Ghirlandaio - Tornabuoni Chapel - a Humanist philosopher

The migration waves of

Byzantine Greek Medieval Greek (also known as Middle Greek, Byzantine Greek, or Romaic) is the stage of the Greek language between the end of classical antiquity in the 5th–6th centuries and the end of the Middle Ages, conventionally dated to the Ottoman c ...

scholars and émigrés in the period following the

end of the Byzantine Empire The Fall of Constantinople, also known as the Conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city fell on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun o ...

in 1453 is considered by many scholars key to the revival of

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

studies that led to the development of the

Renaissance humanism Renaissance humanism was a revival in the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. During the period, the term ''humanist'' ( it, umanista) referred to teache ...

and

science Science is a systematic endeavor that Scientific method, builds and organizes knowledge in the form of Testability, testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earli ...

. These émigrés brought to Western Europe the relatively well-preserved remnants and accumulated knowledge of their own (Greek) civilization, which had mostly not survived the Early Middle Ages in the West. The ''

Encyclopædia Britannica The ( Latin for "British Encyclopædia") is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It is published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; the company has existed since the 18th century, although it has changed ownership various ...

'' claims: "Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance", although few scholars date the start of the

Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance ( it, Rinascimento ) was a period in Italian history covering the 15th and 16th centuries. The period is known for the initial development of the broader Renaissance culture that spread across Europe and marked the tra ...

this late.

History

The main role of Byzantine scholars within

was the teaching of the

Greek language Greek ( el, label= Modern Greek, Ελληνικά, Elliniká, ; grc, Ἑλληνική, Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Italy (Calabria and Salento), southe ...

to their western counterparts in universities or privately together with the spread of ancient texts. Their forerunners were

Barlaam of Calabria Barlaam of Seminara (Bernardo Massari, as a layman), c. 1290–1348, or Barlaam of Calabria ( gr, Βαρλαὰμ Καλαβρός) was an Eastern Orthodox Greek scholar born in southern Italy he was a scholar and clergyman of the 14th century, a ...

(Bernardo Massari) and Leonzio Pilato, two translators who were both born in Calabria in southern Italy and who were both educated in the Greek language. The impact of these two scholars on the humanists was indisputable. By 1500 there was a Greek-speaking community of about 5,000 in

Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges. The isla ...

. The Venetians also ruled

Crete Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cypru ...

Dalmatia Dalmatia (; hr, Dalmacija ; it, Dalmazia; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria. Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of the Adriatic Sea, stre ...

, and scattered islands and port cities of the former empire, the populations of which were augmented by refugees from other Byzantine provinces who preferred Venetian to Ottoman governance. Crete was especially notable for the Cretan School of

icon An icon () is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, in the cultures of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Catholic churches. They are not simply artworks; "an icon is a sacred image used in religious devotion". The most c ...

-painting, which after 1453 became the most important in the Greek world. After the peak of the

in the first decades of the 16th century, the flow of information reversed, and Greek scholars in Italy were employed to oppose Turkish expansion into former Byzantine lands in Greece, prevent the Protestant

Reformation The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and i ...

spreading there and help bring the Eastern Churches back into communion with Rome. In 1577,

Gregory XIII Pope Gregory XIII ( la, Gregorius XIII; it, Gregorio XIII; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 May 1572 to his death in April 1585. He is best known for ...

founded the Collegio Pontifico Greco as a college in

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus ( legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

to receive young Greeks belonging to any nation in which the

Greek Rite The Byzantine Rite, also known as the Greek Rite or the Rite of Constantinople, identifies the wide range of cultural, liturgical, and canonical practices that developed in the Eastern Christian Church of Constantinople. The canonical hours ar ...

was used, and consequently for Greek refugees in

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

as well as the

Ruthenians Ruthenian and Ruthene are exonyms of Latin origin, formerly used in Eastern and Central Europe as common ethnonyms for East Slavs, particularly during the late medieval and early modern periods. The Latin term Rutheni was used in medieval sourc ...

and Malchites of

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Med ...

and Syria. The construction of the College and Church of S. Atanasio, joined by a bridge over the ''Via dei Greci'', was begun in that year. Although ideas from

ancient Rome In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–50 ...

already enjoyed popularity with the scholars of the 14th century and their importance to the Renaissance was undeniable, the lessons of Greek learning brought by Byzantine intellectuals changed the course of

humanism Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential and agency of human beings. It considers human beings the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry. The meaning of the term "human ...

