''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds,

reptile Reptiles, as most commonly defined are the animals in the class Reptilia ( ), a paraphyletic grouping comprising all sauropsids except birds. Living reptiles comprise turtles, crocodilians, squamates (lizards and snakes) and rhynchocephalians ( ...

s and

amphibian Amphibians are tetrapod, four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the Class (biology), class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terres ...

s. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemoproteus'' was first used in the description of '' H. columbae'' in the blood of the pigeon ''

Columba livia The rock dove, rock pigeon, or common pigeon ( also ; ''Columba livia'') is a member of the bird family Columbidae (doves and pigeons). In common usage, it is often simply referred to as the "pigeon". The domestic pigeon (''Columba livia domes ...

'' by Kruse in 1890. This was also the first description of this genus. Two other genera — '' Halteridium'' and '' Simondia'' — are now considered to be synonyms of ''Haemoproteus''. The protozoa are intracellular parasites that infect the erythrocytes. They are transmitted by blood sucking insects including mosquitoes, biting midges ('' Culicoides''), louse flies ('' Hippoboscidae'') and horse-flies (" tabanids", "tabanid flies"). Infection with this genus is sometimes known as pseudomalaria because of the parasites' similarities with '' Plasmodium'' species. Within the genus there are at least 173 species, 5 varieties and 1

subspecies In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species ...

. Of these over 140 occur in birds, 16 in reptiles and 3 in amphibia: 14

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood * Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...

s and 50 families of birds are represented. These include gamebirds ('' Galliformes''), waterfowl (''

Anseriformes Anseriformes is an order of birds also known as waterfowl that comprises about 180 living species of birds in three families: Anhimidae (three species of screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which in ...

''), raptors ('' Accipitriformes'', '' Falconiformes'', '' Strigiformes''), pigeons and doves ('' Columbiformes''), and perching birds or songbirds ('' Passeriformes'').

Taxonomy and systematics

Evolution

The earliest known fossil is of a ''Haemoproteus''-like organism (''

Paleohaemoproteus burmacis ''Paleohaemoproteus'' is an extinct genus of ''Haemoproteus'' like organisms. The type species and only known example is that of an isolate found in the abdominal cavity of a female biting midge trapped 100 million years ago in amber found in My ...

'') was found in the abdominal cavity of a female biting midge trapped 100 million years ago in amber found in

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John C. Wells, Joh ...

Taxonomic history

The first description of this genus was in 1890 by Kruse who described '' H. columbae'' in the blood of the pigeon ''

''. McCallum in 1897 showed that the process of exflagellation was part of sexual reproduction in these parasites and thought it probable that the same process occurred in '' Plasmodium''. The first record of a haemoproteid parasite in a reptile was by Simond in 1901 who gave it the name '' H. metchnikovi''. The Sergent brothers in 1906 showed that the ectoparasitic fly ''

Pseudolynchia canariensis ''Pseudolynchia canariensis'', the pigeon louse fly or pigeon fly, is a species of biting fly in the family of louse flies, Hippoboscidae. Distribution ''Pseudolynchia canariensis'' are species-specific (Columbidae) obligate ectoparasites potent ...

'' was the vector of ''H. columbae''. Aragao in 1908 demonstrated the schizogonic stages of ''H. columbae'' in the

endothelial cell The endothelium is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel ...

s of the

lung The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and most other animals, including some snails and a small number of fish. In mammals and most other vertebrates, two lungs are located near the backbone on either side of t ...

s of nestling pigeons infected by the bite of infected ''Pseudolynchia''. It was generally believed that transmission of the parasites was by regurgitation during a

blood meal Blood meal is a dry, inert powder made from blood, used as a high-nitrogen organic fertilizer and a high protein animal feed. N = 13.25%, P = 1.0%, K = 0.6%. It is one of the highest non-synthetic sources of nitrogen. It usually comes from cattle ...

until Adie showed that the parasites develop in the salivary glands in a fashion analogous to that of ''Plasmodium'' in mosquitoes. The genus '' Halterium'' was created by the French parasitologist Alphonse Labbe for a species he observed with

gametocyte A gametocyte is a eukaryotic germ cell that divides by mitosis into other gametocytes or by meiosis into gametids during gametogenesis. Male gametocytes are called ''spermatocytes'', and female gametocytes are called ''oocytes''. Development ...

s in erythrocytes, with pigment granules, and halter-shaped when fully formed. This genus was soon subsumed into the genus ''Haemoproteus''. The genus ''

Haemocystidium ''Haemocystidium'' is a genus of parasitic alveolates belonging to the phylum Apicomplexia. History The genus ''Haemocystidium'' was created to give a name to the haemoproteid of a gecko belonging to the genus '' Hemidactylus'' in Sri Lanka by ...

'' was created to give a name to the haemoproteid of a

gecko Geckos are small, mostly carnivorous lizards that have a wide distribution, found on every continent except Antarctica. Belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, geckos are found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from . Geckos ar ...

belonging to the genus '' Hemidactylus'' in

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

by Castellani and Willey in 1904. A second species in this genus was described in 1909 by Johnston and Cleland who found pigmented gametocytes in the blood of the Australian tortoise ''

Chelodina longicollis The eastern long-necked turtle (''Chelodina longicollis'')Kennett, R., Roe, J., Hodges, K., and Georges, A. 2009. ''Chelodina longicollis'' (Shaw 1784) – eastern long-necked turtle, common long-necked turtle, common snake-necked turtle. ''In'': ...

''. These species were transferred to ''Haemoproteus'' in 1926 by Wenyon. The genus was resurrected by Garnham in 1966 when he created a new generic name — '' Simondia'' — for the haemoproteids of chelonians. He followed the opinions of Wenyon, Hewitt and DeGiusti and suggested that all these parasites belonged to the one species — '' Simondia metchnikovi''. He retained the name ''Haemocystidium'' for the haemoproteids of

lizard Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group is paraphyletic since it excludes the snakes and Amphisbaenia alt ...

s. A different genus of vectors was identified in 1957 by Fallis and Wood when they identified '' H. nettionis'' in ''

Culicoides downesi ''Culicoides'' is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus,Connelly, C. RBiting midges: ''Culicoides'' spp.Featured Creatures, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida I ...

'' Wirth and Hubert in Ontario, Canada. Levine and Campbell in 1971 moved all the species in ''Simondia'' and ''Haemocystidium'' into ''Haemoproteus'', an opinion that was followed by subsequent authors. The genus ''Haemocystidium'' was resurrected again by Telford in 1996 when he described three new species of protozoa in geckos from Pakistan. This genus like those of many protozoa may be further modified once additional

DNA sequence DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ...

s are available. For instance, many DNA sequences have been identified for ''Haemoproteus'' in birds around the world in recent years, leading to new knowledge about the previously unknown diversity of this parasite in different regions.

Subgenera

The species infecting avian hosts have been divided into two subgenera — ''Haemoproteus'' and ''Parahaemoproteus'' — a division proposed in 1965 by Bennett ''et al''. These may be distinguished as follows: ': Vectors are hippoboscid flies ('' Hippoboscidae''). Exflagellation does not occur below 20 degrees Celsius. Mature

oocyst Apicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism i ...

s have diameters greater than 20 micrometres. The average length of the sporozoites is less than 10 micrometres. One end of the sporozoite is more pointed than the other. Although the majority are parasites of the Columbiformes, some species from this subgenus have also been reported in the Charadriiformes, Pelecaniformes and Suliformes. ': Parasites of birds other than the Columbiformes. Vectors are biting midges ('' Ceratopogonidae''). Exflagellation occurs below . Mature

s have diameters less than 20 micrometres. The average length of the sporozoites is greater than 10 micrometres. Both ends of the sporozoite are equally pointed. While it was previously thought that ''Haemoproteus'' was limited to doves and related species, species in this genus have been isolated from frigatebirds.

