Greek colonization was an organised
colonial expansion
Colonial or The Colonial may refer to:
* Colonial, of, relating to, or characteristic of a colony or colony (biology)
Architecture
* American colonial architecture
* French Colonial
* Spanish Colonial architecture
Automobiles
* Colonial (1920 au ...
by the
Archaic Greeks into the
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ...
and
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...
in the period of the 8th–6th centuries BC.
This colonization differed from the
migrations of the
Greek Dark Ages in that it consisted of organised direction (see
Oikistes
The ''oikistes'' ( gr, οἰκιστής), often anglicized as oekist or oecist, was the individual chosen by an ancient Greek polis
''Polis'' (, ; grc-gre, πόλις, ), plural ''poleis'' (, , ), literally means "city" in Greek. In Ancien ...
) by the originating
metropolis
A metropolis () is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications.
A big ci ...
instead of the simple movement of tribes which characterized the earlier migrations. Many colonies () that were founded in this period evolved into strong
city-states
A city-state is an independent sovereign city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory. They have existed in many parts of the world since the dawn of history, including cities such as ...
and became independent of their metropolis.
Reasons for colonization
Reasons for colonization had to do with the demographic explosion of this period, the development of the
emporium, the need for a secure supply of raw materials, but also with the emerging politics of the period that drove sections of the population into exile. Population growth created a scarcity of farmland and a restriction of the ability of smallholders to farm it, which was similar in every city-state. In places with surplus population, this led to a demand for additional living space. The location of each colonial establishment was dictated by the supply of unexploited resources that would provide the metropolis, as well as the finished goods it would produce. The development of the emporium was among the more important motivations for the founding of a colony. The colonies created new markets, supplied the metropolis with significant raw materials and constituted important way stations on the long-distance trade journeys of the era. Finally, the troubled political situation in many cities, along with the establishment of
tyrannical
A tyrant (), in the modern English usage of the word, is an absolute ruler who is unrestrained by law, or one who has usurped a legitimate ruler's sovereignty. Often portrayed as cruel, tyrants may defend their positions by resorting to rep ...
government, drove the political opposition into exile and into a search for new places of residence.
Characteristics of the colonization
The founding of the colonies was consistently an organised enterprise. The launch was organized by the metropolis, although in many cases they collaborated with other cities. The place to be colonized was selected in advance with the goal of offering business advantages, but also security from raiders. In order to create a feeling of security and confidence in relation to the new colony, the choice of place was decided according to its usefulness.
The mission always included a leader nominated by the colonists. In the new cities, the colonists parceled out the land, including farms. The system of governance usually took a form reminiscent of that which prevailed in the metropolis.
Timing
The first founders of colonies were the
Euboeans, who founded colonies at the beginning of the 8th century B.C. in Southern Italy and
Chalcidice. The two most powerful states on Euboea,
Chalcis and
Eretria
Eretria (; el, Ερέτρια, , grc, Ἐρέτρια, , literally 'city of the rowers') is a town in Euboea, Greece, facing the coast of Attica across the narrow South Euboean Gulf. It was an important Greek polis in the 6th and 5th centur ...
founded numerous colonies in Chalcidice, the most important of which was
Olynthus
Olynthus ( grc, Ὄλυνθος ''Olynthos'', named for the ὄλυνθος ''olunthos'', "the fruit of the wild fig tree") was an ancient city of Chalcidice, built mostly on two flat-topped hills 30–40m in height, in a fertile plain at the he ...
, and they were the first to found colonies in Southern Italy. The first colony that they founded there was
Pithecusae
Ischia ( , , ) is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about from Naples. It is the largest of the Phlegrean Islands. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures approximately east to west ...
on the
Isle of Ischia. Subsequently, they founded the colonies of
Cumae
Cumae ( grc, Κύμη, (Kumē) or or ; it, Cuma) was the first ancient Greek colony on the mainland of Italy, founded by settlers from Euboea in the 8th century BC and soon becoming one of the strongest colonies. It later became a rich Ro ...
,
Zancle
Messina (, also , ) is a harbour city and the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina. It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, and the 13th largest city in Italy, with a population of more than 219,000 inhabitants in t ...
,
Rhegium
Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label= Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated pop ...
and
Naxos
Naxos (; el, Νάξος, ) is a Greek island and the largest of the Cyclades. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture. The island is famous as a source of emery, a rock rich in corundum, which until modern times was one of the best ab ...
.
At the end of the 8th century, Euboea fell into decline with the outbreak of the
Lelantine War
The Lelantine War was a military conflict between the two ancient Greek city states Chalcis and Eretria in Euboea which took place in the early Archaic period, between c. 710 and 650 BC. The reason for war was, according to tradition, the struggl ...
and the baton of colonial foundation was passed to other Greek cities. In the 7th century, many colonies were founded in
Ionia, Southern Italy,
Thrace
Thrace (; el, Θράκη, Thráki; bg, Тракия, Trakiya; tr, Trakya) or Thrake is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe, now split among Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey, which is bounded by the Balkan Mountains to ...
and on the
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...
. Other Greek colonies were founded on the coast of
Gaul
Gaul ( la, Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only during ...
, on the
Cyrenaica
Cyrenaica ( ) or Kyrenaika ( ar, برقة, Barqah, grc-koi, Κυρηναϊκή παρχίαKurēnaïkḗ parkhíā}, after the city of Cyrene), is the eastern region of Libya. Cyrenaica includes all of the eastern part of Libya between ...
peninsula in Africa and also in Egypt. In this burst of colonial expansion cities such as
Corinth
Corinth ( ; el, Κόρινθος, Kórinthos, ) is the successor to an ancient city, and is a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese (region), Peloponnese, which is located in south-central Greece. Since the 2011 local government refor ...
,
Miletus,
Megara and
Phocaea
Phocaea or Phokaia (Ancient Greek: Φώκαια, ''Phókaia''; modern-day Foça in Turkey) was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia. Greek colonists from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia (modern-day Marseille, in ...
took the lead.
Locations
Colonies in Macedonia and Thrace
Numerous colonies were founded in
Northern Greece
Northern Greece ( el, Βόρεια Ελλάδα, Voreia Ellada) is used to refer to the northern parts of Greece, and can have various definitions.
Administrative regions of Greece
Administrative term
The term "Northern Greece" is widely used ...
, chiefly in the region of
Chalcidice but also in the region of
Thrace
Thrace (; el, Θράκη, Thráki; bg, Тракия, Trakiya; tr, Trakya) or Thrake is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe, now split among Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey, which is bounded by the Balkan Mountains to ...
.
Chalcidice was settled by Euboeans, chiefly from Chalcis, who lent their name to these colonies. The most important settlements of the Euboeans in Chalcidice were
Olynthos
Olynthus ( grc, Ὄλυνθος ''Olynthos'', named for the ὄλυνθος ''olunthos'', "the fruit of the wild fig tree") was an ancient city of Chalcidice, built mostly on two flat-topped hills 30–40m in height, in a fertile plain at the h ...
(which colony was settled in collaboration with the
Athenians),
Torone
Toroni ( grc, Τορώνη, ''Toróne'', modern pronunciation ''Toróni'') is an ancient Greek city and a former municipality in the southwest edge of Sithonia peninsula in Chalkidiki, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of ...
,
Mende,
Sermyle Sermylia ( grc, Σερμυλία), or Sermyle (Σερμύλη), was a town of Chalcidice, between Galepsus and Mecyberna, which gave its name to the Toronaic Gulf, which was also called Sermylicus Sinus (κόλπος Σερμυλικός - ''kol ...
,
Aphytis
Aphytis ( grc, Ἄφυτις), also Aphyte (Ἀφύτη) and Aphytus or Aphytos (Ἄφυτος), was an ancient Greek city in Pallene, the westernmost headland of Chalcidice. Around the middle of the 8th century BC colonists from Euboea arrived. ...
and
Cleonae in the peninsula of
Athos
Athos may refer to:
Fictional or mythical characters
* Athos (character), one of the title characters in the novel ''The Three Musketeers'' (1844) by Alexandre Dumas père
* Athos (mythology), one of the Gigantes in Greek mythology
* Athos Fadiga ...
. Other important colonies in Chalcidice were
Acanthus, a colony which was founded by colonists from
Andros
Andros ( el, Άνδρος, ) is the northernmost island of the Greek Cyclades archipelago, about southeast of Euboea, and about north of Tinos. It is nearly long, and its greatest breadth is . It is for the most part mountainous, with many ...
and
Potidaea
__NOTOC__
Potidaea (; grc, Ποτίδαια, ''Potidaia'', also Ποτείδαια, ''Poteidaia'') was a colony founded by the Corinthians around 600 BC in the narrowest point of the peninsula of Pallene, the westernmost of three peninsulas at ...
, a colony of
Corinth
Corinth ( ; el, Κόρινθος, Kórinthos, ) is the successor to an ancient city, and is a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese (region), Peloponnese, which is located in south-central Greece. Since the 2011 local government refor ...
.