and the Renaissance itself. While Greek learning affected all the subjects of the '' studia humanitatis'', history and philosophy in particular were profoundly affected by the texts and ideas brought from Byzantium. History was changed by the re-discovery and spread of Greek historians’ writings, and this knowledge of Greek historical treatises helped the subject of history become a guide to virtuous living based on the study of past events and people. The effects of this renewed knowledge of Greek history can be seen in the writings of humanists on virtue, which was a popular topic. Specifically, these effects are shown in the examples provided from Greek antiquity that displayed virtue as well as vice. The philosophy of not only

Aristotle Aristotle (; grc-gre, Ἀριστοτέλης ''Aristotélēs'', ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical Greece, Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Peripatet ...

but also

Plato Plato ( ; grc-gre, Πλάτων ; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a Greek philosopher born in Athens during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. He founded the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institutio ...

affected the Renaissance by causing debates over man’s place in the universe, the immortality of the soul, and the ability of man to improve himself through virtue. The flourishing of philosophical writings in the 15th century revealed the impact of

Greek philosophy Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC, marking the end of the Greek Dark Ages. Greek philosophy continued throughout the Hellenistic period and the period in which Greece and most Greek-inhabited lands were part of the Roman Empi ...

and science on the Renaissance. The resonance of these changes lasted through the centuries following the

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass id ...

not only in the writing of humanists, but also in the education and values of

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...

and western society even to the present day.Constantinople and the West by Deno John Geanakopulos- Italian Renaissance and thought and the role of Byzantine emigres scholars in Florence, Rome and Venice: A reassessment University of Wisconsin Press, 1989 Deno Geanakopoulos in his work on the contribution of Byzantine Greek scholars to Renaissance has summarised their input into three major shifts to Renaissance thought: * in early 14th century

Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico ...

from the early, central emphasis on rhetoric to one on metaphysical philosophy by means of introducing and reinterpretation of the Platonic texts, * in

Padua Padua ( ; it, Padova ; vec, Pàdova) is a city and ''comune'' in Veneto, northern Italy. Padua is on the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice. It is the capital of the province of Padua. It is also the economic and communications hub of t ...

by reducing the dominance of Averroist

in science and philosophy by supplementing but not completely replacing it with Byzantine traditions which utilised ancient and Byzantine commentators on Aristotle, * and earlier in the mid 15th century in Rome, through emphasis not on any philosophical school but through the production of more authentic and reliable versions of Greek texts relevant to all fields of humanism and science and with respect to the Greek fathers of the church. Hardly less important was their direct or indirect influence on

exegesis Exegesis ( ; from the Greek , from , "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text. The term is traditionally applied to the interpretation of Biblical works. In modern usage, exegesis can involve critical interpretations ...

of the

New Testament The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christ ...

itself through Cardinal Bessarion's inspiration of

Lorenzo Valla Lorenzo Valla (; also Latinized as Laurentius; 14071 August 1457) was an Italian Renaissance humanist, rhetorician, educator, scholar, and Catholic priest. He is best known for his historical-critical textual analysis that proved that the '' ...

's biblical emendations of the Latin

vulgate The Vulgate (; also called (Bible in common tongue), ) is a late-4th-century Bible translations into Latin, Latin translation of the Bible. The Vulgate is largely the work of Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus&nbs ...

in the light of the Greek text.

Scholars

Leo Allatius Leo Allatius (Greek: Λέων Αλλάτιος, ''Leon Allatios'', Λιωνής Αλάτζης, ''Lionis Allatzis''; Italian: ''Leone Allacci, Allacio''; Latin: ''Leo Allatius, Allacius''; c. 1586 – January 19, 1669) was a Greek scholar, theolog ...

(c. 1586 – 1669), Rome, librarian of the library of Vatican * George Amiroutzes (1400–1470), Florence, Aristotelian * Henry Aristippus of Calabria (1105–10 – 1162) * Michael Apostolius (c. 1420 – after 1474 or 1486), Rome * Arsenius Apostolius (c. 1468 – 1538), Venice, bishop of Monemvasia * John Argyropoulos (c. 1415 – 1487), Universities of Florence, Rome * Simon Atumano (14th century), Bishop of Gerace in Calabria * Bessarion (1403–1472), Catholic cardinal * Barlaam of Seminara (c. 1290–1348), he taught

Petrarch Francesco Petrarca (; 20 July 1304 – 18/19 July 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (), was a scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credite ...