Species list

*''

Haemoproteus aegnithidae ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus aegyptius'' *'' Haemoproteus africanus'' *'' Haemoproteus alaudae'' *''

Haemoproteus anatolicum ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus anthi'' *'' Haemoproteus antigonis'' *''

Haemoproteus asturisdussumieri ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *''

Haemoproteus attenatus ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus balearicae'' *'' Haemoproteus balli'' *''

Haemoproteus balmorali ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *''

Haemoproteus bambusicolae ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus bennetti'' *'' Haemoproteus brachiatus'' *'' Haemoproteus beckeri'' *''

Haemoproteus belopolskyi ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemoprot ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus bennetti'' *'' Haemoproteus borgesi'' *'' Haemoproteus brodkorbi'' *''

Haemoproteus bubalornis ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus bucerotis'' *''

Haemoproteus canachites ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus caprimulgi'' *'' Haemoproteus catharti'' *'' Haemoproteus catenatus'' *''

Haemoproteus cellii ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *''

Haemoproteus centropi ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus chelodina'' *'' Haemoproteus coatneyi'' *'' Haemoproteus columbae'' *'' Haemoproteus concavocentralis'' *'' Haemoproteus cornuata'' *'' Haemoproteus crumenius'' *'' Haemoproteus cyanomitrae'' *'' Haemoproteus danilewskyi'' *''

Haemoproteus desseri ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus dicaeus'' *''

Haemoproteus dicruri ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus dolniki'' *'' Haemoproteus edomensis'' *'' Haemoproteus elani'' *'' Haemoproteus enucleator'' *''

Haemoproteus forresteri ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus fringillae'' *'' Haemoproteus fusca'' *'' Haemoproteus gabaldoni'' *'' Haemoproteus garnhami'' *'' Haemoproteus geochelonis'' *'' Haemoproteus greineri'' *'' Haemoproteus goodmani'' *''

Haemoproteus halcyonis ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus handai'' *'' Haemoproteus hirundinis'' *''

Haemoproteus himalayanus ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *''

Haemoproteus homobelopolskyi ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus homopalloris'' *'' Haemoproteus homovelans'' *'' Haemoproteus hudaidensis'' *''

Haemoproteus iwa ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus janovyi'' *'' Haemoproteus jenniae'' *'' Haemoproteus khani'' *'' Haemoproteus kopki'' *'' Haemoproteus krylovi'' *'' Haemoproteus lanii'' *'' Haemoproteus lari'' *'' Haemoproteus lophortyx'' *'' Haemoproteus kopki'' *''

Haemoproteus maccallumi ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *''

Haemoproteus mackerrasi ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus macrovacuolatus'' *'' Haemoproteus madagascariensis'' *''

Haemoproteus majoris ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus mansoni'' *''

Haemoproteus mathislegeri ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus melopeliae'' *''

Haemoproteus meleagridis ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus meropis'' *'' Haemoproteus mesnili'' *'' Haemoproteus metchnikovi'' *'' Haemoproteus micronuclearis'' *'' Haemoproteus minutus'' *'' Haemoproteus motacillae'' *'' Haemoproteus multipigmentatus'' *''

Haemoproteus multivolutinus ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus nebraskensis'' *''

Haemoproteus nettionis ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus nisi'' *'' Haemoproteus noctuae'' *''

Haemoproteus nucleofascialis ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus nucleophilus'' *''

Haemoproteus oedurae ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus orioli'' *'' Haemoproteus oryzivora'' *''

Haemoproteus ovalis ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *''

Haemoproteus pallidus ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus pallidulus'' *'' Haemoproteus palumbis'' *'' Haemoproteus pasteris'' *'' Haemoproteus pastoris'' *''

Haemoproteus parabelopolskyi ''Haemoproteus parabelopolskyi '' is a species of parasitic alveolates that infects birds. Seventeen strains of ''H. parabelopolskyi'' are found only in the blackcap, and form a monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monop ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus paramultipigmentatus'' *'' Haemoproteus paranucleophilus'' *''

Haemoproteus paruli ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemoprot ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus passeris'' *'' Haemoproteus payevskyi'' *'' Haemoproteus peltocephali'' *'' Haemoproteus peircei'' *'' Haemoproteus pelouri'' *'' Haemoproteus phyllodactyli'' *'' Haemoproteus piresi'' *'' Haemoproteus plataleae'' *'' Haemoproteus pratosi'' *''

Haemoproteus prognei ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemoproteu ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus psittaci'' *'' Haemoproteus pteroclis'' *'' Haemoproteus ptyodactyli'' *'' Haemoproteus quelea'' *'' Haemoproteus raymundi'' *'' Haemoproteus rileyi'' *'' Haemoproteus rupicola'' *'' Haemoproteus sacharovi'' *'' Haemoproteus sanguinus'' *'' Haemoproteus sanîosdiasï'' *'' Haemoproteus sauianae'' *'' Haemoproteus sequeirae'' *''

Haemoproteus serini ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus silvaï'' *'' Haemoproteus sturni'' *'' Haemoproteus sylvae'' *'' Haemoproteus syrnii'' *''

Haemoproteus tarentolae ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemoproteu ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus tartakovskyi'' *'' Haemoproteus telfordi'' *'' Haemoproteus tendeiroi'' *'' Haemoproteus tinnunculi'' *'' Haemoproteus thraupi'' *'' Haemoproteus trionyxi'' *''

Haemoproteus turtur ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemopro ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus uraeginthus'' *'' Haemoproteus vacuolatus'' *'' Haemoproteus valkiūnasi'' *'' Haemoproteus vangii'' *''

Haemoproteus velans ''Haemoproteus'' is a genus of alveolates that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: ''Haima'', "blood", and ''Proteus'', a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name ''Haemoproteu ...

'' *'' Haemoproteus vireonis'' *'' Haemoproteus wenyoni'' *'' Haemoproteus witti'' *'' Haemoproteus xantholemae'' *'' Haemoproteus zosteropsis''

Life cycle

Haemoproteus ilanpapernai parasite130095-fig1

The infective stage is the sporozoite which is present in the salivary glands of the vector. Once the vector bites a new host, the sporozoites enter the blood stream and invade

s of blood vessels within various tissues including those of the

, liver and spleen. Within the

s, the sporozoites undergo

asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms inherit the fu ...

becoming schizonts. These in turn produce numerous merozoites which penetrate the erythrocytes and mature into either female gametocytes ( macrogametocytes) or male gametocytes ( microgametocytes).

Gametocyte A gametocyte is a eukaryotic germ cell that divides by mitosis into other gametocytes or by meiosis into gametids during gametogenesis. Male gametocytes are called ''spermatocytes'', and female gametocytes are called ''oocytes''. Development ...

s can then be ingested by another blood-sucking insect where they undergo sexual reproduction in the midgut of the insect to produce

s. The oocysts rupture and release numerous sporozoites that invade the salivary gland and serve as a focus of subsequent infection for another host once the insect takes its next blood meal.

Description

Only gametocytes are found in the blood. Asexual reproduction occurs in body organs, especially the liver. The organisms occupy the majority of the cytoplasm, leaving the light magenta, finely granular, pink

nucleus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: *Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom *Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucle ...

centrally located. Taxonomy of this genus is difficult as there are few distinct morphological differences between the recognised species. Many of them were described under the 'one species-one host' hypothesis which is now thought to be potentially misleading. The morphological features most commonly used to describe a species include the number of pigment granules, the degree of encirclement of the host nucleus, the size of the parasite, the degree of host nucleus displacement and the degree of host cell enlargement. DNA studies should help to clarify this area but to date have rarely been undertaken. The gametocytes have five basic forms: *thin gametocytes with incomplete margins ('' H. balearicae'', '' H. pelouri'') *halterial gametocytes ('' H. maccullumi'') *thick sausage shaped gametocytes that fill most of the host cell and displace the host nucleus laterally ('' H. halyconis'', '' H. plataleae'') *gametocytes that encircle the host nucleus and fill the host cell ('' H. telfordi'') *straight gametocytes that normally occur in anucleate cells and are almost as long as the host cell ('' H. enucleator'')

Diagnostic criteria

s are only present within erythrocytes * Gametocytes have a "halter-shaped" appearance with little displacement of the host

* Schizonts are not seen on peripheral blood smears * Multiple pigment granules (

hemozoin Haemozoin is a disposal product formed from the digestion of blood by some blood-feeding parasites. These hematophagous organisms such as malaria parasites (''Plasmodium spp.''), ''Rhodnius'' and ''Schistosoma'' digest haemoglobin and release high ...

) are present within the erythrocytes Pigment granules are refractile and yellow to brown in colour.