Thasians with the help of the Athenian
Callistratus of Aphidnae Kallistratos of Aphidnae ( grc, Καλλίστρατος, Latinized: Callistratus; bef. 415–aft. 355 BCE) was an Athenian orator and general in the 4th century BCE.
Family
We know little of his background, though he appears to have been of the ...
founded the city of
Datus
''Datu'' is a title which denotes the rulers (variously described in historical accounts as chiefs, sovereign princes, and monarchs) of numerous indigenous peoples throughout the Philippine archipelago. The title is still used today, especial ...
.
During the
Peloponnesian War, the Athenians with the
Hagnon, son of Nikias
Hagnon, son of Nikias ( grc-gre, ῞Αγνων ὁ Νικίου) was an Athenian general and statesman. In 437/6 BC, he led the settlers who founded the city of Amphipolis in Thrace; in the Peloponnesian War, he served as an Athenian general on se ...
founded the city of Ennea Hodoi (Ἐννέα ὁδοὶ), meaning nine roads, at the place were now is the 'Hill 133' north of
Amphipolis
Amphipolis ( ell, Αμφίπολη, translit=Amfipoli; grc, Ἀμφίπολις, translit=Amphipolis) is a municipality in the Serres regional unit, Macedonia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is Rodolivos. It was an important ancient Gr ...
in
Serres
Sérres ( el, Σέρρες ) is a city in Macedonia, Greece, capital of the Serres regional unit and second largest city in the region of Central Macedonia, after Thessaloniki.
Serres is one of the administrative and economic centers of Northe ...
.
Numerous other colonies were founded in the region of Thrace by the Ionians from the coast of
Asia Minor
Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...
. Important colonies were
Maroneia
Maroneia ( el, Μαρώνεια) is a village and a former municipality in Rhodope regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Maroneia-Sapes, of which it is a muni ...
, and
Abdera. The
Milesians also founded
Abydos and
Cardia on the
Hellespont and
Rhaedestus
Bisanthe ( grc, Βισάνθη) was a great city in ancient Thrace, on the coast of the Propontis, which had been founded by the Samians. About 400 BCE, Bisanthe belonged to the kingdom of the Thracian prince Seuthes II. At a later period its ...
in
Propontis
The Sea of Marmara,; grc, Προποντίς, Προποντίδα, Propontís, Propontída also known as the Marmara Sea, is an inland sea located entirely within the borders of Turkey. It connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea via the ...
. The
Samians
Samos (, also ; el, Σάμος ) is a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the coast of western Turkey, from which it is separated by the -wide Mycale Strait. It is also a separate ...
colonised the island of
Samothrace
Samothrace (also known as Samothraki, el, Σαμοθράκη, ) is a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea. It is a municipality within the Evros regional unit of Thrace. The island is long and is in size and has a population of 2,859 (2011 ...
, becoming the source of its name. Finally, the
Parians colonized
Thasos
Thasos or Thassos ( el, Θάσος, ''Thásos'') is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea. It is the northernmost major Greek island, and 12th largest by area.
The island has an area of and a population of about 13,000. It forms a separate r ...
under the leadership of the
oecist
The ''oikistes'' ( gr, οἰκιστής), often anglicized as oekist or oecist, was the individual chosen by an ancient Greek polis
''Polis'' (, ; grc-gre, πόλις, ), plural ''poleis'' (, , ), literally means "city" in Greek. In Ancien ...
and father of the poet
Archilochus, Telesicles.
In 340 BCE, while
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to ...
was regent of Macedon, he founded the city of
Alexandropolis Maedica after defeating a local Thracian tribe.
Colonies in the Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea and Illyria
The region of the
Ionian Sea and that of
Illyria were colonized strictly by
Corinth
Corinth ( ; el, Κόρινθος, Kórinthos, ) is the successor to an ancient city, and is a former municipality in Corinthia, Peloponnese (region), Peloponnese, which is located in south-central Greece. Since the 2011 local government refor ...
. The Corinthians founded important overseas colonies on the sea lanes to Southern Italy and the west which succeeded in making them the foremost emporia of the western side of the Mediterranean. Important colonies of Corinth included
Leucada
Lefkada ( el, Λευκάδα, ''Lefkáda'', ), also known as Lefkas or Leukas (Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Λευκάς, ''Leukás'', modern pronunciation ''Lefkás'') and Leucadia, is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea on the west coast of ...
,
Astacus
''Astacus'' (from the Greek , ', meaning "lobster" or "crayfish") is a genus of crayfish found in Europe and western Asia, comprising three extant (living) species and three extinct fossil species.
Due to the crayfish plague, crayfish of thi ...
,
Anactoreum,
Actium
Actium or Aktion ( grc, Ἄκτιον) was a town on a promontory in ancient Acarnania at the entrance of the Ambraciot Gulf, off which Octavian gained his celebrated victory, the Battle of Actium, over Antony and Cleopatra, on September 2, 31 ...
,
Ambracia
Ambracia (; grc-gre, Ἀμβρακία, occasionally , ''Ampracia'') was a city of ancient Greece on the site of modern Arta. It was captured by the Corinthians in 625 BC and was situated about from the Ambracian Gulf, on a bend of the navigabl ...
, and
Corcyra
Corfu (, ) or Kerkyra ( el, Κέρκυρα, Kérkyra, , ; ; la, Corcyra.) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the margin of the northwestern frontier of Greece. The isl ...
. The Corinthians also founded important colonies in
Illyria, which evolved into important cities,
Apollonia and
Epidamnus
The ancient Greek city of Epidamnos or Epidamnus ( grc-gre, Ἐπίδαμνος), ( sq, Epidamni) later the Roman Dyrrachium (Δυρράχιον) ( sq, Dyrrahu) (modern Durrës, Albania), was founded in 627 BC in Illyria by a group of colonists ...
. The fact that about the 6th century BC the citizens of Epidamnus constructed a Doric-style treasury at
Olympia confirms that the city was among the richest of the
Ancient Greek world. An ancient account describes Epidamnos as ‘a great power and very populated’ city.
Nymphaeum was another Greek colony in Illyria. The
Abantes The Abantes or Abantians ( el, Ἄβαντες, ''Ábantes'') were an ancient Greek tribe. Their home was Euboea.
Origins
The Abantes were a Proto-Greek tribe,Chios: a conference at the Homereion in Chios, 1984, page 180 by John Boardman, C. E. V ...
of
Euboea
Evia (, ; el, Εύβοια ; grc, Εὔβοια ) or Euboia (, ) is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete. It is separated from Boeotia in mainland Greece by the narrow Euripus Strait (only at its narrowest poin ...
founded the city of
Thronion at the Illyria.
In 1877, archaeologists discovered in
Lumbarda
Lumbarda ( it, Lombarda) is a village and a municipality located on the eastern tip of Korčula in Croatia, seven kilometers away from the town of Korčula. A road passing through a picturesque area of pine woods and olive groves connects these t ...
on the island of
Korčula
Korčula (, it, Curzola) is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea. It has an area of , is long and on average wide, and lies just off the Dalmatian coast. Its 15,522 inhabitants (2011) make it the second most populous Adriatic island after ...
, in modern-day
Croatia
, image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg
, image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg
, anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, capit ...
, a Greek inscription which writes about the founding of an
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic p ...
settlement on the island. The artifact is known as
Lumbarda Psephisma
Lumbarda Psephisma ''(also referred to as Lumbardian Decree-Psefizam)'' is a stone inscription telling about the founding of an Ancient Greek settlement on the island of Korčula, in modern-day Croatia. The Psephisma is from Lumbarda, a small villa ...
.
Magna Graecia: colonies in Southern Italy and Sicily
The first to colonize Southern Italy were the
Euboeans, who with the move to
Pithecusae
Ischia ( , , ) is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about from Naples. It is the largest of the Phlegrean Islands. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures approximately east to west ...
(on the isle of
Ischia
Ischia ( , , ) is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about from Naples. It is the largest of the Phlegrean Islands. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures approximately east to west ...
), founded a series of cities in that region. The second city that they founded was
Cumae
Cumae ( grc, Κύμη, (Kumē) or or ; it, Cuma) was the first ancient Greek colony on the mainland of Italy, founded by settlers from Euboea in the 8th century BC and soon becoming one of the strongest colonies. It later became a rich Ro ...
, nearly opposite Ischia. The colonists from Cumae founded
Zancle
Messina (, also , ) is a harbour city and the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina. It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, and the 13th largest city in Italy, with a population of more than 219,000 inhabitants in t ...
in on Sicily, and nearby on the opposite coast,
Rhegium
Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label= Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated pop ...
. Further, the Euboeans founded
Naxos
Naxos (; el, Νάξος, ) is a Greek island and the largest of the Cyclades. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture. The island is famous as a source of emery, a rock rich in corundum, which until modern times was one of the best ab ...
, which became the base for the founding of the cities of
Leontini,
Tauromenion and
Catania. In this effort they were accompanied by small numbers of Dorians and Ionians; the Athenians had notably refused to take part in the colonization.
