HMS Pearl (1762)

HMS ''Pearl'' was a fifth-rate, 32-gun British Royal Navy frigate of the . Launched at Chatham Dockyard in 1762, she served in British North America until January 1773, when she sailed to England for repairs. Returning to North America in March 1776, to fight in the American Revolutionary War, ''Pearl'' escorted the transports which landed troops in Kip's Bay that September. Much of the following year was spent on the Delaware River where she took part in the Battle of Red Bank in October. Towards the end of 1777, ''Pearl'' joined Vice-Admiral Richard Howe's fleet in Narragansett Bay and was still there when the French fleet arrived and began an attack on British positions. Both fleets were forced to retire due to bad weather and the action was inconclusive. ''Pearl'' was then despatched to keep an eye on the French fleet, which had been driven into Boston.

''Pearl'' was part of the British fleet that captured the island of St Lucia from the French in December 1778, and was chosen to carry news of the victory to England, capturing the 28-gun Spanish frigate ''Santa Monica'' off the Azores on her return journey. She joined Vice-Admiral Marriot Arbuthnot's squadron in July 1780, capturing the 28-gun French frigate ''Esperance'' while stationed off Bermuda in September; the following March she took part in the First Battle of Virginia Capes, where she had responsibility for relaying signals. ''Pearl'' returned to England in 1783, where she underwent extensive repairs and did not serve again until 1786, when she was recommissioned for the Mediterranean.

Taken out of service in 1792, she was recalled in February 1793, when hostilities resumed between Britain and France. On her return to the American continent, she narrowly escaped capture by a French squadron anchored between the Îles de Los and was forced to put into Sierra Leone for repairs following the engagement. In 1799, ''Pearl'' joined Vice-Admiral George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith, George Elphinstone's fleet in the Mediterranean where she took part in the Battle of Alexandria in 1801. In 1802, she sailed to Portsmouth where she served as a storeship for sailors' clothes and then a receiving ship. She was renamed ''Protheé'' in March 1825 and eventually sold in 1832.

Construction and armament

''Pearl'' was a British fifth-rate, 32-gun, ''Niger''-class frigate designed for the Royal Navy by naval architect, Thomas Slade. Eleven were eventually built, all requested during the Seven Years' War, and ''Pearl'' was the seventh ship in her class to be finished. She was ordered, with , on 24 March 1761, and her keel was laid down at Chatham Dockyard on 6 May. When launched on 27 March 1762, ''Pearl'' was along the gun deck, at the keel, had a beam of and a depth in the hold of .Winfield p. 195 She was 683 tons burthen and by the time she had been completed, on 14 May 1762, she had cost the Admiralty £16,573.5.4d. ''Niger''-class frigates, were full-rigged ships, carrying 32 guns: a main battery of twenty-six guns on the upper deck, four guns on the quarterdeck and two on the forecastle. When fully manned, they carried a complement of 220.Winfield p. 193

Service

''Pearl'' was first commissioned in April 1762, under Captain Joseph Deane, who took her to the Downs, to be fitted-out. In March 1763 she was recommissioned under Captain Charles Saxton and on 22 May 1764, she left for Newfoundland in British America. ''Pearl'' served there under captains Patrick Drummond and, subsequently, John Elphinston, until she was paid off in December 1768.Winfield pp. 195–196 She was recommissioned the following month under John Leveson-Gower, who was succeeded by Sir Basil Keith in November.

From April 1770, ''Pearl'' spent time on and off the Newfoundland station, under first John Ruthven and then James Bremer. Towards the end of 1772, she sailed for Portsmouth where she underwent repairs and a refit, at a total cost of £9,008.15.11d. The combined works took until February 1776.Winfield p. 196 John O'Hara, who had been in command since November 1775, was replaced by Thomas Wilkinson in March 1776, shortly after completion.