Pathology

Infections with most ''Haemoproteus'' species appear to produce subclinical infections. Post-mortem findings include enlargement of the spleen, liver and kidneys. These organs may appear chocolate-brown due to hemozoin deposition. Cytologic imprints may reveal schizont-laden endothelial cells. Some species of ''Haemoproteus'' will also form large, cyst-like bodies within the skeletal muscles that resembling those seen with '' Sarcocystis'' species infections. Pigeons infected with '' H. columbae'' may develop enlarged gizzards; and anemia has been recorded. Flocks of bobwhite quail (''

Colinus virginianus The northern bobwhite (''Colinus virginianus''), also known as the Virginia quail or (in its home range) bobwhite quail, is a ground-dwelling bird native to Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Cuba, with introduced populations elsewhere in th ...

'') may become infected with '' H. lophortyx''. Infected birds may suffer from reluctance to move, ruffled appearance, prostration and death. Other findings include parasitemia and anemia. Large

megaloschizont Megaloschizonts are large schizonts that produce extremely high numbers of merozoites. They are found in various species of the Phylum '' Apicomplexa''. The '' Apicomplexa'' phylum contains several parasitic protozoans. They have a very complex ...

s may be present in

skeletal muscle Skeletal muscles (commonly referred to as muscles) are organs of the vertebrate muscular system and typically are attached by tendons to bones of a skeleton. The muscle cells of skeletal muscles are much longer than in the other types of muscl ...

s, particularly those of the thighs and back. The average cumulative mortality for flocks experiencing outbreaks may be over 20%. Experimental infection of turkeys with '' H. meleagridis'' resulted in lameness, diarrhea, depression, emaciation, anorexia and occasionally anemia. Muscovey ducks infected with '' H. nettionis'' suffered lameness, dyspnea and sudden death. In other avian species, anemia and anorexia have been reported occasionally. Importantly, new records of ''Haemoproteus'' are discovered constantly and should still be monitored for effects on host condition.

Effect on vectors

''H. columbae'' infects rock pigeons (''

'') and is vectored by a hippoboscid fly (''

''). Both sexes of vector can transmit the parasite. Species of the '' Hippoboscoidea'' the superfamily to which ''Ps. canariensis'' belongs do not lay

egg An egg is an organic vessel grown by an animal to carry a possibly fertilized egg cell (a zygote) and to incubate from it an embryo within the egg until the embryo has become an animal fetus that can survive on its own, at which point the a ...

s. Instead the larvae hatch ''in utero'', are fed internally by 'milk glands' and pass through three morphological stages before being deposited to pupate. The survival of female flies is significantly reduced when they were infected with the parasite. In contrast no effect is seen on male fly survival. Additionally the females produce fewer offspring when infected but the quality of the offspring does not seem to be affected.

Host records

Avian hosts

*''H. anthi'' — yellow wagtails (''

Motacilla flava The western yellow wagtail (''Motacilla flava'') is a small perching bird, passerine in the wagtail family (biology), family Motacillidae, which also includes the pipits and longclaws. This species breeds in much of temperate Europe and Asia. It ...

'') *''H. antigonis'' — Florida sandhill crane ('' Grus canadensis pratensis'') *''H. balearicae'' — black crowned crane ('' Balearica pavonina gibbericeps'', '' B. p. pavonina''), Florida sandhill crane ('' Grus canadensis pratensis'') *''H. bambusicolae'' — bamboo partridge (''

Bambusicola thoracica sonorivox The Chinese bamboo partridge (''Bambusicola thoracicus'') is a small Galliform bird. It is one of three species in the genus '' Bambusicola'', along with the mountain bamboo partridge of the Himalayas, and the Taiwan bamboo partridge of Taiwa ...

'') *''H. beckeri'' — gray catbird ('' Dumetella carolinensis'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) belopolskyi'' — blackcaps ('' Sylvia atricapilla'') *''H. bennetti'' — greater yellownape (''

Picus flavinucha The greater yellownape (''Chrysophlegma flavinucha'') is a species of bird in the woodpecker family Picidae. It is found in East Asia from northern and eastern India to south-eastern China, Indochina, Hainan, and Sumatra. Its natural habitat ...

'') *''H. borgesi'' — red cockaded woodpecker (''

Picoides borealis The red-cockaded woodpecker (''Leuconotopicus borealis'') is a woodpecker endemic to the southeastern United States. Description The red-cockaded woodpecker is small to mid-sized species, being intermediate in size between North America's two ...

'') *''H. brachiatus'' — saker falcon (''

Falco cherrug The saker falcon (''Falco cherrug'') is a large species of falcon. This species breeds from central Europe eastwards across the Palearctic to Manchuria. It is mainly bird migration, migratory except in the southernmost parts of its range, winter ...

'') *''H. bucerotis'' — red billed hornbill ('' Tockus erythrorhynchus'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) canachites'' — grouse *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) catharti'' — turkey vulture (''

Cathartes aura The turkey vulture (''Cathartes aura'') is the most widespread of the New World vultures. One of three species in the genus ''Cathartes'' of the family Cathartidae, the turkey vulture ranges from southern Canada to the southernmost tip of South ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) coatneyi'' — bananaquit ('' Coereba flaveola''), white-crowned sparrows (''

Zonotrichia leucophrys The white-crowned sparrow (''Zonotrichia leucophrys'') is a species of passerine bird native to North America. A medium-sized member of the New World sparrow family, this species is marked by a grey face and black and white streaking on the upp ...

'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) columbae'' — Japanese black wood pigeons (''

Columba janthina The Japanese wood pigeon (''Columba janthina'') is a species of columbid bird. It is found in East Asia along shorelines of the Pacific's Korea Strait, Philippine Sea and East China Sea. They are believed to be the largest representative of th ...

''), pigeon (''

''), doves (''

Columbina talpacoti The ruddy ground dove (''Columbina talpacoti'') is a small New World tropical dove. It is a resident breeder from Mexico south to Brazil, Peru and Paraguay, and northern Argentina, and on Trinidad and Tobago. Individual birds can sometimes be se ...

'', ''

Scardafella squammata The scaled dove (''Columbina squammata''), also known as scaly dove, Ridgway's dove, mottled dove, and South American zebra dove, is found in Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Colombia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela ...

'', '' Zenaida auriculata''), laughing dove ('' Stigmatopelia senegalensis''), eastern white-winged doves ('' Z. asiatica asiatica''), mourning doves ('' Z. macroura'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) concavocentralis'' — hawfinch (''

Coccothraustes coccothraustes The hawfinch (''Coccothraustes coccothraustes'') is a passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. It is the only species placed in the genus ''Coccothraustes''. Its closest living relatives are the Chinese grosbeak (''Eophona migratoria'' ...

'') *''H. cornuata'' — coppersmith barbet (''

Megalaima haemacephala The coppersmith barbet (''Psilopogon haemacephalus''), also called crimson-breasted barbet and coppersmith, is an Asian barbet with crimson forehead and throat, known for its metronomic call that sounds similar to a coppersmith striking metal wi ...

'') *''H. crumenium'' — wood stork (''

Mycteria americana The wood stork (''Mycteria americana'') is a large American wading bird in the family Ciconiidae (storks), the only member of the family to breed in North America. It was formerly called the "wood ibis", though it is not an ibis. It is found ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) cyanomitrae'' — olive sunbird (''

Nectarinia olivacea The olive sunbird (''Cyanomitra olivacea'') is a species of sunbird found in a large part of Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7&n ...

'', ''Cyanomitra olivacea'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) danilewskyi'' — blue jays (''

Cyanocitta cristata The blue jay (''Cyanocitta cristata'') is a passerine bird in the family (biology), family Corvidae, native to eastern North America. It lives in most of the eastern and central United States; some eastern populations may be migratory. Resident ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) desseri'' — blossom headed parakeet (''

Psittacula roseata The blossom-headed parakeet (''Psittacula roseata'') is a parrot in the family Psittaculidae. Taxonomy The species is divided into two subspecies: *''Psittacula roseata juneae'' Biswas, 1951 (S Myanmar and Thailand to Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam) ...

'') *''H. dicruri'' — fork tailed drongo ('' Dicrurus adsimilis''), crested drongos ('' D. forficatus'') *''H. elani'' — Cooper's hawk (''

Accipiter cooperii Cooper's hawk (''Accipiter cooperii'') is a medium-sized hawk native to the North American continent and found from southern Canada to Mexico. This species is a member of the genus ''Accipiter'', sometimes referred to as true hawks, which are f ...