The strongest of the Sicilian colonies was
Syracuse, an 8th-century B.C. colony of the Corinthians. Colonists of that same period from
Achaea founded the cities of
Sybaris
Sybaris ( grc, Σύβαρις; it, Sibari) was an important city of Magna Graecia. It was situated in modern Calabria, in southern Italy, between two rivers, the Crathis (Crati) and the Sybaris (Coscile).
The city was founded in 720 BC ...
and
Croton in the
Gulf of Taranto but also in the
Metapontum in the same district. In the same area, refugees from
Sparta
Sparta ( Doric Greek: Σπάρτα, ''Spártā''; Attic Greek: Σπάρτη, ''Spártē'') was a prominent city-state in Laconia, in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (, ), while the name Sparta referre ...
founded
Taranto
Taranto (, also ; ; nap, label= Tarantino, Tarde; Latin: Tarentum; Old Italian: ''Tarento''; Ancient Greek: Τάρᾱς) is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto, serving as an important com ...
which evolved into one of the most powerful cities in the area. Other Greek states that founded cities in Southern Italy were Megara, which founded
Megara Hyblaea
Megara Hyblaea ( grc, Μέγαρα Ὑβλαία) – perhaps identical with Hybla Major – is an ancient Greek colony in Sicily, situated near Augusta on the east coast, north-northwest of Syracuse, Italy, on the deep bay formed by the Xip ...
, and
Selinous;
Phocaea
Phocaea or Phokaia (Ancient Greek: Φώκαια, ''Phókaia''; modern-day Foça in Turkey) was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia. Greek colonists from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia (modern-day Marseille, in ...
, which founded
Elea;
Rhodes
Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the S ...
, which founded
Gela
Gela (Sicilian and ; grc, Γέλα) is a city and (municipality) in the Autonomous Region of Sicily, Italy; in terms of area and population, it is the largest municipality on the southern coast of Sicily. Gela is part of the Province of Ca ...
together with the
Cretans
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
and
Lipari
Lipari (; scn, Lìpari) is the largest of the Aeolian Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the northern coast of Sicily, southern Italy; it is also the name of the island's main town and ''comune'', which is administratively part of the Metropo ...
together with
Cnidus
Knidos or Cnidus (; grc-gre, Κνίδος, , , Knídos) was a Greek city in ancient Caria and part of the Dorian Hexapolis, in south-western Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey. It was situated on the Datça peninsula, which forms the southern side o ...
, even as the
Locrians The Locrians ( el, Λοκροί, ''Locri'') were an ancient Greek tribe that inhabited the region of Locris in Central Greece, around Parnassus. They spoke the Locrian dialect, a Doric-Northwest dialect, and were closely related to their neighbour ...
founded
Epizephyrean Locris.
According to legend,
Lagaria Lagaria (Greek: ), was an ancient town of Lucania, situated between Thurii and the river Siris (modern Sinni).
According to legend, it was founded by a colony of Phocians under the command of Epeius, the architect of the Trojan Horse. Strabo an ...
which was between
Thurii
Thurii (; grc-gre, Θούριοι, Thoúrioi), called also by some Latin writers Thurium (compare grc-gre, Θούριον in Ptolemy), for a time also Copia and Copiae, was a city of Magna Graecia, situated on the Tarentine gulf, within a sho ...
and the river
Sinni River
The Sinni (Latin: Siris or Semnus; Greek: or ) is a 94 km long river in the Basilicata region of southern Italy. In antiquity, the city of Siris lay at its mouth. Near the town of Senise, a dam on the river was built in 1970-1982, the larg ...
was founded by
Phocians.
Many cities in the region became in turn metropolis for new colonies such as the Syracusans, who founded the city of
Camarina
Kamarina ( grc, Καμάρινα, Latin, Italian, & scn, Camarina) was an ancient city on the southern coast of Sicily in southern Italy. The ruins of the site and an archaeological museum are located south of the modern town of Scoglitti, a ...
in the south of Sicily; or the Zancleans, who led the founding of the colony of
Himera
Himera (Greek: ), was a large and important ancient Greek city, situated on the north coast of Sicily at the mouth of the river of the same name (the modern Imera Settentrionale), between Panormus (modern Palermo) and Cephaloedium (modern Cef ...
. Likewise Naxos, which we see taking further part in the founding of many colonies while the city of
Sybaris
Sybaris ( grc, Σύβαρις; it, Sibari) was an important city of Magna Graecia. It was situated in modern Calabria, in southern Italy, between two rivers, the Crathis (Crati) and the Sybaris (Coscile).
The city was founded in 720 BC ...
founded the colony of
Poseidonia
Poseidonia ( el, Ποσειδωνία, Posidonía, named after Poseidon) is a village and a former municipality on the island of Syros, in the Cyclades, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Syros-Ermoupoli ...
to its north. The city of
Gela
Gela (Sicilian and ; grc, Γέλα) is a city and (municipality) in the Autonomous Region of Sicily, Italy; in terms of area and population, it is the largest municipality on the southern coast of Sicily. Gela is part of the Province of Ca ...
which was a colony of Rhodes and Crete founded its own colony,
Acragas.
The areas of settlement in Southern Italy became so thoroughly
Hellenised
Hellenization (other British spelling Hellenisation) or Hellenism is the adoption of Greek culture, religion, language and identity by non-Greeks. In the ancient period, colonization often led to the Hellenization of indigenous peoples; in the H ...
that Roman writers such as
Ovid
Pūblius Ovidius Nāsō (; 20 March 43 BC – 17/18 AD), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom he is often ranked as one of the th ...
and
Polybius referred to the region as ''
Magna Graecia'' ("Great Greece"). To this day, some of the
Griko
Griko, sometimes spelled Grico, is the dialect of Italiot Greek spoken by Griko people in Salento (province of Lecce) and (also called Grecanic) in Calabria. Some Greek linguists consider it to be a Modern Greek dialect and often call it ( el, ...
people in Southern Italy still speak
Griko
Griko, sometimes spelled Grico, is the dialect of Italiot Greek spoken by Griko people in Salento (province of Lecce) and (also called Grecanic) in Calabria. Some Greek linguists consider it to be a Modern Greek dialect and often call it ( el, ...
and
Calabrian Greek,
Doric Greek-influenced dialects with a substantial
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
adstrate
In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a language that influences or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum or substrate is a language that has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum or sup ...
, and worship in the
Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
The Greek Byzantine Catholic Church ( el, Ελληνική Βυζαντινή Καθολική Εκκλησία, ''Ellinikí Vizantiní Katholikí Ekklisía;'') or the Greek Catholic Church is a ''sui iuris'' Eastern Catholic particular church of ...
instead of the
Latin rite
Latin liturgical rites, or Western liturgical rites, are Catholic rites of public worship employed by the Latin Church, the largest particular church '' sui iuris'' of the Catholic Church, that originated in Europe where the Latin language once ...
more usual among other Italians. In
Modern Greek
Modern Greek (, , or , ''Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa''), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (, ), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the ...
, Southern Italy is referred to as ''Kato Italia'' (lit. "Lower Italy") and the relict Greek dialects there as ''Katoitalika''.
Colonies on the Black Sea and Propontis
The Greeks had at one point called the Black Sea shore "inhospitable". According to ancient sources, they eventually created 70 to 90 colonies. The colonization of the Black Sea was led by the Megarans and some of the Ionian cities such as
Miletus,
Phocaea
Phocaea or Phokaia (Ancient Greek: Φώκαια, ''Phókaia''; modern-day Foça in Turkey) was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia. Greek colonists from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia (modern-day Marseille, in ...
and
Teos
Teos ( grc, Τέως) or Teo was an ancient Greek city on the coast of Ionia, on a peninsula between Chytrium and Myonnesus. It was founded by Minyans from Orchomenus, Ionians and Boeotians, but the date of its foundation is unknown. Teos was ...
. The majority of colonies in the region of the Black Sea and
Propontis
The Sea of Marmara,; grc, Προποντίς, Προποντίδα, Propontís, Propontída also known as the Marmara Sea, is an inland sea located entirely within the borders of Turkey. It connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea via the ...
were founded in the 7th century B.C. In the area of Propontis, the Megarans founded the cities of
Astacus in Bithynia
Astacus ( Greek ) is an ancient city in Bithynia; it was also called Olbia . Stephanus of Byzantium records an aetiological myth that it was founded by Astacus, son of Poseidon and the nymph Olbia.
Strabo wrote that the city was founded by t ...
,
Chalcedonia
Chalcedon ( or ; , sometimes transliterated as ''Chalkedon'') was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor. It was located almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar) and it is now a district of the ci ...
and
Byzantium in which they occupied a privileged position. Miletus founded
Cyzicus
Cyzicus (; grc, Κύζικος ''Kúzikos''; ota, آیدینجق, ''Aydıncıḳ'') was an ancient Greek town in Mysia in Anatolia in the current Balıkesir Province of Turkey. It was located on the shoreward side of the present Kapıdağ Peni ...
and the Phocaeans
Lampsacus
Lampsacus (; grc, Λάμψακος, translit=Lampsakos) was an ancient Greek city strategically located on the eastern side of the Hellespont in the northern Troad. An inhabitant of Lampsacus was called a Lampsacene. The name has been transmitte ...
