Haplogroup Y1a2 – Koryak, Even (Kamchatka) **** Haplogroup Y1b – Volga Tatar ">MRCA 9,222.8 ± 4,967.0 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup Y1b1 – Chinese ( Han from
Lanzhou Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
,Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, ''et al.'', "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." ''Mol Genet Genomics'' 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0. ''etc.''), Japanese, Korea, Russia **** Haplogroup Y1c - Korea (especially Jeju Island), Khamnigan, Uyghur, Canada *** Haplogroup Y2 – Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Khamnigan, South Africa ( Cape Coloured) ">MRCA 7,279.3 ± 2,894.5 ybp; CI=95%**** Haplogroup Y2a – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiyat, Tsou), Philippines (Maranao), Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Hawaii, USA (Hispanic), Spain, Ireland ">MRCA 4,929.5 ± 2,789.6 ybp; CI=95%***** Haplogroup Y2a1 - Philippines ( Bugkalot, Ivatan, Surigaonon, Manobo, Mamanwa, ''etc.''), Malaysia (
Sabah Sabah () is a state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indonesia to the south. The Federal Territory ...
, Acheh Malay from
Kedah Kedah (), also known by its honorific Darul Aman and historically as Queda, is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km2, and it consists of the mainla ...
, Banjar from
Perak Perak () is a state of Malaysia on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states of Kedah to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, and Selangor to the south. Thailand's ...
), Indonesia ( from Sumatra,
Medan Medan (; English: ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra, as well as a regional hub and financial centre of Sumatra. According to the National Development Planning Agency, Medan is one of the four ma ...
, Bangka, Mandar from Sulawesi, ''etc.'') ****** Haplogroup Y2a1a - Philippines ( Kankanaey,
Ifugao Ifugao, officially the Province of Ifugao ( ilo, Probinsia ti Ifugao; tl, Lalawigan ng Ifugao), is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Lagawe and it borders Benguet to the ...
), USA (Hispanic) **** Haplogroup Y2b – Japan, South Korea, Buryat ">MRCA 1,741.8 ± 3,454.2 ybp; CI=95%* Haplogroup N10 – found in China (Han from Shanghai, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, and Yunnan, Hani and Yi from Yunnan, She from Guizhou, Uzbek from Xinjiang) and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia). * Haplogroup N11 – found in China (Han from Yunnan, Sichuan, and Hubei, Tibetan from Xizang, Dongxiang from Gansu, Oroqen from Inner Mongolia) and the Philippines. * Haplogroup O or N12- found among
Indigenous Australians Indigenous Australians or Australian First Nations are people with familial heritage from, and membership in, the ethnic groups that lived in Australia before British colonisation. They consist of two distinct groups: the Aboriginal peoples o ...
and the Floresians of Indonesia. * Haplogroup N13 – Aboriginal Australians * Haplogroup N14 – Aboriginal Australians * Haplogroup N21 – In ethnic Malays from Malaysia and Indonesia. * Haplogroup N22 – Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, India, Japan * Haplogroup A – found in Central and East Asia, as well as among Native Americans. * Haplogroup S – extended among Aboriginal Australians. * Haplogroup X – found most often in Western Eurasia, but also present in the Americas. ** Haplogroup X1 – found primarily in North Africa as well as in some populations of the Levant, notably among the Druze ** Haplogroup X2 – found in Western Eurasia, Siberia and among Native Americans *
Haplogroup R Haplogroup R may refer to: * Haplogroup R (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup * Haplogroup R (Y-DNA), a human Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroup {{Disambig ...
– a very extended and diversified macro-haplogroup.


Subclades


Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup N subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser ''Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation'' and subsequent published research. * N ** N1'5 *** N1 **** N1a'c'd'e'I ***** N1a'd'e'I ****** N1a'e'I ******* N1a ******** N1a1 ********* N1a1a ******* N1e'I ******** I ******** N1e ****** N1d ***** N1c **** N1b ***** N1b1 ****** N1b1a ****** N1b1b ****** N1b1c ******* N1b1d ***** N1b2 *** N5 ** N2 *** N2a *** W ** N3 ***N3a ****N3a1 ***N3b ** N7 ***N7a ****N7a1 ****N7a2 ***N7b ** N8 ** N9 *** N9a **** N9a1'3 ***** N9a1 ***** N9a3 **** N9a2'4'5 ***** N9a2 ****** N9a2a'b ******* N9a2a ******* N9a2b ****** N9a2c ****** N9a2d ***** N9a4 ***** N9a5 **** N9a6 ***** N9a6a *** N9b **** N9b1 ***** N9b1a ***** N9b1b ***** N9b1c ****** N9b1c1 **** N9b2 **** N9b3 *** Y ** N10 *** N10a *** N10b ** N11 *** N11a **** N11a1 **** N11a2 *** N11b ** N13 ** N14 ** N21 ** N22 ** A ** O *** O1 ** S ** X ** R


See also


References


External links

* Haplogroup N ** Mannis van Oven'
– mtDNA subtree N
*

from '' National Geographic'' ** {{cite journal , doi=10.1073/pnas.0702928104 , title=Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis , year=2007 , last1=Hudjashov , first1=G. , last2=Kivisild , first2=T. , last3=Underhill , first3=P. A. , last4=Endicott , first4=P. , last5=Sanchez , first5=J. J. , last6=Lin , first6=A. A. , last7=Shen , first7=P. , last8=Oefner , first8=P. , last9=Renfrew , first9=C. , last10=Villems , first10=R. , last11=Forster , first11=P. , journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , volume=104 , pages=8726–30 , pmid=17496137 , issue=21 , pmc=1885570, bibcode=2007PNAS..104.8726H , doi-access=free ** Katherine Borges
The Haplogroup N mtDNA Study
at Family Tree DNA * General ** Ian Logan'
Mitochondrial DNA Site
N