''), sharp shinned hawk ('' A. striatus'') *''H. enucleator'' — kingfisher (''

Ispidina picta The African pygmy kingfisher (''Ispidina picta'') is a small insectivorous kingfisher found in the Afrotropics, mostly in woodland habitats. Taxonomy The African pygmy kingfisher was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) fringillae'' — rufous-winged ('' Aimophila carpalis''), house finch (''

Carpodacus mexicanus The house finch (''Haemorhous mexicanus'') is a bird in the finch Family (biology), family Fringillidae. It is native to western North America and has been introduced to the eastern half of the continent and Hawaii. This species and the other tw ...

''), hawfinch (''

''), oriental magpie robin (''

Copsychus saularis The Oriental magpie-robin (''Copsychus saularis'') is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but now considered an Old World flycatcher. They are distinctive black and white birds with a long ...

''), dark-eyed juncos ('' Junco hyemalis''), American redstarts (''

Setophaga ruticilla The American redstart (''Setophaga ruticilla'') is a New World warbler. It is unrelated to the Old World (common) redstart. Taxonomy The American redstart was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his ''Systema Naturae'' un ...

'') *''H. forresteri'' — rufous-headed ground-roller ('' Atelornis crossleyi'') *''H. gabaldoni'' — Muscovy duck ('' Cairina moschata'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) garnhami'' — sparrows *''H. goodmani'' — pitta-like ground-roller ('' Atelornis pittoides'') *''H. greineri'' — wood ducks ('' Aix sponsa''), common mergansers (''

Mergus merganser The common merganser (North American) or goosander (Eurasian) (''Mergus merganser'') is a large seaduck of rivers and lakes in forested areas of Europe, Asia, and North America. The common merganser eats mainly fish. It nests in holes in trees. ...

''), common pochard ('' Aythya ferina'') *''H. handai'' — lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo (''

Cacatua sulphurea The yellow-crested cockatoo (''Cacatua sulphurea'') also known as the lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo, is a medium-sized (about 34-cm-long) cockatoo with white plumage, bluish-white bare orbital skin, grey feet, a black bill, and a retractile yel ...

''), plum-headed parakeet (''

Psittacula cyanocephala The plum-headed parakeet (''Psittacula cyanocephala'') is a parakeet in the family Psittacidae. It is endemic to the Indian Subcontinent and was once thought to be conspecific with the blossom-headed parakeet (''Psittacula roseata'') but was late ...

''), ring necked parakeet (''

Psittacula krameri manillensis The rose-ringed parakeet (''Psittacula krameri''), also known as the ring-necked parakeet (more commonly known as the Indian ringneck parrot), is a medium-sized parrot in the genus Psittacula, of the family Psittacidae. It has disjunct native ran ...

'') *''H. himalayanus'' — rufous sibia (''

Heterophasia capistrata The rufous sibia (''Heterophasia capistrata'') is a rare species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It feeds on berries and insects. It is found in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent, ranging across India, Nepal and Bhutan. Its nat ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) homobelopolskyi'' — red headed malimbe (''

Malimbus rubricollis The red-headed malimbe (''Malimbus rubricollis'') is a species of bird in the family Ploceidae. It is widespread across the African tropical rainforest. References External links Red-headed malimbe- Species text in Weaver Watch red-head ...

''), black headed weaver (''

Ploceus melanocephalus The black-headed weaver (''Ploceus melanocephalus''), also known as yellow-backed weaver, is a species of bird in the family Ploceidae. Taxonomy and systematics ''P. victoriae'' Ash, 1986 is now thought to be a hybrid between ''P. melanoceph ...

''), red billed quelea ('' Quelea quelea'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) homopalloris'' - wood warblers ('' Phylloscopus sibilatrix'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) homovelans'' — grey-faced woodpecker ('' Picus canus'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) hudaidensis'' — blue checked bee-eater ('' Merops superciliosus persicus'' Pallas) *''H. ilanpapernai'' — spotted wood owl ('' Strix seloputo''), Brown Hawk-Owl (''

Ninox scutulata The brown boobook (''Ninox scutulata''), also known as the brown hawk-owl, is an owl which is a resident breeder in south Asia from India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal east to western Indonesia and south China. This species is a part of the la ...

'') *''H. iwa'' — great frigatebirds (''

Fregata minor The great frigatebird (''Fregata minor'') is a large seabird in the frigatebird family. There are major nesting populations in the tropical Pacific (including the Galapagos Islands) and Indian Oceans, as well as a tiny population in the South At ...

''), magnificent frigatebirds ('' F. magnificens'') *''H. janovyi'' — whitebacked vulture ('' Gyps africanus''), hooded vulture ('' Necrosyrtes monachus''), white-headed vulture (''

Trigonoceps occipitalis The white-headed vulture (''Trigonoceps occipitalis'') is an Old World vulture endemic to Africa. Populations have been declining steeply in recent years due to habitat degradation and poisoning of vultures at carcasses. An extinct relative was ...

'') lappet faced vulture ('' Torgos tracheliotus'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) jenniae'' — swallow tailed gull ('' Creagrus furcatus'') *''H. khani'' — crested drongos ('' Dicrurus forficatus'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) lanii'' — red backed shrike ('' Lanius collurio''), woodchat shrike ('' L. senator'') *''H. lari'' — Caspian gulls (''

Larus cachinnans The Caspian gull (''Larus cachinnans'') is a large gull and a member of the herring and lesser black-backed gull complex. The scientific name is from Latin. ''Larus'' appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird, and ''cachinnans'' ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) lophortyx'' — California quail ('' Callipepla californica''), scaled quail (''

Callipepla squamata The scaled quail (''Callipepla squamata''), also commonly called blue quail or cottontop, is a species of the New World quail family. It is a bluish gray bird found in the arid regions of the Southwestern United States to Central Mexico. This spe ...

''), bobwhite quail (''

'') *''H. maccallumi'' — mourning doves (''

Zenaida macroura The mourning dove (''Zenaida macroura'') is a member of the dove family, Columbidae. The bird is also known as the American mourning dove, the rain dove, and colloquially as the turtle dove, and was once known as the Carolina pigeon and Caroli ...

'') *''H. macrovacuolatus'' — black-bellied whistling duck ('' Dendrocygna autumnalis'') *''H. madagascariensis'' — hook billed vanga (''

Vanga curvirostris The hook-billed vanga (''Vanga curvirostris'') is a species of bird in the family Vangidae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, and subtropica ...

'') *''H. majoris'' — Swainson's thrush ('' Catharus ustulatus''), blue tit (''

Cyanistes caeruleus The Eurasian blue tit (''Cyanistes caeruleus'') is a small passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae. It is easily recognisable by its blue and yellow plumage and small size. Eurasian blue tits, usually resident and non-migratory birds, are ...

''), collared flycatcher (''

Ficedula albicollis The collared flycatcher (''Ficedula albicollis'') is a small passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family, one of the four species of Western Palearctic black-and-white flycatchers. It breeds in southeast Europe (isolated populations are pr ...

''), pied flycatcher ('' F. hypoleuca'') *''H. mansoni'' — blue grouse (''

Dendragapus obscurus The dusky grouse (''Dendragapus obscurus'') is a species of forest-dwelling grouse native to the Rocky Mountains in North America.del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World'' 2: 401-402. Lynx Edic ...

''), ptarmigan (''

Lagopus lagopus The willow ptarmigan () (''Lagopus lagopus'') is a bird in the grouse subfamily Tetraoninae of the pheasant family Phasianidae. It is also known as the willow grouse and in Ireland and Britain, where the subspecies '' L. l. scotica'' was previo ...

'') *''H. meleagridis'' — turkey (''

Meleagris gallopavo The wild turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo'') is an upland ground bird native to North America, one of two extant species of turkey and the heaviest member of the order Galliformes. It is the ancestor to the domestic turkey, which was originally de ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) micronuclearis'' — red headed malimbe (''

''), black headed weaver (''

''), red billed quelea ('' Quelea quelea'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) multipigmentatus'' — Galapagos dove ('' Zenaida galapagoensis'') *''H. motacillae'' — yellow wagtails (''

'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) multivolutinus'' — tambourine dove ('' Turtur timpanistria'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) nettionis'' — wood ducks ('' Aix sponsa''), blue-winged teals (''

Anas discors The blue-winged teal (''Spatula discors'') is a species of bird in the duck, goose, and swan family Anatidae. One of the smaller members of the dabbling duck group, it occurs in North America, where it breeds from southern Alaska to Nova Scotia, ...