.
[*]
On the western shore of the Black Sea region the Megarans founded the cities of
Selymbria
Selymbria ( gr, Σηλυμβρία),Demosthenes, '' de Rhod. lib.'', p. 198, ed. Reiske. or Selybria (Σηλυβρία), or Selybrie (Σηλυβρίη), was a town of ancient Thrace on the Propontis, 22 Roman miles east from Perinthus, and 44 Rom ...
and a little later,
Nesebar
Nesebar (often transcribed as Nessebar and sometimes as Nesebur, bg, Несебър, pronounced ) is an ancient city and one of the major seaside resorts on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, located in Burgas Province. It is the administrative cen ...
. A little farther north in the region of today's
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...
the Milesians founded the cities of
Istria and
Orgame. And Miletus also founded a city on the western shore of the Black Sea,
Apollonia. In the south of the Black Sea the most important colony was
Sinope which according to prevailing opinion was founded by Miletus. The precise chronology of its foundation is not known at present but it appears that it was founded some time around the middle of the 7th century B.C.
Sinope was founded with a series of other colonies in the Pontic region:
Trebizond,
Cerasus,
Cytorus
Cytorus (Greek Κύτωρος, Kytoros;
also Cytorum, Κύτωρον, Kytoron and Κύτωρις) was an ancient Greek city on the northern coast of Asia Minor. Mentioned by Homer, Cytorus survives in the name of Gideros, which is both
* a ba ...
,
Cotyora
Ordu () or Altınordu is a port city on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, historically also known as Cotyora or Kotyora ( pnt, Κοτύωρα), and the capital of Ordu Province with a population of 229,214 in the city center.
Name
Kotyora, the ori ...
, Cromne,
Pteria,
Tium
Tium ( el, Τῖον) was an ancient settlement, also known as Filyos ( el, Φίλειος), on the south coast of the Black Sea at the mouth of the river Billaeus in present-day Turkey. Ancient writers variously assigned it to ancient Paphlagonia ...
, et al. The most important colony founded on the southern shore of the Black Sea was likewise a Megaran foundation:
Heraclea Pontica
__NOTOC__
Heraclea Pontica (; gr, Ἡράκλεια Ποντική, Hērakleia Pontikē), known in Byzantine and later times as Pontoheraclea ( gr, Ποντοηράκλεια, Pontohērakleia), was an ancient city on the coast of Bithynia in Asi ...
, which was founded in the 6th century B.C.
On the north shore of the Black Sea Miletus was the first to start. The colonies of Miletus in this region of the Black Sea were
Pontic Olbia
Pontic Olbia ( grc, Ὀλβία Ποντική, uk, Ольвія) or simply Olbia is an archaeological site of an ancient Greek city on the shore of the Southern Bug estuary (''Hypanis'' or Ὕπανις,) in Ukraine, near the village of Paruty ...
and
Panticapaeum
Panticapaeum ( grc-gre, Παντικάπαιον , from Scythian , "fish-path") was an ancient Greek city on the eastern shore of Crimea, which the Greeks called Taurica. The city lay on the western side of the Cimmerian Bosporus, and was found ...
(modern
Kerch
Kerch ( uk, Керч; russian: Керчь, ; Old East Slavic: Кърчевъ; Ancient Greek: , ''Pantikápaion''; Medieval Greek: ''Bosporos''; crh, , ; tr, Kerç) is a city of regional significance on the Kerch Peninsula in the east of t ...
.) Later in the 6th century B.C. the Milesians founded
Odessa in the region of modern
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
.
Further north from the
Danube delta the Greeks colonized an islet, modern
Berezan (probably then a peninsula). That location is found at the confluence of the
Bug estuary (the River Hypanis to the Ancient Greeks) and the
Dnieper
}
The Dnieper () or Dnipro (); , ; . is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine and ...
(the Barysthenes to the Ancient Greeks) The islet or peninsula itself was called by the ancients ''Barythmenis''; across from this, they found the site that would be settled later as Olbia. Next to Olbia was another Greek colony which had
Istria as its mother city.
On the
Crimea
Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...
n peninsula (the Greeks then called it Tauric Chersonese or "Peninsula of the Bulls") they founded likewise the cities of
Sympheropolis, and
Nymphaeum and
Hermonassa
Tmutarakan ( rus, Тмутарака́нь, p=tmʊtərɐˈkanʲ, ; uk, Тмуторокань, Tmutorokan) was a medieval Kievan Rus' principality and trading town that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Se ...
. On the
Sea of Azov (Lake Maiotis to the ancients) they founded
Tanais
Tanais ( el, Τάναϊς ''Tánaïs''; russian: Танаис) was an ancient Greek city in the Don river delta, called the Maeotian marshes in classical antiquity. It was a bishopric as Tana and remains a Latin Catholic titular see as Tana ...
(in Rostov), Tyritace, Myrmeceum, Cecrine and
Phanagoria
Phanagoria ( grc, Φαναγόρεια, Phanagóreia; russian: Фанагория, translit=Fanagoriya) was the largest ancient Greek city on the Taman peninsula, spread over two plateaus along the eastern shore of the Cimmerian Bosporus.
The ...
—the last being a colony of the
Teians. In 2018, archaeologists discovered a previously unknown ancient Greek settlement of the
4th-
3rd centuries BC near the town of
Baherove in Crimea. According to the researchers, the settlement was called Manitra.
On the eastern shore, which was known in ancient times as
Colchis
In Greco-Roman geography, Colchis (; ) was an exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi ( ka, ეგრისი) located on the coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia.
Its population, the Colchians are generally though ...
and in which today for the greater part is in
Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to the ...
and the autonomous region of
Abkhazia, the Greeks founded the cities of Phasis and Dioscouris. The latter was called ''Sebastopolis'' by the
Romans
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
* Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
and
Byzantines and is known today as
Sukhumi
Sukhumi (russian: Суху́м(и), ) or Sokhumi ( ka, სოხუმი, ), also known by its Abkhaz name Aqwa ( ab, Аҟәа, ''Aqwa''), is a city in a wide bay on the Black Sea's eastern coast. It is both the capital and largest city of ...
—the ruins of the ancient and Byzantine foundations are now found principally below the waterline.
Colonies in the rest of the Mediterranean
The Greek colonies expanded as far as the
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (),
**
* Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica''
**
**
* french: Péninsule Ibérique
* mwl, Península Eibérica
* eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, def ...
and
North Africa
North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...
. In North Africa, on the peninsula of
Kyrenaika, colonists from Thera founded
Kyrene, which evolved into a very powerful city in the region.
Other colonies in Kyrenaika later included
Barca,
Euesperides Libya's second largest city, Benghazi, has a history which extends from when the city was first inhabited in the 6th century BCE to the present day. Throughout its history, the city has been continuously conquered by different ancient and colonial f ...
(modern
Benghazi),
Taucheira
Tocra, Taucheira or Tukrah, is a town on the coast of the Marj District in the Cyrenaica region of northeastern Libya, founded by Cyrene. It lay 200 stadia west of Ptolemais. Today it is a coastal town west of Marj.
History
Founded by the G ...
, and
Apollonia.
On the north side of the Mediterranean the Phokaians founded
Massalia on the coast of
Gaul
Gaul ( la, Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first described by the Romans. It was inhabited by Celtic and Aquitani tribes, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy (only during ...
. Massalia became the base for a series of further foundations farther away in the region of Spain. Phokaia also founded
Alalia
Speech delay, also known as alalia, refers to a delay in the development or use of the mechanisms that produce speech. Speech – as distinct from language – is the actual process of making sounds, using such organs and structures as the lungs, ...
in
Corsica and
Olbia
Olbia (, ; sc, Terranoa; sdn, Tarranoa) is a city and commune of 60,346 inhabitants (May 2018) in the Italian insular province of Sassari in northeastern Sardinia, Italy, in the historical region of Gallura. Called ''Olbia'' in the Roman age ...
in
Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
. The Phokaians arrived next on the coast of the Iberian peninsula. As related by Herodotos, a local king summoned the Phokaians to found a colony in the region and rendered meaningful aid in the fortification of the city. The Phokaians founded
Empuries in this region and later the even more distant
Hemeroskopeion.
By the middle of the 7th century the lone Greek colony in
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...
had been founded,
Naukratis
Naucratis or Naukratis (Ancient Greek: , "Naval Command"; Egyptian: , , , Coptic: ) was a city and trading-post in ancient Egypt, located on the Canopic (western-most) branch of the Nile river, south-east of the Mediterranean sea and the city ...
. The
pharaoh
Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian: '' pr ꜥꜣ''; cop, , Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') is the vernacular term often used by modern authors for the kings of ancient Egypt who ruled as monarchs from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BC) until the ...
