HNoMS Nordkapp

HNoMS ''Nordkapp'' was the lead ship of the ''Nordkapp'' class of fishery protection vessels. She was launched 18 August 1937 at Horten naval shipyard, with yard number 123. She had one sister ship, HNoMS ''Senja''. ''Nordkapp'' was named after the North Cape in Finnmark. As was typical of her class, ''Nordkapp'' was very unstable in rough seas and was viewed from the beginning as a second-rate vessel. ''Nordkapp'' sailed throughout the Second World War and saw service in several theatres.Sivertsen 2000: 31

''Nordkapp'' in the Norwegian Campaign

When the Germans invaded Norway on 9 April 1940, ''Nordkapp'' was stationed in Northern Norway, belonging to the Royal Norwegian Navy's 3rd Naval District and commanded by Lieutenant Commander Jon Seip. During the Norwegian Campaign ''Nordkapp'' saw the first actions of her career.

Sinking ''Kattegat''

Background

In the evening of 9 April ''Nordkapp'' intercepted the 6,031-ton German tanker ''Kattegat'' of Bremen in the Glomfjorden south of Narvik. ''Kattegat'' was one of two naval tankers the Germans intended to use in order to quickly refuel the ten destroyers of the Narvik task force, enabling them to escape back to Germany before the Royal Navy could trap and sink them. In preparation of her supply mission, ''Kattegat'' had departed the pilot station at Kopervik in Western Norway on 6 April, scheduled to arrive at Narvik on 9 April. The ''Kriegsmarine'' support tanker had sailed to Norway from Wilhelmshaven on the German North Sea coast on 3 April in preparation for the invasion. While the other tanker, the 11,766-ton whale oil factory ship ''Jan Wellem'', had reached Narvik from the German Basis Nord at the Bolshaya Zapadnaya Litsa inlet on the Kola Peninsula in Russia before the German attack, the captain of ''Kattegat'' had been warned of a British naval mine field in the Vestfjorden (Operation Wilfred) and refused to continue, choosing instead to anchor up in Sandlågbukta, Neverdal at Ørnes in Meløy.

Hailing

After closing to a cable length of ''Kattegat'', Lieutenant Commander Seip hailed the German tanker, demanding that it identified itself. In response the German captain signalled that " Vidkun Quisling had been made the new prime minister of Norway and that all Norwegian naval vessels were under orders to cooperate with the German Kriegsmarine". Seip would receive no information from ''Kattegat'' before he himself had given his name and rank. While this signal exchange was going on ''Kattegat'' dispatched radio messages asking for ''Kriegsmarine'' assistance and escorting the remainder of the way to Narvik.Waage 1963: 81

Before he confronted the German ship, ''Nordkapp'''s commander had been instructed by the 3. Naval District to take her as a prize, but after speaking with two Norwegian pilots who had guided the German tanker a short time earlier he decided that this would be too hazardous an undertaking.Sivertsen 2000: 23

As the pilots, who had entered ''Nordkapp'' during the patrol boat's signal exchange with ''Kattegat'', reported that the tanker's thirty-nine-man crew were all armed and wearing naval uniforms, Seip considered it impossible to board and seize the ship, since his own 22-man crew had a total of only four rifles amongst them. He assessed that to control the large German crew all the way into the port of Bodø while being outnumbered and probably out-gunned would have been too difficult.Waage 1963: 82

Sinking

In response to the aggressive signals received from ''Kattegat'', Seip signalled back a short message telling the German crew to abandon ship within 10 minutes or face the consequences. At the end of the ten minutes no reaction from the German crew had been observed and ''Nordkapp'' fired a warning shot. As still no reaction could be seen in the protruding darkness, four 47 mm rounds were fired into ''Kattegat's'' waterline. As the Germans had opened their ship's valves while leaving the tanker, ''Kattegat'' sank quickly. Thirty-four of the crew were brought on board ''Nordkapp'' as PoWs from a nearby wharf, while the remaining five managed to escape into the hills after their ship was sunk. The 34 PoWs from the German tanker were brought to Mosjøen and handed over to military authorities there.

Consequences and aftermath

The effect of removing ''Kattegat'' from the Germans' supply chain was devastating, the German destroyers at Narvik could only be refuelled two at a time, instead of the planned four at a time.Sivertsen 2001: 86 Also, ''Jan Wellem'' did not hold enough fuel for all 10 of the German destroyers. Consequently, the German warships at Narvik failed to make their escape in time and were destroyed by the Royal Navy in the Battles of Narvik. As the five-destroyer-strong 2nd Destroyer Flotilla under Commodore Bernard Warburton-Lee entered the Ofotfjord on 10 April to initiate the First Battle of Narvik, Vice Admiral William Whitworth, in charge of the Royal Navy forces in the Narvik area, received a message from Norway stating that ''Kattegat'' had been intercepted and sunk off shore.Waage 1963: 83

''Kattegat'' was later salvaged by the Norwegian military, with 1,400 tons of diesel and 207 barrels of grease unloaded at Svolvær. On 15 May, before ''Kattegat'' was ready to sail to Tromsø, she was bombed and damaged by a German aircraft. As the damaged ship still held 5,000 tons of oil, the local fishing boat fleet helped themselves to the cargo until the Germans arrived to retake the ship after the capitulation of mainland Norway in June. The short time ''Kattegat'' was in Norwegian hands she served under the name MT ''Bodø''.