''), Pekin duck ('' Anas platyrhynchos''), lesser scaups (''

Aythya affinis The lesser scaup (''Aythya affinis'') is a small North American diving duck that migrates south as far as Central America in winter. It is colloquially known as the little bluebill or broadbill because of its distinctive blue bill. The origin of ...

''), common pochard ('' Aythya ferina''), ring-necked ducks ('' Aythya collaris''), Muscovey duck ('' Cairina moschata''), trumpeter swans ('' Cygnus buccinator'') *''H. nisi'' — Cooper's hawk (''

''), sharp shinned hawk ('' A. striatus'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) nucleofascialis'' — red headed malimbe (''

''), black headed weaver (''

''), red billed quelea ('' Quelea quelea'') *''H. noctuae'' — snowy owls (''

Nyctea scandiaca The snowy owl (''Bubo scandiacus''), also known as the polar owl, the white owl and the Arctic owl, is a large, white owl of the true owl family. Snowy owls are native to the Arctic regions of both North America and the Palearctic, breeding ...

''), spotted owl (''

Strix occidentalis The spotted owl (''Strix occidentalis'') is a species of true owl. It is a resident species of old-growth forests in western North America, where it nests in tree hollows, old bird of prey nests, or rock crevices. Nests can be between high and ...

'') *''H. orioli'' — golden oriole (''

Oriolus oriolus The Eurasian golden oriole (''Oriolus oriolus'') also called the common golden oriole, is the only member of the Old World oriole family of passerine birds breeding in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions. It is a summer migrant in Europe and ...

'') *''H. oryzivorae'' — oriental magpie robin (''

''), Indian silverbill ('' Lonchura malabarica''), tricoloured munia ('' L. malacca ruboniger''), scaly-breasted munia ('' L. punctulata''), baya weaver ('' Ploceus philippinus''), jungle babbler ('' Turdoides striata'') *''H. palumbus'' — pigeon ('' Columba palumbus palumbus'') *''H. pallidus'' — pied flycatcher ('' Ficedula hypoleuca''), collared flycatcher ('' F. albicollis'') *''H. pallidulus'' — blackcap ('' Sylvia atricapilla'') *''H. parabelopolskyi'' — blackcap ('' Sylvia atricapilla'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) paramultipigmentatus'' — Socorro common ground dove (''

Columbina passerina socorroensis The common ground dove (''Columbina passerina'') is a small bird that inhabits the southern United States, parts of Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America. It is considered to be the smallest dove that inhabits the United State ...

'') *''H. passeris'' — Israeli house sparrow ('' Passer domesticus biblicus'') *''H. pasteris'' — pied myna ('' Sturnus contra''), grey headed myna ('' S. malabaricus'') *''H. pastoris'' — greater blue eared glossy starling (''

Lamprotornis chalybaeus The greater blue-eared starling or greater blue-eared glossy-starling (''Lamprotornis chalybaeus'') is a bird that breeds from Senegal east to Ethiopia and south through eastern Africa to northeastern South Africa and Angola. It is a very common ...

''), pied myna ('' Sturnus contra'') *''H. payevskyi'' — great reed warbler (''

Acrocephalus arundinaceus The great reed warbler (''Acrocephalus arundinaceus'') is a Eurasian passerine in the genus '' Acrocephalus''. The genus name ''Acrocephalus'' is from Ancient Greek ''akros'', "highest", and ''kephale'', "head". It is possible that Naumann and N ...

''), marsh warbler ('' A. palustris'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) piresi'' — pigeon (''

'') *''H. plataleae'' — glossy ibis (''

Plegadis falcinellus The glossy ibis (''Plegadis falcinellus'') is a water bird in the order Pelecaniformes and the ibis and spoonbill family Threskiornithidae. The scientific name derives from Ancient Greek ''plegados'' and Latin, ''falcis'', both meaning "sickle" a ...

'') *''H. pratosi'' — Ahanta francolin ('' Francolinus ahantensis'') *''H. pratasi'' — helmeted guineafowl ('' Numida meleagris'') *''H. prognei'' — purple martin ('' Progne subis'') *''H. psittaci'' — African grey parrot (''

Psittacus erithacus The grey parrot (''Psittacus erithacus''), also known as the Congo grey parrot, Congo African grey parrot or African grey parrot, is an Old World parrot in the family Psittacidae. The Timneh parrot ''(Psittacus timneh)'' once was identified a ...

'') *''H. raymundi'' — eastern olive sunbird (''

'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) sacharovi'' — eastern white-winged doves ('' Zenaida asiatica asiatica''), mourning doves ('' Z. macroura'') *''H. sangunis'' — red whiskered bulbul ('' Pycnonotus jocosus emeria'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) sanîosdiasï'' — chicken ('' Gallus gallus'') *''H. silvaï'' — guinea fowl ('' Numida meleagris mitrata'') *''H. sylvae'' — great reed warbler (''

'') *''H. syrnii'' — tawny owl ('' Strix aluco''), spotted owl ('' S. occidentalis''), European scops owl (''

Otus scops The Eurasian scops owl (''Otus scops''), also known as the European scops owl or just scops owl, is a small owl in the typical owl family Strigidae. Its breeding range extends from southern Europe eastwards to southern Siberia and the western Him ...

'') *''H. telfordi'' — MacQueen's bustards (''

Chlamydotis macqueenii MacQueen's bustard (''Chlamydotis macqueenii'') is a large bird in the bustard family. It is native to the desert and steppe regions of Asia, west from the Sinai Peninsula extending across Kazakhstan east to Mongolia. In the 19th century, vagran ...

''), rufous-crested bustards (''

Eupodotis ruficrista The red-crested korhaan or red-crested bustard (''Lophotis ruficrista'') is a species of bird in the family Otididae. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Eswatini, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Description The r ...

''), great bustard (''

Otis tarda The great bustard (''Otis tarda'') is a bird in the bustard family, the only member of the genus ''Otis''. It breeds in open grasslands and farmland from northern Morocco, South and Central Europe, to temperate Central and East Asia. European po ...

'') *''H. tendeiroi'' — MacQueen's bustards (''

''), rufous-crested bustards (''

''), great bustard (''

'') *''H. tinnunculi'' — American kestrel (''

Falco sparverius The American kestrel (''Falco sparverius''), also called the sparrow hawk, is the smallest and most common falcon in North America. It has a roughly two-to-one range in size over subspecies and sex, varying in size from about the weight of ...

''), Chimango caracara ('' Milvago chimango'') *''H. (Haemoproteus) turtur'' — turtle dove (''

Streptopelia turtur The European turtle dove (''Streptopelia turtur'') is a member of the bird family Columbidae, the doves and pigeons. It breeds over a wide area of the south western Palearctic including north Africa but migrates to northern sub-Saharan Africa to ...

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) vacuolatus'' — yellow whiskered greenbul ('' Andropadus latirostris'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) valkiūnasi'' — great frigatebirds (''

''), lesser frigatebirds ('' F. ariel''), Ascension frigatebirds ('' F. aquila'') *''H. vangii'' — hook billed vanga (''

'') *''H. (Parahaemoproteus) velans'' — red-bellied woodpecker (''

Melanerpes carolinus The red-bellied woodpecker (''Melanerpes carolinus'') is a medium-sized woodpecker of the family Picidae. It breeds mainly in the eastern United States, ranging as far south as Florida and as far north as Canada. Though it has a vivid orange-red ...

''), red-cockaded woodpecker (''

'') *''H. zosteropsis'' — oriental white eye ('' Zosterops palpebrosa palpebrosa'')

Reptile hosts

*''H. anatolicum'' — tortoise (''

Testudo graeca The Greek tortoise (''Testudo graeca''), also known commonly as the spur-thighed tortoise, is a species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae. ''Testudo graeca'' is one of five species of Mediterranean tortoises (genera '' Testudo'' and '' Ag ...