Psammitecus I gave a trade concession to Milesian merchants for one establishment on the banks of the
Nile
The Nile, , Bohairic , lg, Kiira , Nobiin: Áman Dawū is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa and has historically been considered the longest ...
, founding a trading post which evolved into a prosperous city by the time of the
Persian expedition to Egypt in 525 B.C.
Similar to the emporion established in the Nile Delta it is possible there was a Greek trading colony established by the Euboians along the Syrian coast on the mouth of the
Orontes river at the site
Al-Mina
:'' Al Mina, Tyre is a spectacular and more familiar Roman site near Tyre.''
Al-Mina (Arabic: "the port") is the modern name given by Leonard Woolley to an ancient trading post on the Mediterranean coast of northern Syria, in the estuary of the ...
in the early 8th century BC. The Greek colony of
Posideion on the promontory Ras al-Bassit was colonised just to the south of the Orontes estuary later in the 7th century BC.
Maps with some of the ancient Greek colonies before the death of
Philip II of Macedon
Philip II of Macedon ( grc-gre, Φίλιππος ; 382 – 21 October 336 BC) was the king ('' basileus'') of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC. He was a member of the Argead dynasty, founders of the ...
(336 BC)
Modern
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...
E1.
Naucratis
Naucratis or Naukratis (Ancient Greek: , "Naval Command"; Egyptian: , , , Coptic: ) was a city and trading-post in ancient Egypt, located on the Canopic (western-most) branch of the Nile river, south-east of the Mediterranean sea and the city ...
Modern
Libya
Libya (; ar, ليبيا, Lībiyā), officially the State of Libya ( ar, دولة ليبيا, Dawlat Lībiyā), is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Suda ...
L1.
Barce
L2.
Cyrene
L3.
Balagrae
L4.
Taucheira
Tocra, Taucheira or Tukrah, is a town on the coast of the Marj District in the Cyrenaica region of northeastern Libya, founded by Cyrene. It lay 200 stadia west of Ptolemais. Today it is a coastal town west of Marj.
History
Founded by the G ...
L5.
Ptolemais
L6.
Euesperides Libya's second largest city, Benghazi, has a history which extends from when the city was first inhabited in the 6th century BCE to the present day. Throughout its history, the city has been continuously conquered by different ancient and colonial f ...
L7.
Antipyrgus
L8.
Apollonia
Modern
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
S1.
Portus Illicitanus
S2.
Akra Leuke
S3.
Alonis
S4.
Hemeroscopeum
S5.
Zakynthos
Zakynthos (also spelled Zakinthos; el, Ζάκυνθος, Zákynthos ; it, Zacinto ) or Zante (, , ; el, Τζάντε, Tzánte ; from the Venetian form) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the third largest of the Ionian Islands. Z ...
S6.
Salauris
S7.
Rhode
S8.
Emporion
S9.
Kalathousa
S10.
Mainake
S11.
Menestheus's Limin
S12.
Kypsela
S13.
Helike
Helike (; el, , pronounced , modern ) was an ancient Greek polis (city-state) that was submerged by a tsunami in the winter of 373 BC. It was located in the regional unit of Achaea, northern Peloponnesos, two kilometres (12 stadia) from the ...
Modern
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...
F1.
Agde
Agde (; ) is a commune in the Hérault department in Southern France. It is the Mediterranean port of the Canal du Midi.
Location
Agde is located on the Hérault river, from the Mediterranean Sea, and from Paris. The Canal du Midi conne ...
F2.
Massalia
F3.
Tauroention
F4.
Olbia
Olbia (, ; sc, Terranoa; sdn, Tarranoa) is a city and commune of 60,346 inhabitants (May 2018) in the Italian insular province of Sassari in northeastern Sardinia, Italy, in the historical region of Gallura. Called ''Olbia'' in the Roman age ...
F5.
Nicaea
Nicaea, also known as Nicea or Nikaia (; ; grc-gre, Νίκαια, ) was an ancient Greek city in Bithynia, where located in northwestern Anatolia and is primarily known as the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea (the first and s ...
F6.
Monoikos
F7.
Antipolis
F8.
Alalia
Speech delay, also known as alalia, refers to a delay in the development or use of the mechanisms that produce speech. Speech – as distinct from language – is the actual process of making sounds, using such organs and structures as the lungs, ...
F9.
Rhodanousia
F10.
Athenopolis
Modern
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
* According to ancient writers Scylletium was a Greek colony, but there are no other evidence other than that.
I1.
Olbia
Olbia (, ; sc, Terranoa; sdn, Tarranoa) is a city and commune of 60,346 inhabitants (May 2018) in the Italian insular province of Sassari in northeastern Sardinia, Italy, in the historical region of Gallura. Called ''Olbia'' in the Roman age ...
I2.
Adria
Adria is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Rovigo in the Veneto region of northern Italy, situated between the mouths of the rivers Adige and Po River, Po. The remains of the Etruria, Etruscan city of Atria or Hatria are to be found below ...
I3.
Ancona
Ancona (, also , ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region in central Italy, with a population of around 101,997 . Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region. The city is located northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic ...
I4.
Parthenope
I5.
Cumae
Cumae ( grc, Κύμη, (Kumē) or or ; it, Cuma) was the first ancient Greek colony on the mainland of Italy, founded by settlers from Euboea in the 8th century BC and soon becoming one of the strongest colonies. It later became a rich Ro ...
I6.
Procida
Procida (; nap, Proceta ) is one of the Flegrean Islands off the coast of Naples in southern Italy. The island is between Cape Miseno and the island of Ischia. With its tiny satellite island of Vivara, it is a ''comune'' of the Metropolitan Ci ...
I7.
Dicaearchia
I8.
Neapolis
I9.
Poseidonia
Poseidonia ( el, Ποσειδωνία, Posidonía, named after Poseidon) is a village and a former municipality on the island of Syros, in the Cyclades, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Syros-Ermoupoli ...
I10.
Metapontum
I11.
Sybaris
Sybaris ( grc, Σύβαρις; it, Sibari) was an important city of Magna Graecia. It was situated in modern Calabria, in southern Italy, between two rivers, the Crathis (Crati) and the Sybaris (Coscile).
The city was founded in 720 BC ...
I12.
Thurii
Thurii (; grc-gre, Θούριοι, Thoúrioi), called also by some Latin writers Thurium (compare grc-gre, Θούριον in Ptolemy), for a time also Copia and Copiae, was a city of Magna Graecia, situated on the Tarentine gulf, within a sho ...
I13.
Taras
I14.
Siris Siris may refer to:
Geography
*Siris (Magna Graecia), an ancient city in southern Italy
*Serres, a city in Macedonia called Siris by the Ancient Greek historian Herodotus
* Siris, Sardinia, an Italian commune
*Sinni (river) (Siris in Latin), Italy
...
I15.
Crotona
Crotone (, ; nap, label= Crotonese, Cutrone or ) is a city and '' comune'' in Calabria, Italy. Founded as the Achaean colony of Kroton ( grc, Κρότων or ; la, Crotona) in Magna Graecia, it was known as Cotrone from the Middle Ages u ...
I16.
Gallipoli
I17.
Elea
I18.
Messina
I19.
Kale Akte
I21.
Syracuse
I22.
Didyme
Salina () is one of the Aeolian Islands north of Sicily, southern Italy. It is the second largest island in the archipelago.
Salina is divided between three ''comuni'': Santa Marina on the eastern coast, Malfa to the north, and Leni to the so ...
I23.
Hycesia
I24.
Phoenicusa
I26.
Therassía
I27.
Lipara/Meligounis
I28.
Epizepherean Locris
I29.
Rhegium
Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label= Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated pop ...
I30.
Lentini
Lentini ( scn, Lintini, historically Liuntini; la, Leontīnī; grc, Λεοντῖνοι) is a town and in the Province of Syracuse, South East of Sicily (Southern Italy).
History
The city was founded by colonists from Naxos as Leontini in 72 ...
I31.
Selinountas
I32.
Megara Hyblaea
Megara Hyblaea ( grc, Μέγαρα Ὑβλαία) – perhaps identical with Hybla Major – is an ancient Greek colony in Sicily, situated near Augusta on the east coast, north-northwest of Syracuse, Italy, on the deep bay formed by the Xip ...
I33.
Naxos
Naxos (; el, Νάξος, ) is a Greek island and the largest of the Cyclades. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture. The island is famous as a source of emery, a rock rich in corundum, which until modern times was one of the best ab ...
I34.
Tauromenion
I35.
Acragas
I36.
Himera
Himera (Greek: ), was a large and important ancient Greek city, situated on the north coast of Sicily at the mouth of the river of the same name (the modern Imera Settentrionale), between Panormus (modern Palermo) and Cephaloedium (modern Cef ...
I37.
Gela
Gela (Sicilian and ; grc, Γέλα) is a city and (municipality) in the Autonomous Region of Sicily, Italy; in terms of area and population, it is the largest municipality on the southern coast of Sicily. Gela is part of the Province of Ca ...
I38.
Catania
I39.