American Revolutionary War

Wilkinson returned ''Pearl'' to North America in April to fight in the American Revolutionary War, bringing a convoy of troopships from Ireland to Quebec, with the sixth-rate frigate , before escorting transports along the Hudson River to take part in the landings at Kip's Bay, New York, in September.Beatson p. 164 On the evening of 13 September, the British began moving into position. Six troopships with three fifth-rates, , and , and the smaller ''Carysfort'', moved up the East River and anchored in Bushwick Creek, opposite Kip's Bay. At the same time, ''Pearl'', the fourth-rate, 50-gun and fifth-rate, 32-gun , were sent up the North River as a diversion. On the day of the landings, 15 September, the small squadron passed the enemy batteries without incident and anchored at Bloomingdale, upstream of New York. The following night the Americans sent fireships but these caused no damage other than the inconvenience to the British of having to move their ships.

Towards the end of the year, ''Pearl'' joined a small squadron under Captain Andrew Snape Hamond on a cruise along the coast to South Carolina and, on 20 December, captured the , a 16-gun sloop of war of the Continental Navy.Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 72 A strong gale prevented the removal of prisoners and the allocation of an adequate prize crew, and with only eight British sailors on board, she was retaken that night. Sometime later, ''Pearl'' detained a French vessel, carrying arms and ammunition. Wilkinson saw this as proof that the French were aiding the Americans but as there had been no formal declaration of war at that point, he was obliged to let her go.

From South Carolina ''Pearl'' sailed to Antigua where she arrived on 27 January 1777 to await careening and refitting.Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 295Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 80 While this was being carried out, on 13 February, Wilkinson died from disease and was replaced by George Elphinstone.Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 77Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.VIII) p. 150 Work was completed in mid-March, after long delays caused by a shortage of skilled labour, and she returned to the American coast, leaving English Harbour on 18 March, in the company of ''Roebuck'' and the two 20-gun post ships and .

Despite the time spent in port, ''Pearl'' managed more than a dozen captures between January and May 1777, including ''Batchelor'' on 21 March (suspected of piracy because of its armament) and a whaleboat from Lewes, Delaware, on 29 May that was thought to be spying. Another change in command occurred in 1777 when John Linzee was appointed as captain and on 6 July, boats from ''Pearl'' and ''Camilla'' captured and burnt the schooner, USS ''Mosquito'' in a cutting out expedition. The American vessel of six cannon and four swivel guns was moored in a tributary of the Delaware River when, at 03:00, the British sailors boarded without opposition. The only two people guarding her, the master and the gunner, were taken off and she was set alight.Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.IX) pp. 232–233

''Pearl'' was anchored off Bombay Hook, Delaware, on 21 July. At 15:00, a fleet of twelve Continental Navy vessels, under the command of Charles Alexander in the frigate USS ''Delaware'', came in sight. A signal gun was fired to warn her tender, which was ashore collecting supplies, then the ship weighed anchor and sailed off but ran aground on Cross Ledge. The tender was captured along with a fortnight's worth of provisions but ''Pearl'' managed to get free and escape downriver.Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.IX) p. 778 At 11:00 the following morning she spotted ''Camilla'' some away. ''Pearl'' requested she join her and the two ships anchored to await the enemy fleet.Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol.IX) p. 809 On the morning of 23 July, an American vessel came under a flag of truce but by this time the sixth-rate, , had sailed into view. At 06:00 the next day, the American fleet arrived and made a second attempt to discuss terms but were dismissed. The three British frigates cleared for action, the Americans scattered and were pursued up the river but not caught; the British losing sight of their quarry and giving up the chase the next day.

Assault on Philadelphia

When American land forces were defeated at the Battle of Brandywine near Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, and retreated to Philadelphia that September, ''Pearl'' was part of a squadron tasked with opening up the Delaware River, which had been heavily protected with redoubts and sunken obstructions to prevent its navigation. Led by Vice-Admiral Richard Howe in ''Roebuck'', the small force worked its way upstream to Billingsport, New Jersey, where a large earthworks and gun battery protected a channel, blocked with a submerged cheval de friselarge wooden frames, filled with stones and fronting iron-tipped spears.Lossing pp. 291–292Lossing p. 298 Stationed along the river were floating batteries and gunboats, and further upstream, another set of obstacles had been sunk between Fort Mifflin and Fort Mercer.Lossing p. 292 On 22 September, ''Pearl'', ''Roebuck'', ''Liverpool'' and the third-rate, 64-gun , forced a passage in order to support an attack on Red Bank by British troops.Beatson p. 269 Joined later by the fourth-rate, 50-gun and the 16-gun sloop , the British vessels were subjected to heavy fire when they engaged the American flotilla and batteries. ''Augusta'' ran aground and caught fire, and ''Merlin'' blew up; ''Pearl'' and the remaining force broke off the attack and returned to Billingsport.