some rudiments of Greek language * Zacharias Calliergi (fl. 1499–1515), Rome * Laonicus Chalcocondyles (c. 1430 – c. 1470), historian, Athens * Demetrius Chalcondyles (1423–1511), Padua, Florence, Milan * Theofilos Chalcocondylis, Florence * Manuel Chrysoloras (c. 1355 – 1415), Florence, Pavia, Rome, Venice, Milan * John Chrysoloras, scholar and diplomat: relative of Manuel Chrysoloras, patron of Francesco Filelfo * Andronicus Contoblacas, Basel, teacher of Johann Reuchlin *

Johannes Crastonis Johannes Crastonis (Crastonus; Crastone) was an Italian renaissance humanist and scholar. Crastonus was probably born in Castel San Giovanni close to Piacenza. He was a member of the Carmelites. He studied in Constantinople but migrated to Modena ...

(d. after 1497), Modena, Greek-Latin dictionary * Andronicus Callistus (1400 – c. 1476), Rome, Bologna, Florence, Paris, cousin of Theodorus Gaza * Demetrius Cydones (1324–1398), Mesazon of the Byzantine Empire * Mathew Devaris (fl. 1552–1550), Rome * Demetrios Ducas (с. 1480 – c. 1527), Spain *

Elia del Medigo Elia del Medigo, also called Elijah Delmedigo or Elias ben Moise del Medigo and sometimes known to his contemporaries as Helias Hebreus Cretensis or in Hebrew Elijah Mi-Qandia (c. 1458 – c. 1493). According to Jacob Joshua Ross, "whil ...

(c. 1458 – c. 1493), Venice, Rome, Padua, Jewish philosopher *

Antonios Eparchos Antonios Eparchos (Greek: Αντώνιος Έπαρχος; 1491–1571) was a Greek Renaissance humanist, teacher, poet, copyist, collector, soldier and translator of manuscripts. He was born in Corfu and migrated to Venice in 1537. Later, he was p ...

(1491–1571), Venice, scholar and poet * Antonio de Ferraris (c. 1444 – 1517), academic, doctor and humanist * Theodorus Gaza (c. 1398 – c. 1475), first dean of the University of Ferrara, Naples and Rome * George Gemistos Plethon (c. 1355/1360 – 1452/54), teacher of Bessarion * George of Trebizond (1395–1486), Venice, Florence, Rome *

George Hermonymus George Hermonymus ( el, Γεώργιος Ἑρμώνυμος; born before 1435; died after 1503), also known as Hermonymus of Sparta, was a 15th-century Greek scribe, diplomat, scholar and lecturer. He was the first person to teach Greek at the C ...

(before 1435 – after 1503),

University of Paris The University of Paris (french: link=no, Université de Paris), Metonymy, metonymically known as the Sorbonne (), was the leading university in Paris, France, active from 1150 to 1970, with the exception between 1793 and 1806 under the French Revo ...

, teacher of

Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (; ; English: Erasmus of Rotterdam or Erasmus;''Erasmus'' was his baptismal name, given after St. Erasmus of Formiae. ''Desiderius'' was an adopted additional name, which he used from 1496. The ''Roterodamus'' w ...

, Reuchlin, Budaeus and Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples * Georgios Kalafatis (ca. 1652 – ca. 1720), Greek professor of theoretical and practical medicine *

Andreas Musalus Andreas Musalus ( la, Andreas Musalus, it, Andrea Musalo, gr, Ανδρέας Μουσάλος; ca. 1665/6 – ca. 1721) was a Greek professor of mathematics, philosopher and architectural theorist who was largely active in Venice during the 17 ...

(ca. 1665/6 – ca. 1721), Greek professor of mathematics, philosopher and architectural theorist * Nicholas Kalliakis (Nicolai Calliachius) (1645–1707), a

scholar and philosopher who flourished in Italy. * Mathaeos Kamariotis (d. 1490), Constantinople * Isidore of Kiev (1385–1463) * Ioannis Kigalas (ca. 1622 – 1687), Greek scholar and professor of Philosophy and Logic * Ioannis Kottounios (c. 1577 – 1658), Padua * Konstantinos Kallokratos (b. 1589), Calabria * Constantine Lascaris (1434–1501), University of Messina * Janus Lascaris or Rhyndacenus (c. 1445 – 1535), Rome * Leonard of Chios (c. 1395/96 – c. 1458), Greek-born Roman Catholic prelate * Nikolaos Loukanis (16th century), Venice * Maximus the Greek (c. 1475 – 1556) studied in Italy before moving to Russia *

Maximos Margunios Maximos Margunios (b.1549 Candia, Crete - d. 1602, Venice) Bishop of Cerigo (Kythira), was a Greek Renaissance humanist. He was a teacher at the Greek school in Venice and noted Patriarch Cyril Lucaris was among his students, Margunios was a suppor ...