Leontini
I40.
Ereikousa
I41.
Euonymos
Euonymeia ( el, Ευωνύμεια, ''Evonímia''), also known by its medieval name Trachones ( el, Τράχωνες), and by its modern colloquial Ano Kalamaki ( el, Άνω Καλαμάκι, Upper Kalamaki), is a historic settlement in Athens a ...
I42.
Kamarina
I43.
Medma
Medma or Mesma (Greek: , Steph. B.; , Strabo, Scymn. Ch.; but on coins, and so Apollodorus of Damascus, cited by Steph. B.; Scylax has , evidently a corruption for ), was an ancient Greek city of Southern Italy ( Magna Graecia), on the west co ...
I44.
Hipponion
Vibo Valentia (; Monteleone before 1861; Monteleone di Calabria from 1861 to 1928; scn, label= Calabrian, Vibbu Valenzia or ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) in the Calabria region of southern Italy, near the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the ...
I45.
Heraclea Minoa
Heraclea Minoa ( grc-gre, Ἡράκλεια Μινῴα, ''Hērákleia Minṓia''; it, Eraclea Minoa) was an ancient Greek city situated on the southern coast of Sicily near the mouth of the river Halycus (modern Platani), 25 km west of A ...
I46.
Caulonia
I47.
Trotilon
I48.
Pyxous
I49.
Mylae
Milazzo ( Sicilian: ''Milazzu''; la, Mylae; ) is a town (''comune'') in the Metropolitan City of Messina, Sicily, southern Italy; it is the largest commune in the Metropolitan City after Messina and Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto. The town has a p ...
I50.
Laüs
I51.
Terina
I52.
Rhegion
Reggio di Calabria ( scn, label= Southern Calabrian, Riggiu; el, label=Calabrian Greek, Ρήγι, Rìji), usually referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria. It has an estimated popula ...
I53.
Tindari
Tindari (; scn, Lu Tìnnaru ), ancient Tyndaris ( grc, Τυνδαρίς, Strab.) or Tyndarion (, Ptol.), is a small town, ''frazione'' (suburb or municipal component) in the ''comune'' of Patti and a Latin Catholic titular see.
The monumenta ...
I54.
Macalla
''Macalla'' is a 1985 musical album by Irish folk group Clannad. It is their ninth album and became prominent with a collaboration between Clannad's singer Moya Brennan and U2 vocalist Bono on the duet "In a Lifetime". Furthermore, it feature ...
I55.
Temesa
I56.
Metauros
Gioia Tauro () is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria (Italy), on the Tyrrhenian coast. It has an important port, situated along the route connecting Suez to Gibraltar, one of the busiest maritime corridors in t ...
I57.
Krimisa
I58.
Chone
I59.
Saturo
I60.
Heraclea Lucania
Heraclea, also Heracleia or Herakleia ( grc, Ἡράκλεια), was an ancient city of Magna Graecia. It was situated on the Gulf of Taranto between the rivers Aciris (modern Agri) and Siris (modern Sinni). The ruins of the city are located in ...
,
Siris Siris may refer to:
Geography
*Siris (Magna Graecia), an ancient city in southern Italy
*Serres, a city in Macedonia called Siris by the Ancient Greek historian Herodotus
* Siris, Sardinia, an Italian commune
*Sinni (river) (Siris in Latin), Italy
...
I61.
Scylletium
Scylletium or Scolacium was an ancient seaside city in Calabria, southern Italy. Its ruins can be found at the ''frazione'' of Roccelletta, in the ''comune'' of Borgia, near Catanzaro, facing the Gulf of Squillace.
History
Scylletium was situat ...
*
I62.
Agathyrnum
I63.
Adranon
Adranon ( grc, Ἀδρανόν) or Adranos ( grc, Ἀδρανός, links=no), present day Adrano, was an ancient polis on the southwestern slopes of Mount Etna, near Simeto River.
It was known for the "simetite" variety of amber.
The ancient c ...
I64.
Akrillai
Akrillai ( grc, Ἄκριλλαι) and Akrilla ( grc, Ἄκριλλα), Acrillae (in Latin) was an ancient Greek colony located in the modern province of Ragusa, Sicily, Italy, where the town of Chiaramonte Gulfi stands today. The ruins of the o ...
I65.
Casmenae
Casmenae or Kasmenai ( grc, Κασμέναι, Casmene in Italian) was an ancient Greek colony located on the Hyblaean Mountains, founded in 644 BC by the Syracusans at a strategic position for the control of central Sicily. It was also inte ...
I66.
Akrai
Akrai ( grc, Ἄκραι; la, Acrenses) was a Greek colony founded in Sicily by the Syracusans in 663 BC. It was located near the modern Palazzolo Acreide.
History
Akrai was among the first colonies of Syracuse founded by Corinthian colon ...
I67.
Engyon Engyon ( grc, Ἒγγυον, la, Engium, el, Ἐγγύον in some Byzantine texts of Ptolemy and Plutarch) is an ancient town of the interior of Sicily, a Cretan colony, according to Diodorus Siculus and famous for an ancient temple of the Mag ...
I68.
Thapsos
Thapsos ( el, Θάψος) was a prehistoric village in Sicily of the middle Bronze Age. It was found by the Italian archaeologist Paolo Orsi on the small peninsula of Magnisi, near Priolo Gargallo. In its vicinity was born the Thapsos culture ...
I69.
Pithekoussai
I70.
Castelmezzano
Castelmezzano (Castelmezzano dialect: ) is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata. It is bounded by the comuni of Albano di Lucania, Anzi, Laurenzana, Pietrapertosa, Trivigno.
It is part of ...
I71.
Licata
Licata (, ; grc, Φιντίας, whence la, Phintias or ''Plintis''), formerly also Alicata (), is a city and ''comune'' located on the south coast of Sicily, at the mouth of the Salso River (the ancient ''Himera''), about midway between Ag ...
I72.
Avella
Modern
Croatia
, image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg
, image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg
, anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, capit ...
C1.
Salona
Salona ( grc, Σάλωνα) was an ancient city and the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia. Salona is located in the modern town of Solin, next to Split, in Croatia.
Salona was founded in the 3rd century BC and was mostly destroyed in ...
C2.
Tragyrion
C3.
Aspálathos
)''
, settlement_type = City
, anthem = ''Marjane, Marjane''
, image_skyline =
, imagesize = 267px
, image_caption = Top: Nighttime view of Split from Mosor; 2nd row: Cathedra ...
C4.
Epidaurus
C5.
Issa
C6.
Dimos
C7.
Pharos
The Lighthouse of Alexandria, sometimes called the Pharos of Alexandria (; Ancient Greek: ὁ Φάρος τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας, contemporary Koine ), was a lighthouse built by the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, during the re ...
C8.
Kórkyra Mélaina
C9.
Epidaurum Epidaurus ( el, Ἐπίδαυρος, la, Epidaurum) or Epidauros was an ancient Greek colony founded sometime in the 6th century BC, renamed to Epidaurum during Roman rule in 228 BC, when it was part of the province of Illyricum, later Dalmatia.W ...
C10.
Narona
Narona ( grc, Ναρῶνα) was an Ancient Greek trading post on the Illyrian coast and later Roman city and bishopric, located in the Neretva valley in present-day Croatia, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see.
History
It was founded a ...
C11.
Lumbarda
Lumbarda ( it, Lombarda) is a village and a municipality located on the eastern tip of Korčula in Croatia, seven kilometers away from the town of Korčula. A road passing through a picturesque area of pine woods and olive groves connects these t ...
Modern
Montenegro
)
, image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Podgorica
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, official_languages = M ...
M1.
Bouthoe
Modern
Albania
Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...
AL1.
Nymphaeum
AL2.
Epidamnos
The ancient Greek city of Epidamnos or Epidamnus ( grc-gre, Ἐπίδαμνος), ( sq, Epidamni) later the Roman Dyrrachium (Δυρράχιον) ( sq, Dyrrahu) (modern Durrës, Albania), was founded in 627 BC in Illyria by a group of colonist ...
AL3.
Apollonia
AL4.
Aulon
AL5.
Chimara
AL6.
Bouthroton
AL7.
Oricum
Oricum ( grc, Ὤρικον, Ὤρικος or Ὠρικός; lat, Oricum or ''Oricus''; sq, Oriku or ''Orikum'') was a harbor on the Illyrian coast that developed in a Ancient Greek polis at the south end of the Bay of Vlorë on the southern Adr ...
AL8.
Thronion
Modern
Serbia
Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hungar ...
* Some historians believe that it was near the modern
Resen (North Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the modern
Vranje
Vranje ( sr-Cyrl, Врање, ) is a city in Southern Serbia and the administrative center of the Pčinja District. The municipality of Vranje has a population of 83,524 and its urban area has 60,485 inhabitants.
Vranje is the economical, poli ...
(Serbia).
SE1.
Damastion Damastion ( grc, Δαμάστιον) was an ancient city in the area of central Balkans, known for its silver coins dating back to the 4th century BC. It is attested only in Strabo who says that the city had silver-mines and locates it in Illyria. T ...