British troops entered Philadelphia on 26 September but a supply route was needed and control of the river was therefore crucial. In November, Province Island was captured and Howe began erecting batteries. A hulk was converted to a floating gun platform and with the assistance of ''Pearl'', ''Roebuck'' and ''Liverpool'', a six-day bombardment of Fort Mifflin forced the Americans out. Two days later Fort Mercer fell and the British vessels pushed upriver in pursuit of the American fleet which was later scuttled at Gloucester, Massachusetts.

At the end of the year, Howe's fleet removed to Narragansett Bay where ''Pearl'' and her compatriots patrolled the coast and preyed on enemy shipping. At dawn on 25 July 1778, a large vessel was seen off Sandy Hook in Lower New York Bay and ''Pearl'', anchored nearby, was sent in pursuit. The stranger turned out to be the ''Industry'', an American frigate of 26 guns operating under a letter of marque. ''Pearl'' came up with her at 09:00 and the privateer fought for an hour and a half before striking her colours.Beatson p. 380

''Pearl'' was present when the French fleet from Toulon arrived at the end of July, and was at the ensuing engagement in August.Clowes (Vol.III) p. 406 The French force, under Comte d'Estaing, entered the bay on 29 July and attacked British positions on Conanicut and Goat Island the following day. On 8 August, 4,000 French soldiers and sailors were landed to reinforce the 10,000 American troops who had just crossed from the mainland to lay siege to the British garrison on Rhode Island.Clowes (Vol.III) p. 403

Howe positioned his fleet off Point Judith on 9 August. D'Estaing had superior numbers and guns, so sailed out the next morning, fearing that the British might soon be reinforced.Clowes (Vol.III) p. 405 A violent gale scattered the fleets and ended several days of manoeuvring, during which both commanders sought the weather gage. When the British were eventually reunited, it was evident that repairs were required and they sailed for New York City on 15 August. D'Estaing's ships had fared even worse and were forced to retire to Boston. Howe left for England in September 1778, and ''Pearl'' joined a squadron under Rear-Admiral John Byron, watching the French fleet in Boston harbour.Clowes (Vol.III) p. 428

Operations in the West Indies

D'Estaing's fleet of 15 ships-of-the-line left Boston on 3 November 1778, two days after Byron's squadron had been blown off station and driven into Newport, Rhode Island by more bad weather.Clowes (Vol.III) p. 428 ''Pearl'' was despatched to carry news of the escape to the Commander-in-Chief of the Leeward Islands Station, Rear-Admiral Samuel Barrington; Byron was to follow two to three days later if he was unable to locate the French. Not knowing Barrington's precise whereabouts, ''Pearl'' at first sailed to Antigua, arriving on 4 December, before immediately heading for Barbados. En route, she stopped a Dutch vessel which had encountered a French warship out of Boston on the previous night. From the information received, Linzee deduced that d'Estaing's fleet was somewhere near Barbados and arrived there himself on 13 December.

With the arrival of winter and the associated impracticalities of keeping a fleet at sea during bad weather, the British switched their attention to the Leeward Islands, where the French had already been active; capturing the Island of Dominica in September.
On 10 December, Commodore William Hotham with a convoy of 5,000 troops and a small escort, arrived at Barbados, giving the British numerical superiority in the area. Joining with Barrington's ships, the escort squadron comprised two 64-gun and three 50-gun ships-of-the-line, a bomb vessel, and two frigates, ''Pearl'' and the 36-gun . On 13 December, the convoy landed troops on the French colony of St Lucia. The troops quickly captured the batteries on the west side of the island,Clowes (Vol.III) p. 429 and with the support of these batteries, Barrington's much smaller fleet was twice able to repulse d'Estaing's when it arrived the following day. Although the French were able to land 7,000 troops of their own, British command of the high ground meant they were beaten off. The French troops were re-embarked, and when d'Estaing's fleet left on 29 December, the island surrendered.