'') *''H. balli'' — Egyptian cobra ('' Naja haje haje'') *''H. chelodina'' — saw-shelled tortoise ('' Elseya latisternum'') *''H. edomensis'' — lizard ('' Agama stellio'') *''H. geochelonis'' — tortoise ('' Geochelone denticulata'') *''H. kopki'' — spotted Indian house gecko (''

Hemidactylus brookei __NOTOC__ ''Hemidactylus'' is a genus of the common gecko family, Gekkonidae. It has 189 described species, newfound ones being described every few years. These geckos are found in all the tropical regions of the world, extending into the su ...

''), giant frog eye gecko (''

Teratoscincus scincus ''Teratoscincus scincus'', commonly referred to as the common wonder gecko or the frog-eyed gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae. The species is native to arid parts of Asia and has special adaptations which suit it to ...

'') *''H. mackerrasi'' — Binoe's prickly gecko (''

Heteronotia binoei ''Heteronotia binoei'', also known commonly as the Bynoe's gecko, is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Australia. One of Australia's least habitat-specific geckos, it occurs naturally across much of the cou ...

'') *''H. mesnili'' — spitting cobra ('' Naja nigricollis nigricolli'') *''H. metchnikovi'' — turtle (''

Chrysemys picta The painted turtle (''Chrysemys picta'') is the most widespread native turtle of North America. It lives in slow-moving fresh waters, from southern Canada to northern Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. They have been shown to prefer l ...

''), yellow bellied terrapin ('' Tramchemys scripta'') *''H. oedurae'' — Australian northern velvet gecko (''

Oedura castelnaui The northern velvet gecko (''Oedura castelnaui'') is a species of lizard in the family Diplodactylidae. The species is endemic to Queensland in Australia. Etymology The specific name, ''castelnaui'', is in honor of French naturalist Francis de ...

'') *''H. peltocephali'' — river turtle (''

Peltocephalus dumerilianus The big-headed Amazon River turtle (''Peltocephalus dumerilianus''),Ptyodactylus elisa'') *''H. ptyodactyli'' — Kramer's yellow fan-fingered gecko (''

Ptyodactylus hasselquistii ''Ptyodactylus hasselquistii'', commonly known as the fan-footed gecko, Hasselquist's fan-footed gecko, and the yellow fan-fingered gecko, is a species of gecko, a lizard in the family Phyllodactylidae. The species is endemic to northern Afric ...

'') *''H. tarentolae'' — Moorish gecko (''

Tarentola mauritanica ''Tarentola mauritanica'', known as the common wall gecko, is a species of gecko ( Gekkota) native to the western Mediterranean area of North Africa and Europe. It has been introduced to Madeira and Balearic Islands, and the Americas (in Mont ...

'') *''H. trionyxi'' — Ganges softshell turtle ('' Trionyx gangeticus'')

Amphibian hosts

*''H. ovalis'' — cricket frog (''

Rana limnocharis ''Fejervarya limnocharis'' is a species of frog found in South East Asia and parts of Indochina. It is known under many common names, including Boie's wart frog, rice field frog, and Asian grass frog. Molecular studies of the species complex (aft ...

'')

Hosts known to be infected but ''Haemoproteus'' species not identified

*common myna ('' Acridotheres tristis'') *Blyth's reed warbler (''

Acrocephalus dumetorum __NOTOC__ Blyth's reed warbler (''Acrocephalus dumetorum'') is an Old World warbler in the genus '' Acrocephalus''. It breeds in the Palearctic and easternmost Europe. It is migratory, wintering in Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. It is one of th ...

'') *sedge warblers (''

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus The sedge warbler (''Acrocephalus schoenobaenus'') is an Old World warbler in the genus '' Acrocephalus''. It is a medium-sized warbler with a brown, streaked back and wings and a distinct pale supercilium. Sedge warblers are migratory, crossing ...

'') *reed warbler (''

Acrocephalus scirpaceus The common reed warbler (''Acrocephalus scirpaceus'') is an Old World warbler in the genus '' Acrocephalus''. It breeds across Europe into the temperate western Palaearctic where it is migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa. It is also a res ...

'') *clamorous reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus stentoreus'') *black throated sunbird (''

Aethopyga saturata The black-throated sunbird (''Aethopyga saturata'') is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It is found in the Indian subcontinent and adjoining regions of Southeast Asia, ranging across Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Lao ...

'') *Spanish red-legged partridge (''

Alectoris rufa The red-legged partridge (''Alectoris rufa'') is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds. It is sometimes known as French partridge, to distinguish it from the English or grey partridge. The ge ...

'') *imperial eagles (''

Aquila heliaca The eastern imperial eagle (''Aquila heliaca'') is a large bird of prey that breeds in southeastern Europe Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical subregion of Europe, consisting primarily of the Balkans. Sovereign sta ...

'') *canvasbacks (''

Aythya valisineria The canvasback (''Aythya valisineria'') is a species of diving duck, the largest found in North America. Taxonomy Scottish-American naturalist Alexander Wilson described the canvasback in 1814. The genus name is derived from Greek ''aithuia'', ...

'') *white cockatoo ('' Cacatua alba'') *sulphur-crested cockatoo ('' Cacatua galerita'') *speckled pigeon (''

Columba guinea The speckled pigeon (''Columba guinea''), or (African) rock pigeon, is a pigeon that is a resident breeding bird in much of Africa south of the Sahara. It is a common and widespread species in open habitats over much of its range, although there ...

'') *white-rumped shama ('' Copsychus malabaricus'') *green jays ('' Cyanocorax yncas glaucescens'') *European bee-eaters ('' Merops apiaster'') *mute swan ('' Cygnus olor'') *magnificent bird of paradise ('' Diphyllodes magnificus hunsteini'') *red munia ('' Estrilda amandava'') *lesser kestrel (''

Falco naumanni The lesser kestrel (''Falco naumanni'') is a small falcon. This species breeds from the Mediterranean across Afghanistan and Central Asia, to China and Mongolia. It is a summer migrant, wintering in Africa and Pakistan and sometimes even to Indi ...

'') *common kestrel ('' Falco tinnunculus'') *Swainson's francolin ('' Francolinus swainsonii'') *magnificent frigatebirds (''

Fregata magnificens The magnificent frigatebird (''Fregata magnificens'') is a seabird of the frigatebird family Fregatidae. With a length of and wingspan of it is the largest species of frigatebird. It occurs over tropical and subtropical waters off America, betw ...

'') *chaffinch ('' Fringilla coelebs'') *hill mynah ('' Gracula religiosa intermedia'') *long tailed shrike (''

Lanius schach The long-tailed shrike or rufous-backed shrike (''Lanius schach'') is a member of the bird family Laniidae, the shrikes. They are found widely distributed across Asia and there are variations in plumage across the range. The species ranges across ...

'') *superb bird of paradise ('' Lophorina superba'') *Egyptian kites ('' Milvus migrans aegypticus'') *Guianan red-capped cardinal ('' Paroaria gularis gularis'') *lesser flamingos (''

Phoeniconaias minor The lesser flamingo (''Phoeniconaias minor'') is a species of flamingo occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and western India. Birds are occasionally reported from further north, but these are generally considered vagrants. Characteristics The lesser ...

'') *New Holland honeyeaters (''

Phylidonyris novaehollandiae The New Holland honeyeater (''Phylidonyris novaehollandiae'') is a honeyeater species found throughout southern Australia. It was among the first birds to be scientifically described in Australia, and was initially named ''Certhia novaehollandia ...

'') *streaked weaver ('' Ploceus manyar'') *Surinam crested oropendola ('' Psarocolius decumanus decumanus'') *Montezuma oropendolas (''

Psarocolius montezuma The Montezuma oropendola (''Psarocolius montezuma'') is a New World tropical icterid bird. It is a resident breeder in the Caribbean coastal lowlands from southeastern Mexico to central Panama, but is absent from El Salvador and southern Guat ...

'') *Guianan turquoise tanager ('' Tangara mexicana mexicana'') *blue-necked tanager ('' Tangara cyanicollis caeruleocephala'') *sacred ibis ('' Threskiornis aethiopicus'') *white-crowned sparrows ('' Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha'')

Vectors

*''H. balmorali'' — ''

Culicoides impunctatus The highland midge ( scientific name: ''Culicoides impunctatus''; sco, Midgie; gd, Meanbh-chuileag) is a species of small flying insect, found across the Palearctic (throughout the British Isles, Scandinavia, other regions of Northern Europe, ...