Guard and escort duties

The next task for ''Nordkapp'' after she had dealt with ''Kattegatt'' came on 13 April, when she was ordered to go to Brønnøysund. A German Heinkel He 115 seaplane had landed there after running out of fuel and been seized by the local police, who had taken the four German airmen into custody. The aircraft was captured intact with a full bomb load and was later flown to Tromsø by Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service lieutenant Sivertsen and pressed into Norwegian service.Sivertsen 2000: 32

From 16 to 22 April ''Nordkapp'' was deployed with a Royal Navy squadron of 14 warships and two troopships that had arrived at Sjonafjord north of Sandnessjøen. As the force split up and some of the destroyers sailed south, ''Nordkapp'' followed the main force north. During the time she followed the British vessels, the force was subjected to several German air attacks without the Norwegian ship suffering any damage.

Patrol and bombardment missions

After leaving the British task force, ''Nordkapp'' spent most of her time until late May patrolling and guarding a British mine field in the Andfjord in northern Nordland / southern Troms.

At 24 May she called at Bodø, and by 30 May the evacuation of 4,000 British Army troops from the Bodø region began. By that time Bodø had been heavily bombed by the ''Luftwaffe'' over several days, and German troops was observed advancing towards Røsvik north-east of Bodø. On 3 June ''Nordkapp'' was despatched together with the 463-ton British-operated Q-ship ''Ranen'' to the Leirfjord to try to stop the advance of the enemy by sea. The two ships bombarded German forces in the area before splitting up and heading north, ''Nordkapp'' sailing to Svolvær.

Friendly fire incident and evacuation

On 7 June 1940 ''Nordkapp'' arrived at Svolvær and received the order that had been given by the Norwegian High Command to evacuate all operational naval vessels to allied ports. While most of the thirteen navy ships that escaped the capitulation of mainland Norway started their journeys that day, ''Nordkapp'' remained until the early hours of the next day in order to give refugees and volunteers more time to gather for the voyage to the United Kingdom. According to Lieutenant Commander Seip's orders, his ship's first destination abroad was to be the Faroe Islands.Berg 1997: 32

In the evening of 7 June German aircraft bombed and destroyed an oil tank facility in the town. At around 0200hrs, before ''Nordkapp'' was ready to sail west and start five years of service in exile, two ships arrived at Svolvær and started destroying the remaining oil tanks with artillery fire. Assuming the ships to be German the second in command of ''Nordkapp'', Ensign Andersen, who was in command of the ship as Lieutenant Commander Seip was in a conference on land at the time, sailed out and attacked the two unknown ships. As he opened up on the two ships with his single cannon, they quickly returned fire and a 45-minute artillery duel ensued. Neither side managed to hit their adversary during the fight, and eventually the two sides discovered each other's true identity. The ships ''Nordkapp'' had been battling for three-quarters of an hour were ''Ranen'' and the 655-ton Royal Navy ASW trawler ''Northern Gem''. ''Ranen'' had been bombarding German positions together with ''Nordkapp'' just four days previously.

After the nearly fatal friendly fire incident, ''Nordkapp'' returned to Svolvær and took on board volunteers before leaving port at 0300hrs on 8 June. The passengers included 19 Royal Norwegian Navy personnel, many of whom were crew members of vessels sunk in the preceding two months.

On 9 June ''Nordkapp'' joined the British evacuation convoy. During the journey west the ships were attacked by German bombers but avoided suffering any damage.

After four days at sea ''Nordkapp'' reached Tórshavn on the Faroe Islands on 12 June, resupplying before continuing on to the United Kingdom.

Service abroad

Iceland and the Shetland Bus

After arrival at Rosyth in Scotland on 18 June 1940 ''Nordkapp'' was rebuilt and rearmed and was declared operational on 14 September 1940. She was posted to Iceland from 21 September 1940. On Iceland she served as a patrol vessel until 9 September 1943 when she was transferred to Shetland in order to support the Shetland bus operations. At Shetland she operated from 22 September 1943 together with the RNoN patrol vessels ''Horten'', ''Molde'', ''Narvik'' and ''Risør''.

Operation Neptune and Scapa Flow

Between D-day and 18 June 1944 ''Nordkapp'' took part in Operation Neptune, the naval part of the invasion of Normandy. On 6 June she escorted a convoy of transports from Southend-on-Sea on the Eastern coast of the UK to the British invasion beaches and thereafter escorted ships along the coast of Normandy. The main threat from which she protected allied shipping was that of German E-boat and U-boat attacks.Berg 1997: 136

On 11 September 1944 she sailed from Portland to Aberdeen for maintenance and stayed there until 15 December 1944 when she was again transferred,Thomassen 1995: 229 this time to guard duties at the Home Fleet's main base at Scapa Flow, a role she would continue until 1 January 1945. Thereafter she moved to Lerwick, Shetland where she was based until VE day.

Return to Norway

On 18 May 1945, ten days after the final German surrender in Norway, ''Nordkapp'' left her exile in Methil in the United Kingdom and sailed for home. Two days later, on 20 May, she arrived at her new base at the south-western port of Stavanger, ending almost five years of exile.

Post-war

After the end of the Second World War ''Nordkapp'' resumed her pre-war duties as a coast guard vessel until being decommissioned and laid up in Horten on 29 July 1954. She was sold off to civilian ownership in 1956, finding a new career as a fishing vessel under two owners, first as ''Skarodd'' and then from 1971 as ''Tor Hugo''. Her long career ended on 27 November 1972, when she sank off West Africa after suffering leaks and disastrous hull failure.

See also

* List of World War II ships of less than 1000 tons
* List of Allied forces in the Normandy Campaign
* modern ship class of the Norwegian Coast Guard.

References

Bibliography

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Nordkapp (1937)
Norwegian Coast Guard
Patrol vessels of the Royal Norwegian Navy
Ships built in Horten
Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
World War II patrol vessels of Norway
1937 ships
Friendly fire incidents of World War II
Maritime incidents in 1972
Shipwrecks of Africa
Fishing vessels of Norway