News of the capture of St Lucia was carried back to England in ''Pearl''. Captain Alexander Graeme took command of the ship on 9 January 1779 and she left Antigua on 16 February in the company of the 74-gun third-rate, with despatches from both Byron and Barrington, and arrived at Spithead on 22 March.Harrison p.220 She was then paid off, sheathed in copper, and refitted at Plymouth. Graeme left ''Pearl'' on 13 April. She served for a short while in the Channel before returning to the North American Station under Captain George Montagu.

On her return to the American continent in September, ''Pearl'' spent two days resupplying at Fayal in the Azores, leaving on 13 September. At 06:00 the following morning, a Spanish frigate was spotted to the north-west and was brought to action after a three-and-half-hour chase. The 28-gun ''Santa Monica'' surrendered after a two-hour engagement, having 38 men killed and 45 wounded. ''Pearl'' had 12 killed and 19 wounded. The ''Santa Monica'' was the larger vessel at 956 tons burthen, but not as well armed; she was re-rated as a 36-gun when taken into British service.Clowes (Vol.IV) p. 33

On 8 January 1780, ''Pearl'' took part in an attack on a Spanish convoy from Caracas comprising 22 ships, including seven men of war; the entire convoy was taken. A portion of the captured ships were carrying naval supplies and these were despatched to England with ''Pearl'' and 64-gun third-rate, as escorts, while the remaining prizes were sent to Gibraltar. The ship later returned to North America, spending some time at Halifax, Nova Scotia before leaving, with the 74-gun third-rate, HMS ''Robust'', to join Vice-Admiral Marriot Arbuthnot's squadron off Sandy Hook on 3 July 1780, where preparations were being made to repel an expected attack by the French fleet.

Arbuthnot set sail on 13 July, after being reinforced with six ships-of-the-line under Rear-Admiral Thomas Graves. Hearing that the French fleet had put into Narragansett Bay on 17 July, Arbuthnot's squadron arrived on 22 July to find the French encamped on Rose Island and their ships strung out between there and Conanicut Island. Arbuthnot sent orders for transports from New York, in case the British Army thought an attack on the island necessary, then anchored his squadron off Block Island. After re-provisioning on 6 August, the British squadron stationed itself off Newport, then retired to Gardiner's Island on 9 August, leaving on 17 August for an eight-day cruise between the Nantucket Shoals and the east end of Long Island, returning to lie off Martha's Vineyard.

''Pearl'' fell in with the 28-gun French frigate, ''Esperance'' off Bermuda on 30 September 1780. After a two-hour fight, ''Esperance'' broke off but was pursued and the two ships engaged in a running battle for a further two and a half hours, after which the French ship was forced to capitulate. She had 20 men killed and 24 wounded; ''Pearl'' had 6 men killed and 10 wounded.

Battle of Virginia Capes

In January 1781, Arbuthnot had a French squadron blockaded in Newport. On 23 January, his ships were caught in a squall off the east end of Long Island which resulted in the loss of one 74-gun third-rate ship, , and the dismasting of another, . ''America'' was blown out to sea but turned up two weeks later undamaged. ''Pearl'' escaped relatively unharmed. The French, however, now had a numerical advantage; they broke out on 8 February and captured the British fifth-rate, . The British brought ''Bedford'' back into service by salvaging the masts from the wreck of the ''Culloden'' and set sail to look for the French on 9 March. The two forces discovered each other at 06:00 on 16 March in a thick fog some off Cape Henry. The British caught up by 13:00 and found themselves to windward of the French after some manoeuvring, where the increasingly strong winds and high seas prevented them from opening their lower gunports. The French, downwind, leaned away from their opponents; they were not so disadvantaged and could bring more and larger guns to bear. The fleets engaged by 14:30 with the heaviest action upon the leading three ships of the British vanguard. The three ships were so badly damaged that the British were unable to pursue when the French broke off and turned towards Newport, so they put into Chesapeake Bay. The British casualties were 30 killed, 73 wounded, while the French had 72 killed and 112 wounded.Mahan p. 173 ''Pearl'' was too small to be in the line of battle and had stood off with the other frigates, incurring no loss or damage. She had responsibility for relaying signals during the battle.