*
Modern
North Macedonia
North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Yugoslavia. It ...
* Some historians believe that it was near the modern
Resen (North Macedonia) while others believe that it was near the modern
Vranje
Vranje ( sr-Cyrl, Врање, ) is a city in Southern Serbia and the administrative center of the Pčinja District. The municipality of Vranje has a population of 83,524 and its urban area has 60,485 inhabitants.
Vranje is the economical, poli ...
(Serbia).
MA1.
Damastion Damastion ( grc, Δαμάστιον) was an ancient city in the area of central Balkans, known for its silver coins dating back to the 4th century BC. It is attested only in Strabo who says that the city had silver-mines and locates it in Illyria. T ...
*
MA2.
Heraclea Lyncestis
Modern
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders ...
GR1.
Potidaea
__NOTOC__
Potidaea (; grc, Ποτίδαια, ''Potidaia'', also Ποτείδαια, ''Poteidaia'') was a colony founded by the Corinthians around 600 BC in the narrowest point of the peninsula of Pallene, the westernmost of three peninsulas at ...
GR2.
Stageira
Stagira (), Stagirus (), or Stageira ( el, Στάγειρα or ) was an ancient Greek city located near the eastern coast of the peninsula of Chalkidice, which is now part of the Greek province of Central Macedonia. It is chiefly known for bei ...
GR3.
Acanthus
GR4.
Mende
GR5.
Ambracia
Ambracia (; grc-gre, Ἀμβρακία, occasionally , ''Ampracia'') was a city of ancient Greece on the site of modern Arta. It was captured by the Corinthians in 625 BC and was situated about from the Ambracian Gulf, on a bend of the navigabl ...
GR6.
Corcyra
Corfu (, ) or Kerkyra ( el, Κέρκυρα, Kérkyra, , ; ; la, Corcyra.) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the margin of the northwestern frontier of Greece. The isl ...
GR7.
Maroneia
Maroneia ( el, Μαρώνεια) is a village and a former municipality in Rhodope regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Maroneia-Sapes, of which it is a muni ...
GR8.
Krinides
Krinides ( el, Κρηνίδες, before 1926: Ράχτσα - ''Rachtsa'') is a town in the Kavala regional unit in eastern Macedonia, Greece. It was the seat of the former municipality of Filippoi. The ruins of the ancient city Philippi are clo ...
GR9.
Olynthus
Olynthus ( grc, Ὄλυνθος ''Olynthos'', named for the ὄλυνθος ''olunthos'', "the fruit of the wild fig tree") was an ancient city of Chalcidice, built mostly on two flat-topped hills 30–40m in height, in a fertile plain at the he ...
GR10.
Abdera
GR11.
Therma
Therma or Thermē ( grc, Θέρμα, ) was a Greek city founded by Eretrians or Corinthians in late 7th century BC in ancient Mygdonia (which was later incorporated into Macedon), situated at the northeastern extremity of a great gulf of the Aege ...
GR12.
Arethusa
GR13.
Leucas
''Leucas'' is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, first described by Robert Brown in 1810. It contains over 200 species, widespread over much of Africa, and southern and eastern Asia (Iran, India, China, Japan, Indonesia, etc.) with a ...
GR14.
Eion
Eion ( grc-gre, Ἠϊών, ''Ēiṓn''), ancient Chrysopolis, was an ancient Greek Eretrian colony in Thracian Macedonia specifically in the region of Edonis. It sat at the mouth of the Strymon River which flows into the Aegean from the interio ...
GR15.
Sane
GR16.
Amphipolis
Amphipolis ( ell, Αμφίπολη, translit=Amfipoli; grc, Ἀμφίπολις, translit=Amphipolis) is a municipality in the Serres regional unit, Macedonia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is Rodolivos. It was an important ancient Gr ...
GR17.
Argilus
Argilus or Argilos ( grc, Ἄργιλος) was a city of ancient Macedonia in the district Bisaltia, between Amphipolis and Bromiscus. It was founded by a colony from Andros. It appears from Herodotus to have been a little to the right of the ...
GR18.
Sane
GR19.
Akanthos
GR20.
Astacus
''Astacus'' (from the Greek , ', meaning "lobster" or "crayfish") is a genus of crayfish found in Europe and western Asia, comprising three extant (living) species and three extinct fossil species.
Due to the crayfish plague, crayfish of thi ...
GR21.
Galepsus
GR22.
Oesyme
Oesyme or Oisyme ( grc-x-attic, Οἰσύμη, grc-x-doric, Οἰσύμα) and Aisyme or Aesyme ( grc, Αἰσύμη) was an ancient Greek ''polis'' (city-state) located in ancient Thrace and later in Macedonia. It was within the region of Pier ...
GR23.
Phagres
GR24.
Datus
''Datu'' is a title which denotes the rulers (variously described in historical accounts as chiefs, sovereign princes, and monarchs) of numerous indigenous peoples throughout the Philippine archipelago. The title is still used today, especial ...
GR25.
Stryme Stryme ( grc, Στρύμη) was an ancient Greek city on the south coast of ancient Thrace, a little to the west of Mesembria, between which and Stryme flowed the small river Lissus, which the army of Xerxes I is said to have drunk dry. It was foun ...
GR26.
Pistyrus
Pistyrus or Pistyros ( grc, Πίστυρος), or Pistirus or Pistiros (Πίστιρος), or Bistirus or Bistiros (Βίστιρος), also known as Pisteira (Πίστειρα),Harpocration, p. 124. 11; Schol. ad Aesch. Pers. 2. was an ancient Gre ...
GR27.
Rhaecelus Rhaecelus or Rhaikelos (Greek: ) was an Eretrian colony in Lower Macedonia, near Aeneia, founded by Athenian tyrant Peisistratos
Pisistratus or Peisistratus ( grc-gre, Πεισίστρατος ; 600 – 527 BC) was a politician in ancient Ath ...
GR28.
Dicaea
GR29.
Methoni
GR30.
Heraclea in Trachis
Heraclea (Herakleia) in Trachis ( grc, Ἡράκλεια ἡ ἐν Τραχῖνι), also called Heraclea Trachinia (), was a colony founded by the Spartans in 426 BC, the sixth year of the Peloponnesian War. It was also a polis (city-state).
Situ ...
GR31.
Heraclea in Acarnania
GR32.
Anactorium
GR33.
Sale
GR34.
Drys
GR35.
Toroni
Toroni ( grc, Τορώνη, ''Toróne'', modern pronunciation ''Toróni'') is an ancient Greek city and a former municipality in the southwest edge of Sithonia peninsula in Chalkidiki, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of ...
GR36.
Amorgos
Amorgos ( el, Αμοργός, ; ) is the easternmost island of the Cyclades island group and the nearest island to the neighboring Dodecanese island group in Greece. Along with 16 neighboring islets, the largest of which (by land area) is Nik ...
GR37.
Actium
Actium or Aktion ( grc, Ἄκτιον) was a town on a promontory in ancient Acarnania at the entrance of the Ambraciot Gulf, off which Octavian gained his celebrated victory, the Battle of Actium, over Antony and Cleopatra, on September 2, 31 ...
GR38.
Scabala
GR39.
Philippi
Modern
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...
* Pseudo-Scymnus
Pseudo-Scymnus is the name given by Augustus Meineke to the unknown author of a work on geography written in Classical Greek, the ''Periodos to Nicomedes''. It is an account of the world ('' periegesis'') in 'comic' iambic trimeters which is dedi ...
writes that some say that the city of Bizone belongs to the barbarians, while others to be a Greek colony of
Mesembria
Mesembria ( grc, Μεσημβρία; grc-x-doric, Μεσαμβρία, Mesambria) was an important Greek city in ancient Thrace. It was situated on the coast of the Euxine and at the foot of Mount Haemus; consequently upon the confines of Moe ...
.
BUL1.
Mesembria
Mesembria ( grc, Μεσημβρία; grc-x-doric, Μεσαμβρία, Mesambria) was an important Greek city in ancient Thrace. It was situated on the coast of the Euxine and at the foot of Mount Haemus; consequently upon the confines of Moe ...
BUL2.
Odessos
BUL3.
Apollonia /
Antheia
Antheia ( grc, Ἀνθεία) was one of the Charites, or Graces, of Greek mythology and was the goddess of swamps and flowery wreaths. She is the daughter of Zeus and Eurynome. She was depicted in Athenian vase painting as one of the attendant ...
BUL4.
Callatis
Mangalia (, tr, Mankalya), ancient Callatis ( el, Κάλλατις/Καλλατίς; other historical names: Pangalia, Panglicara, Tomisovara), is a city and a port on the coast of the Black Sea in the south-east of Constanța County, Northern ...
BUL5.
Agathopolis
BUL6.
Kavarna
Kavarna ( bg, Каварна ; ro, Cavarna), is a Black Sea coastal town and seaside resort in the Dobruja region of northeastern Bulgaria. It lies northeast of Varna, from Dobrich on the international road E87 and south of the border with R ...