(1549–1602), Venice * Marcus Musurus (c. 1470 – 1517), University of Padua * Michael Tarchaniota Marullus (с. 1458 – 1500), Ancona and Florence, friend and pupil of Jovianus Pontanus * Leonardos Philaras (1595–1673), an early advocate for Greek independence * Maximus Planudes (c. 1260 – c. 1305), Rome, Venice, anthologist, mathematician, grammarian, theologian *

Franciscus Portus Franciscus Portus (Latin; Greek: Φραγκίσκος Πόρτος, Italian: Francesco Porto) (1511 – 1581) was a Greek-Italian Renaissance humanist and classical scholar. Biography Born on Crete on 22 August 1511, Portus was orphaned early. H ...

(1511–1581), Venice, Ferrara, Geneva * John Servopoulos (fl. 1484–1500), scholar, professor, Oxford * Nikolaos Sophianos (c. 1500 – after 1551), Rome, Venice: scholar and geographer, creator of the

Totius Graeciae Descriptio Totius Graeciae Descriptio refers to an early antiquarian map of Greece drawn by Renaissance humanist Nikolaos Sophianos that became a cartographical bestseller of the late 16th century. It is eight pages and shows Greece from mythical times to th ...

Nicholas Leonicus Thomaeus Nicholas Leonicus Thomaeus ( it, Niccolò Leonico Tomeo, el, Νικόλαος Λεόνικος Θωμεύς; 1456–1531) was a Venetian scholar and professor of philosophy as well as of Greek and Latin at the University of Padua. Biography T ...

(1456–1531), Venice, Padua *

Iakovos Trivolis Iakovos Trivolis (died 1547) was a Greek Renaissance humanist and writer. He published a historical work titled ''History of Tallapieras'' after the exploits of the namesake Venetian ship captain, and the ''Story of the King of Scotia and the Queen ...

(d. 1547), Venice * Gregory Tifernas (1414–1462), Paris, teacher of Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples and Robert Gaguin *

Gerasimos Vlachos Gerasimos Vlachos (1607–1685) was a Greek scholar of the Renaissance. He was born in Heraklion, Crete but migrated to Venice early on and was a student and associate of fellow Greek scholar Theophilos Korydaleus. He specialised in Greek philos ...

(1607–1685), Venice *

Francesco Maurolico Francesco Maurolico (Latin: ''Franciscus Maurolycus''; Italian: ''Francesco Maurolico''; gr, Φραγκίσκος Μαυρόλυκος, 16 September 1494 - 21/22 July 1575) was a mathematician and astronomer from Sicily. He made contributions t ...

(1494–1575), mathematician and astronomer from Sicily

Painting and music

Marco Basaiti Marco Basaiti (c. 1470–1530) was a Renaissance painter who worked mainly in Venice and was a contemporary of Giovanni Bellini and Cima da Conegliano.

(c. 1470 – c. 1530), painter, Venice * Belisario Corenzio (c. 1558–1643), painter, Napoli *

Michael Damaskenos Michael Damaskenos or Michail Damaskenos ( el, Μιχαήλ Δαμασκηνός, 1530/35–1592/93) was a leading post-Byzantine Crete, Cretan Painting, painter. He is a major representative of the Cretan School of painting that flourished i ...

(1530/35–1592/93), Venice, Cretan painter * Georgios Klontzas (1535-1608) Cretan painter * Thomas Flanginis (1578–1648), Venice, funded the establishment of the Flanginian Greek school for teachers * El Greco (1541–1614), the nickname for the Cretan painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos,

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...

* Francisco Leontaritis (1518 – c. 1572), Italy, Bavaria: singer and composer *

Anna Notaras Anna Notaras Palaiologina ( gr, Ἄννα Νοταρᾶ Παλαιολογίνα; died 8 July 1507) was the daughter of Loukas Notaras, the last '' megas doux'' of the Byzantine Empire. Biography Anna probably left Constantinople prior to fall ...