Arbuthnot's ships were seaworthy by 24 March and he set sail for Delaware, where he assumed that the French fleet had gone, but contrary winds forced him to return. Two days later, ''Pearl'' was sent out with the 28-gun sixth-rate, to search for the French but again was unable to locate them.

''Pearl'' remained in American waters until July 1782. She continued to harass enemy shipping, taking the French privateer ''Singe'', a large polacca, on 10 July 1781 and the 8-gun American ''Senegal'' of 50 tons burthen, on 19 August, plus three merchant vessels before the year was out. Two schooners and three brigs were captured in 1782, before ''Pearl'' paid off and returned to England for substantial repairs. The cost of repairs amounted to £19,267.13.8d and took until June 1784, after which she was laid up at Deptford.

Prizes taken during the American Revolutionary War

Mediterranean service and the outbreak of war

Between July and December 1786, ''Pearl'' underwent a refit. She sailed to the Mediterranean on 22 March 1787, returning home in 1789 to be recommissioned under Captain George Courtnay. She rejoined the Mediterranean fleet in May 1790. Sometime in 1792, the ship was taken out of service but was recalled the following year when France declared war on Britain once more. She was fitted out at Plymouth between June and August at a cost of £7,615, before sailing to the Irish Station under Captain Michael de Courcy where she served until November 1795. Following a small repair at Plymouth, costing £9,686, Captain Samuel James Ballard took command in February 1796.

Aided by the 36-gun fifth-rate, , ''Pearl'' captured the 24-gun privateer, ''Incroyable'', on 14 April 1797. Reputed to be a very fast sailing vessel, ''Incroyable'' left her home port of Bordeaux on 2 April. She had yet to take a prize, when, on the morning of 11 April, she was seen and chased by ''Pearl''. The next day, the two ships were some off the west coast of Spain, when ''Flora'' appeared, forcing ''Incroyable'' to haul to windward. On 13 April, ''Incroyable'' became becalmed, allowing the British frigates to catch up, which they did at 23:45. After receiving a single broadside, the French privateer surrendered.

In March 1798, ''Pearl'' sailed for the Leeward Islands via West Africa, where, on 24 April, she escaped from two French frigates. While passing through the Îles de Los, an archipelago off the coast of Guinea, she discovered an enemy squadron comprising four large ships at anchor and a brig under sail. As she approached, one of the ships hoisted a French flag and opened fire. Forced to run between two frigates, ''Pearl'' engaged both as she passed then hove to, continuing to fire for a further hour before making off with one, or possibly both frigates in pursuit.James (Vol.II) p. 219Clowes (Vol.IV) p. 510 The chase continued through the night and all through the following day before ''Pearl'' managed to escape, arriving at Sierra Leone on 27 April, where she was inspected for damage. She had been holed in several places, although all were above the waterline; her Topgallant sail, fore-topgallant yard and foreyard had been shot away and a number of lower shrouds and other rigging had been cut through. In addition, two of her carronades had been dismounted, causing the death of one man. ''Pearl'' eventually arrived in the West Indies, capturing the 10-gun privateer, ''Scocvola'', in October and the 12-gun privateer, ''Independence'', in December, both off the coast of Antigua.

On 22 October 1799, ''Pearl'' was sent to the Mediterranean where she spent much of the following 12 months attempting to disrupt enemy trade by attacking the numerous merchant vessels along the European coast. Spain had re-entered the war as an ally of France in 1796 and in January 1800, the British frigate took both a Spanish brig, and a French brig with accompanying settee. Then on 9 February, near Narbonne, she drove ashore and destroyed a large Genoese polacca of 14 guns. The crew escaped as did the small convoy of settees that were being escorted. While off Marseilles, ''Pearl'' captured a Genoese brig and settee on 28 April, two more Genoese settees on 2 and 3 May and, with the fourth-rate , a Ragusan brig on 20 May.

Cruising off Alicante in June and July, ''Pearl'' captured three more Ragusan ships, a French settee, two Spanish settees and a xebec. Then, on 20 July, the crew of ''Pearl'' took part in a cutting out expedition which resulted in the capture of two xebecs and six settees. Shortly after the action a storm blew up and three of the prizes had to be scuttled though their cargo was removed first. She captured four more settees on 31 August, destroyed a further two on 11 October and on the same day, she took a French ketch on its way to Nice. Two Genoese ships were taken on 14 October and three French settees the following day while a fourth was burnt.