'' *''H. belopolskyi'' — ''

'' *''H. columbae'' — '' Ornithomyia avicularia'', ''

'' *''H. danilewskyi'' — ''

Culicoides arboricola ''Culicoides'' is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus,Connelly, C. RBiting midges: ''Culicoides'' spp.Featured Creatures, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida I ...

'', ''

Culicoides edeni ''Culicoides'' is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus,Connelly, C. RBiting midges: ''Culicoides'' spp.Featured Creatures, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida I ...

'', ''

Culicoides knowltoni ''Culicoides'' is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus,Connelly, C. RBiting midges: ''Culicoides'' spp.Featured Creatures, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida IFA ...

'' *''H. dolniki'' — ''

'' *''H. fringillae'' — ''

'' *''H. lanii'' — ''

'' *''H. lophortyx'' — ''

Culicoides bottimeri ''Culicoides'' is a genus of biting midges in the family Ceratopogonidae. There are over 1000 species in the genus,Connelly, C. RBiting midges: ''Culicoides'' spp.Featured Creatures, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida IFA ...

'', '' Lynchia hirsuta'', ''

Stilbometopa impressa ''Stilbometopa'' are genus of biting flies in the family of louse flies, Hippoboscidae. There are 5 known species. All species are parasites of birds. Distribution Found throughout North, Central, and South America. Systematics *Genus ''Stilb ...

'' *''H. metchinikovi'' — '' Chrysops callidus'' *''H. nettionis'' — ''

'' *''H. sacharovi'' — '' Peseudolynchia maura'' *''H. syrnii'' — '' Ornithomyia avicularia'' *''H. tartakovskyi'' — ''

'' *''H. turtur'' — ''

Avian families affected

The concept of a "one host-one species" was originally used in the taxonomy of this genus as it appears that the parasites are at least moderately host specific. After this rule was found to be incorrect, it was suggested that the avian parasite species were limited to single avian families. From an inspection of the host records above it is clear that this is not the case. The avian species known to be infected are listed below: Order Accipitriformes Family Accipitridae *Cooper's hawk (''

'') *Sharp shinned hawk (''

Accipiter striatus The sharp-shinned hawk (''Accipiter striatus'') is a small hawk, with males being the smallest hawks in the United States and Canada, but with the species averaging larger than some Neotropical species, such as the tiny hawk. The taxonomy is far ...

'') *Eastern imperial eagle (''

'') *White-backed vulture ('' Gyps africanus'') *Black kite (''

Milvus migrans The black kite (''Milvus migrans'') is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors. It is thought to be the world's most abundant species of Accipitridae, although some populations have ...

'') *Hooded vulture ('' Necrosyrtes monachus'') *White-headed vulture (''

'') *Lappet faced vulture ('' Torgos tracheliotos'') Family

Cathartidae The New World vulture or condor family, Cathartidae, contains seven extant species in five genera. It includes five extant vultures and two extant condors found in warm and temperate areas of the Americas. The "New World" vultures were widespread ...

*Turkey vulture (''

'') Order

Family Anatidae *Wood duck ('' Aix sponsa'') *Blue winged teal (''

'') *Mallard duck ('' Anas platyrhynchos'') *Lesser scaup (''

'') *Ring necked duck ('' Aythya collaris'') *Canvasback (''

'') *Muscovy duck ('' Cairina moschata'') *Trumpeter swan ('' Cygnus buccinator'') *Mute swan ('' Cygnus olor'') *Black-bellied whistling duck ('' Dendrocygna autumnalis'') *Common merganser (''

'') Order Charadriiformes Family Laridae *Swallow tailed gull ('' Creagrus furcatus'') *Caspian gull (''

'') Order Ciconiiformes Family Ciconiidae *Wood stork (''

'') Order Columbiformes Family Columbidae *Speckled pigeon (''

'') *Japanese wood pigeon (''

'') *Rock pigeon (''

'') *Common wood pigeon ('' Columba palumbus'') *Socorro common ground dove (''

'') *Ruddy ground dove (''

'') *Tambourine dove ('' Turtur timpanistria'') *Scaled dove (''

'') *European turtle dove (''

'') *Laughing dove ('' Stigmatopelia senegalensis'') *White-winged dove (''

Zenaida asiatica The white-winged dove (''Zenaida asiatica'') is a dove whose native range extends from the Southwestern United States through Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. They are large for doves, and can be distinguished from similar doves by the ...

'') *Eared dove ('' Zenaida auriculata'') *Galápagos Dove ('' Zenaida galapagoensis'') *Mourning dove (''

'') Order Coraciiformes Family Alcedinidae *African pygmy kingfisher (''

'') Family Brachypteraciidae *Rufous headed ground roller ('' Atelornis crossleyi'') *Pitta like ground roller ('' Atelornis pittoides'') Family Bucerotidae *Red-billed hornbill ('' Tockus erythrorhynchus'') Family

Meropidae The bee-eaters are a group of non-passerine birds in the family Meropidae, containing three genera and thirty species. Most species are found in Africa and Asia, with a few in southern Europe, Australia, and New Guinea. They are characterised by ...

*Blue checked bee-eater ('' Merops superciliosus'') Order Falconiformes Family

Falconidae The falcons and caracaras are around 60 species of diurnal birds of prey that make up the family Falconidae (representing all extant species in the order Falconiformes). The family is divided into three subfamilies, Herpetotherinae, which inclu ...

*Saker falcon (''

'') *Lesser kestrel (''

'') *American kestrel (''

'') *Common kestrel ('' Falco tinnunculus'') *Chimango caracara ('' Milvago chimango'') Order Galliformes Family Numididae *Helmeted guineafowl ('' Numida meleagris'') Family Odontophoridae *California quail ('' Callipepla californica'') *Scaled quail (''

'') *Bobwhite quail (''

'') Family

Phasianidae The Phasianidae are a family (biology), family of heavy, ground-living birds, which includes pheasants, partridges, junglefowl, chickens, Turkey bird, turkeys, Old World quail, and peafowl. The family includes many of the most popular Game (hunti ...

*Red legged partridge (''

'') *Chinese bamboo partridge (''

Bambusicola thoracicus The Chinese bamboo partridge (''Bambusicola thoracicus'') is a small Galliform bird. It is one of three species in the genus ''Bambusicola'', along with the mountain bamboo partridge of the Himalayas, and the Taiwan bamboo partridge of Taiwan. Ch ...

'') *Ahanta francolin ('' Francolinus ahantensis'') *Swainson's francolin ('' Francolinus swainsonii'') *Chicken ('' Gallus gallus'') *Willow grouse (''

'') *Wild turkey (''

'') Family Tetraonidae *Dusky grouse (''

'' Order

Gruiformes The Gruiformes are an order (biology), order containing a considerable number of living and extinct bird family (biology), families, with a widespread geographical diversity. Gruiform means "crane-like". Traditionally, a number of wading and t ...

Family Gruidae *Black crowned crane ('' Balearica pavonina'') *Sandhill crane (''

Grus canadensis The sandhill crane (''Antigone canadensis'') is a species of large crane of North America and extreme northeastern Siberia. The common name of this bird refers to habitat like that at the Platte River, on the edge of Nebraska's Sandhills on t ...

'') Family

Otidae Otidae is a clade that includes the superorders Otidimorphae (bustards, turacos, and cuckoos) and Strisores (nightbirds, swifts, and hummingbirds). It was identified in 2014 by genome analysis.Jarvis, E.D. ''et al''. (2014Whole-genome analyses res ...

*MacQueen's bustard (''

'') *Red crested bustard (''

'') *Great bustard (''

'') Order Passeriformes Family Acrocephalidae *Great reed warbler (''

'') *Blyth's reed warbler (''

'') *Marsh warbler ('' Acrocephalus palustris'') *Sedge warbler (''

'') *Reed warbler (''

'') *Clamorous reed warbler ('' Acrocephalus stentoreus'') Family Corvidae *Blue jay (''

'') *Green jay (''

Cyanocorax yncas The Inca jay or querrequerre (''Cyanocorax yncas'') is a bird species of the New World jays, which is native to the Andes of South America. Taxonomy The Inca jay was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1775 ...