(d. 1507), Venice, first Greek printing press *

Angelos Pitzamanos Angelos Pitzamanos ( el, Άγγελος Πιτζαμάνος) (1467–1535) was a Greek Renaissance painter. The artists is sometimes referred to as Angelos Bitzamanos. He was born in Crete Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , A ...

(1467–1535), Cretan painter, Otranto,

Southern Italy Southern Italy ( it, Sud Italia or ) also known as ''Meridione'' or ''Mezzogiorno'' (), is a macroregion of the Italian Republic consisting of its southern half. The term ''Mezzogiorno'' today refers to regions that are associated with the peop ...

Nano Chatzidakis: ''The character of the Velimezis Collection''
/ref> *

Janus Plousiadenos Janus Plousiadenos (circa 1429-1500) was a 15th-century Greek Renaissance scholar, hymnographer and composer born in Crete. Plousiadenos was in favor of the Union of the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches and wrote extensively on the subject. Th ...

(c. 1429 – c. 1500), Venice, hymnographer and composer *

Theodore Poulakis Theodore Poulakis ( el, Θεόδωρος Πουλάκης; 1622–1692) was a Greek Renaissance painter and teacher. He is considered the father of the Heptanese School and one of the most prolific painters of Venetian Crete. Poulakis was a ...

(1622–1692), Venice, painter *

Emmanuel Tzanes Emmanuel Tzanes ( el, Εμμανουήλ Τζάνες, 1610 – 28 March 1690), also known as Bounialis ( el, Μπουνιαλής) Emmanuel Tzane-Bounialis, Emmanuel Zane, and Emmanuel Tzane. He was a Greek Renaissance painter. He was an ...

(1610–1690), Venice, Cretan painter * John Rhosos (d. 1498), Rome, Venice well-known scribe *

Antonio Vassilacchi Antonio Vassilacchi (; el, Αντώνιος Βασιλάκης, Antonios Vasilakis; 1556–1629), also called L'Aliense, was a Greek painter, who was active mostly in Venice and the Veneto. Biography Antonio Vassilacchi was born of Greek descent ...

(1556–1629), painter from

Milos Milos or Melos (; el, label= Modern Greek, Μήλος, Mílos, ; grc, Μῆλος, Mêlos) is a volcanic Greek island in the Aegean Sea, just north of the Sea of Crete. Milos is the southwesternmost island in the Cyclades group. The ''Ve ...

worked in

with Paolo Veronese

References

Sources

* Deno J. Geanakoplos, ''Byzantine East and Latin West: Two worlds of Christendom in Middle Ages and renaissance''. The Academy Library Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1966. * Deno J. Geanakoplos, (1958) ''A Byzantine looks at the renaissance'', Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 1 (2);pp:157-62. * Jonathan Harris, ''Greek Émigrés in the West, 1400-1520'', Camberley: Porphyrogenitus, 1995. * Louise Ropes Loomis (1908) ''The Greek Renaissance in Italy'' The American Historical Review, 13(2);pp:246-258. * John Monfasani ''Byzantine Scholars in Renaissance Italy: Cardinal Bessarion and Other Émigrés'': Selected Essays, Aldershot, Hampshire: Variorum, 1995. * Steven Runciman, ''The fall of Constantinople, 1453''. Cambridge University press, Cambridge 1965. * Fotis Vassileiou & Barbara Saribalidou, ''Short Biographical Lexicon of Byzantine Academics Immigrants to Western Europe'', 2007. * Dimitri Tselos (1956) ''A Greco-Italian School of Illuminators and Fresco Painters: Its Relation to the Principal Reims * Nigel G. Wilson. ''From Byzantium to Italy: Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.

External links

Greece: Books and Writers.

* [http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/late/laterbyz/harris-ren.html Jonathan Harris, 'Byzantines in Renaissance Italy'.]
Bilingual (Greek original / English) excerpts from Gennadios Scholarios' Epistle to Orators.

Paul Botley, Renaissance Scholarship and the Athenian Calendar.

Karl Krumbacher: 'The History of Byzantine Literature: from Justinian to the end of the Eastern Roman Empire (527-1453)'.

Istituto Ellenico di Studi Byzantini and Postbyzantini di Venezia
{{DEFAULTSORT:Greek Scholars In The Renaissance Byzantine science Renaissance Classical scholars, * Greek Renaissance humanists, *Scholars Renaissance humanism Greece–Italy relations