''Pearl'' received a share of the prize money for a transport, wrecked off Minorca and salvaged on 20 October with the aid of the 18-gun sloop , the 8-gun bomb vessel , and the 6-gun tender . On 31 October, with ''Lutine'', ''Strombolo'', the 20-gun corvette and the 12-gun polacca, ''Transfer'', she took another transport from Port Mahon.

Alexandria

In January 1801, a large force of 16,000 troops and more than 100 vessels was assembled in Malta in preparation for an invasion of French-occupied Ottoman Egypt. The escorting fleet, to which ''Pearl'' was attached, was commanded by her former captain, Elphinstone, by this time a vice-admiral. The expedition arrived in Aboukir Bay on 1 February 1801.Long p. 112 The subsequent Battle of Alexandria was brought to a successful conclusion when the French surrendered on 2 September, following a protracted siege. In 1850, a general service medal with the clasp "Egypt" was retrospectively awarded to the surviving members of ''Pearl's'' crew, for their part in the campaign.

While cruising with the 32-gun fifth-rate on 28 February, ''Pearl'' took a Genoese merchant ship on its way home, laden with goods from Marseilles. The two British frigates later managed to save some cargo from a sinking Genoese tartan and a French tartan that had been scuttled. Both ships were out of Marseilles. On 20 March, a French ship bound for Alexandria was intercepted and captured by ''Pearl'', ''Santa Teresa'' and the 40-gun heavy frigate, HMS ''Minerve''.
With the 16-gun sloop and 14-gun brig HMS ''Victorieuese'', ''Pearl'' seized a Genoese ship carrying arms to Alexandria on 29 April. The three British ships took a French aviso, also going to Alexandria, on the same day. On 1 July, ''Pearl'' took a small privateer.

Siege of Porto Ferrajo

''Pearl'' was in Commodore John Borlase Warren's squadron when, on 1 August, it was called to the island of Elba to relieve the British garrison at Porto Ferrajo, which had been under siege since the beginning of May.James (Vol.III) p. 95 The arrival of the British ships caused the two French frigates guarding the port to retreat to Leghorn in the Kingdom of Etruria, a French client state. Warren then initiated a blockade of the island.James (Vol.III) p. 96 The two escaped frigates were later brought to action on 2 September when the fifth rates, HMS ''Pomone'', and ''Minerve'' recaptured ''Succès'' and destroyed ''Bravoure'' after she had run aground.

The next day at 14:30, ''Phoenix'', ''Pomone'' and ''Pearl'' were cruising off the west side of Elba, when they spotted the 40-gun ''Carrère'', on her passage from Porto-Ercole to Porto-Longone with a convoy of small vessels. ''Pearl'' sailed to cut off the frigate's destination but only ''Pomone'' got close enough to engage. ''Carrère'' surrendered to her after a 10-minute action but the convoy managed to escape.

His majesty's ships ''Pearl'', ''Pomone'', the ships-of-the-line , , , ''Alexander'', ''Généreux'' and , and the brig , supplied nearly 700 seamen and marines for an attack on the French batteries investing the town. The action took place on 14 September but was only partially successful, and eight days later the British ships left Elba, though Porto Ferrajo remained in British hands until the end of the war.James (Vol.III) p. 98

Prizes taken during the French Revolutionary War

Fate

After the Treaty of Amiens had brought the French Revolutionary War to an end, ''Pearl'' remained in the Mediterranean under Ballard until May 1802. She then returned to England and was laid up in ordinary at Portsmouth. In April 1804, she was fitted out as a slop ship, a vessel for the storage and distribution of sailor's clothing.James (1810) p.812 She was laid up again in 1812, then fitted as a receiving ship in April 1814. In March 1825, ''Pearl'' was renamed ''Protheé'' and put up for sale on 13 April 1831 but was not purchased. The Admiralty eventually disposed of her on 4 January 1832, when she sold for £1,230.0.00d.

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pearl, HMS
Frigates of the Royal Navy
1762 ships
Fifth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy
Ships built in Kent