'') Family Dicruridae *Fork-tailed drongo ('' Dicrurus adsimilis'') *Crested drongo ('' Dicrurus forficatus'') Family Emberizidae *Dark eyed junco ('' Junco hyemalis'') *Rufous winged sparrow ('' Peucaea carpalis'') *White crowned sparrow (''

'') Family Estrildidae *Red munia ('' Amandava amandava'') *Indian silverbill (''

Euodice malabarica The Indian silverbill or white-throated munia (''Euodice malabarica'') is a small passerine bird found in the Indian Subcontinent and adjoining regions that was formerly considered to include the closely related African silverbill (''Euodice c ...

'') *Tricoloured munia (''

Lonchura malacca The tricoloured munia (''Lonchura malacca'') is an estrildid finch, native to Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and southern China. The species has also introduced to the Caribbean, in Trinidad, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and V ...

'') *Scaly breasted munia (''

Lonchura punctulata The scaly-breasted munia or spotted munia (''Lonchura punctulata''), known in the pet trade as nutmeg mannikin or spice finch, is a sparrow-sized estrildid finch native to tropical Asia. A species of the genus ''Lonchura'', it was formally desc ...

'') Family Fringillidae *House finch (''

'') *Hawfinch (''

'') *Chaffinch ('' Fringilla coelebs'') Family Hirundinidae *Purple martin ('' Progne subis'') Family

Icteridae Icterids () or New World blackbirds make up a family, the Icteridae (), of small to medium-sized, often colorful, New World passerine birds. Most species have black as a predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red. The ...

*Crested oropendola ('' Psarocolius decumanus'') *Montezuma oropendola (''

'') Family Laniidae *Red backed shrike ('' Lanius collurio'') *Long tailed shrike (''

'') *Woodchat shrike ('' Lanius senator'') Family Meliphagidae *New Holland honeyeaters (''

'') Family Mimidae *Gray catbird ('' Dumetella carolinensis'') Family

Motacillidae The wagtails, longclaws, and pipits are a family, Motacillidae, of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. Around 70 species occur in five genera. The longclaws are entirely restricted to the Afrotropics, and the wagtails are predominan ...

*Yellow wagtail (''

'') Family Muscicapidae *White rumped shama ('' Copsychus malabaricus'') *Oriental magpie robin (''

'') Family Nectariniidae *Black throated sunbird (''

'') *Olive sunbird (

Cyanomitra olivacea The olive sunbird (''Cyanomitra olivacea'') is a species of sunbird found in a large part of Africa south of the Sahel. It prefers forested regions, and is absent from drier, more open regions such as the Horn of Africa and most of south-central ...

'') Family Oriolidae *Golden oriole (''

'') Family Paridae *Blue tit (''

'') Family Paradisaeidae *Magnificent bird of paradise ('' Cicinnurus magnificus'') *Superb bird of paradise ('' Lophorina superba'') Family Parulidae *American redstart (''

'') Family Passeridae *House sparrow ('' Passer domesticus'') Family Ploceidae *Red headed malimbe (''

'') *Streaked weaver ('' Ploceus manyar'') *Black-headed weaver (''

'') *Baya weaver ('' Ploceus philippinus'') *Red billed quelea ('' Quelea quelea'') Family Pycnonotidae *Yellow whiskered bulbul ('' Andropadus latirostris'') *Red whiskered bulbul (''

Pycnonotus jocosus The red-whiskered bulbul (''Pycnonotus jocosus''), or crested bulbul, is a passerine bird native to Asia. It is a member of the bulbul family. It is a resident frugivore found mainly in tropical Asia. It has been introduced in many tropical a ...

'') Family Sturnidae *Common myna ('' Acridotheres tristis'') *Common hill myna (''

Gracula religiosa The common hill myna (''Gracula religiosa''), sometimes spelled "mynah" and formerly simply known as the hill myna or myna bird, is the myna most commonly seen in aviculture, where it is often simply referred to by the latter two names. It is a ...

'') *Chestnut tailed starling (''

Sturnia malabarica The chestnut-tailed starling (''Sturnia malabarica''), also called grey-headed starling and grey-headed myna is a member of the starling family. It is a resident or partially migratory species found in wooded habitats in India and Southeast Asia. ...

'') *Asian pied starling ('' Sturnus contra'') *Greater blue eared glossy starling (''

'') Family Sylviidae *Blackcap ('' Sylvia atricapilla'') Family Thraupidae *Bananaquit ('' Coereba flaveola'') *Red capped cardinal (''

Paroaria gularis The red-capped cardinal (''Paroaria gularis'') is a small species of bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is found in South America. Taxonomy In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the red-capped ca ...

'') *Blue necked tanager ('' Tangara cyanicollis'') *Turquoise tanager (''

Tangara mexicana The turquoise tanager (''Tangara mexicana'') is a medium-sized passerine bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is a resident bird from Trinidad, much of Brazil (despite its scientific name, it is not found in Mexico), Colombia and Venezuela s ...

'') Family Timaliidae *Rufous sibia (''

'') *Jungle babbler ('' Turdoides striata'') Family Turdidae *Swainson's thrush ('' Catharus ustulatus'') Family Vangidae *Hook billed vanga (''

'') Family Zosteropidae *Oriental white eye (''

Zosterops palpebrosus The Indian white-eye (''Zosterops palpebrosus''), formerly the Oriental white-eye, is a small passerine bird in the white-eye family. It is a resident breeder in open woodland on the Indian subcontinent. They forage in small groups, feeding on n ...

'') Order Pelecaniformes Family Fregatidae *Magnificent frigatebird (''

'') *Great frigatebird (''

'') Family Threskiornithidae *African sacred ibis ('' Threskiornis aethiopicus'') *Glossy ibis (''

'') Order Piciformes Family

Megalaimidae The Asian barbets are a family of bird species, the Megalaimidae, comprising two genera with 35 species native to the forests of the Indomalayan realm from Tibet to Indonesia. They were once clubbed with all barbets in the family Capitonidae bu ...

*Coppersmith barbet (''

'') Family

Picidae Woodpeckers are part of the bird family Picidae, which also includes the piculets, wrynecks, and sapsuckers. Members of this family are found worldwide, except for Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar, and the extreme polar regions. M ...

*Red bellied woodpecker (''

'') *Red cockaded woodpecker (''

'') *Grey faced woodpecker ('' Picus canus'') *Greater yellownape (''

'') Order Phoenicopteriformes Family Phoenicopteridae *Lesser flamingo (''

Phoenicopterus minor The lesser flamingo (''Phoeniconaias minor'') is a species of flamingo occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and western India. Birds are occasionally reported from further north, but these are generally considered vagrants. Characteristics The lesser ...

'') Order Psittaciformes Family Cacatuidae *White cockatoo ('' Cacatua alba'') *Sulphur crested cockatoo ('' Cacatua galerita'') *Yellow crested cockatoo (''

'') Family Psittacidae *Plum headed parakeet (''

'') *Rose ringed parakeet (''

Psittacula krameri The rose-ringed parakeet (''Psittacula krameri''), also known as the ring-necked parakeet (more commonly known as the Indian ringneck parrot), is a medium-sized parrot in the genus Psittacula, of the family Psittacidae. It has disjunct native ran ...

'') *Blossom headed parakeet (''

'') *African grey parrot (''

'') Order Strigiformes Family Strigidae *Snowy owl ('' Bubo scandiacus'') *Brown Hawk-Owl (''

'') *European scops owl (''

'') *Brown owl ('' Strix aluco'') *Spotted owl (''

'') *Spotted wood owl ('' Strix seloputo'')

Notes

''Haemoproteus balazuci'' Dias 1953 is a junior synonym of '' H. testudinalis'' ''Haemoproteus gymnorhidis'' de Mello 1936, ''Haemoproteus granulosum'' Rey Vila 1945, ''Haemoproteus danilewskyi var. urbanensis'' Sachs 1953 and ''Haemoproteus zasukhini'' Burtikashvili 1973 are considered to be synonyms of '' H. passeris'' Kruse 1890. ''Haemoproteus rouxi'' Novy and MacNeal 1904 is a ''

nomen nudum In taxonomy, a ''nomen nudum'' ('naked name'; plural ''nomina nuda'') is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published with an adequate descr ...

''.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5638270 Haemosporida Apicomplexa genera Poultry diseases Veterinary protozoology Parasites of reptiles Parasites of amphibians