BUL7.
Pomorie
Pomorie ( bg, Поморие ), historically known as Anchialos (Greek: Αγχίαλος), is a town and seaside resort in southeastern Bulgaria, located on a narrow rocky peninsula in Burgas Bay on the southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast.
It is ...
BUL8.
Naulochos
BUL9.
Krounoi
BUL10.
Pistiros
Pistiros (Ancient Greek, ''Πίστιρος'') was an inland Ancient Greek emporion, or trade center, in Ancient Thrace. It is located near the modern city of Vetren, in the westernmost part of the Maritsa River valley.
The identification of the ...
BUL11.
Anchialos
BUL12.
Bizone *
BUL13.
Develtos
Develtos ( el, Δεβελτός, Δηβελτός, Δεουελτòς, Δεούελτος, Διβηλτóς) or Deultum was an ancient city and bishopric in Thrace. It was located at the mouth of the River Sredetska on the west coast of Lake Mand ...
BUL14.
Heraclea Sintica
Heraclea Sintica, Heracleia Sintica, Хераклея Синтика in Bulgarian or Herakleia Sintike ( grc, Ἡράκλεια Σιντική), or Heraclea ex Sintiis, also known as Heraclea Strymonus or Herakleia Strymonos (Ἡράκλεια Στ ...
BUL15.
Beroe
Modern
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...
RO1.
Tomis
RO2.
Histria/Istros
RO3.
Aegyssus
RO4.
Stratonis
RO5.
Axiopolis
RO6.
Kallatis
Modern
Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ge ...
CY1.
Chytri
Chytri (or Khytri, el, Χύτροι) was one of the ten city-kingdoms of Cyprus in antiquity. It was located in the centre of the island, in the territory of Chytraea, west of Mesaoria. Today the modern town of Kythrea (Kyrka) has preserved the ...
CY2.
Kyrenia
Kyrenia ( el, Κερύνεια ; tr, Girne ) is a city on the northern coast of Cyprus, noted for its historic harbour and castle. It is under the ''de facto'' control of Northern Cyprus.
While there is evidence showing that the wider region ...
Modern
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
U1.
Borysthenes
Borysthenes (; grc, Βορυσθένης) is a geographical name from classical antiquity. The term usually refers to the Dnieper River and its eponymous river god, but also seems to have been an alternative name for Pontic Olbia, a town situate ...
U2.
Tyras
Tyras ( grc, Τύρας) was an ancient Greek city on the northern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by colonists from Miletus, probably about 600 BC. The city was situated some 10 km from the mouth of the Tyras River, which is no ...
U3.
Olbia
Olbia (, ; sc, Terranoa; sdn, Tarranoa) is a city and commune of 60,346 inhabitants (May 2018) in the Italian insular province of Sassari in northeastern Sardinia, Italy, in the historical region of Gallura. Called ''Olbia'' in the Roman age ...
U4.
Nikonion
Nikonion ( grc, Νικώνιον; la, Niconium) and Nikonia ( grc, Νικωνία) was an ancient Greek city on the east bank of the Dniester estuary. Its ruins are located 300 meters to the northwest of the modern village Roksolany, in the ...
U5.
Odessa
Modern
Crimea
Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...
* Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 and unofficially it is no longer part of Ukraine.
CR1.
Panticapaeum
Panticapaeum ( grc-gre, Παντικάπαιον , from Scythian , "fish-path") was an ancient Greek city on the eastern shore of Crimea, which the Greeks called Taurica. The city lay on the western side of the Cimmerian Bosporus, and was found ...
CR2.
Nymphaion
CR3.
Tyritake
CR4.
Theodosia
CR5.
Chersonesus
Chersonesus ( grc, Χερσόνησος, Khersónēsos; la, Chersonesus; modern Russian and Ukrainian: Херсоне́с, ''Khersones''; also rendered as ''Chersonese'', ''Chersonesos'', contracted in medieval Greek to Cherson Χερσών; ...
CR6.
Charax Charax (Χάραξ) may refer to:
* Charax, alternate name of Acharaca, an ancient oracle site in Lydia, Anatolia
* Charax, alternate name of Charakipolis, an ancient town in Lydia, Anatolia
* Charax, alternate name of Tralles, an ancient city in Ly ...
CR7.
Myrmekion
CR8.
Kerkinitis
CR9.
Kimmerikon
Kimmerikón (Greek , la, Cimmericum) was an ancient Greek city in Crimea, on the southern shore of the Kerch Peninsula, at the western slope of Mount Opuk, roughly 40 kilometres southwest of modern Kerch. It was situated with its acropolis on the ...
CR10.
Kalos Limen
CR11.
Yalita
CR12.
Akra
Modern
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...
RU1.
Tanais
Tanais ( el, Τάναϊς ''Tánaïs''; russian: Танаис) was an ancient Greek city in the Don river delta, called the Maeotian marshes in classical antiquity. It was a bishopric as Tana and remains a Latin Catholic titular see as Tana ...
RU2.
Kepoi Kepoi or Cepoi (Ancient Greek: Κῆποι, Russian: Кепы) was an ancient Greek colony situated on the Taman peninsula, three kilometres to the east of Phanagoria, in the present-day Krasnodar Krai of Russia. The colony was established by the ...
RU3.
Phanagoria
Phanagoria ( grc, Φαναγόρεια, Phanagóreia; russian: Фанагория, translit=Fanagoriya) was the largest ancient Greek city on the Taman peninsula, spread over two plateaus along the eastern shore of the Cimmerian Bosporus.
The ...
RU4.
Bata
RU5.
Gorgippia
Anapa (russian: Ана́па, ) is a town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the northern coast of the Black Sea near the Sea of Azov. Population:
History
The area around Anapa was settled in antiquity. It was originally a major seaport (Sin ...
RU6.
Hermonassa
Tmutarakan ( rus, Тмутарака́нь, p=tmʊtərɐˈkanʲ, ; uk, Тмуторокань, Tmutorokan) was a medieval Kievan Rus' principality and trading town that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Se ...
RU7.
Korokondame
RU8.
Taganrog
Taganrog ( rus, Таганрог, p=təɡɐnˈrok) is a port city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, on the north shore of the Taganrog Bay in the Sea of Azov, several kilometers west of the mouth of the Don River. Population:
History of Taganrog
Th ...
RU9.
Tyramba
RU10. Patraeus
RU11.
Toricos
Modern
Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to the ...
/
Abkhazia * Abkhazia is recognised only by Russia and a
small number of other countries.
G1.
Bathys
G2.
Triglite
G3.
Pityus
Pitsunda ( ab, Пиҵунда, russian: Пицунда) or Bichvinta ( ka, ბიჭვინთა ) is a resort town in the Gagra District of Abkhazia/Georgia. Founded by Greek colonists in the 5th century BC, Pitsunda became an important politi ...
G4.
Dioscurias
G5.
Phasis
G6.
Gyenos
Modern
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...
TR1.
Selymbria
Selymbria ( gr, Σηλυμβρία),Demosthenes, '' de Rhod. lib.'', p. 198, ed. Reiske. or Selybria (Σηλυβρία), or Selybrie (Σηλυβρίη), was a town of ancient Thrace on the Propontis, 22 Roman miles east from Perinthus, and 44 Rom ...
TR2.
Heraclea Pontica
__NOTOC__
Heraclea Pontica (; gr, Ἡράκλεια Ποντική, Hērakleia Pontikē), known in Byzantine and later times as Pontoheraclea ( gr, Ποντοηράκλεια, Pontohērakleia), was an ancient city on the coast of Bithynia in Asi ...
TR3.
Cius
Cius (; grc-gre, Kίος or Κῖος ''Kios''), later renamed Prusias on the Sea (; la, Prusias ad Mare) after king Prusias I of Bithynia, was an ancient Greek city bordering the Propontis (now known as the Sea of Marmara), in Bithynia and i ...
TR4.
Ephesus
TR5.
Dios Hieron
TR6.
Iasos
Iasos or Iassos (; el, Ἰασός ''Iasós'' or ''Iassós''), also in Latinized form Iasus or Iassus (), was a Greek city in ancient Caria located on the Gulf of Iasos (now called the Gulf of Güllük), opposite the modern town of Güllük, T ...
TR7.
Myndus
Myndus () or Myndos ( el, ) was an ancient Dorian colony of Troezen, on the coast of Caria in Asia Minor, (Turkey), sited on the Bodrum Peninsula, a few miles northwest of Halicarnassus. The site is now occupied by the modern village of Gümü ...
TR8.
Selge
Selge ( el, Σέλγη) was an important city in ancient Pisidia and later in Pamphylia, on the southern slope of Mount Taurus, modern Antalya Province, Turkey, at the part where the river Eurymedon River ( tr, Köprüçay) forces its way through ...
TR9.
Priene
Priene ( grc, Πριήνη, Priēnē; tr, Prien) was an ancient Greek city of Ionia (and member of the Ionian League) located at the base of an escarpment of Mycale, about north of what was then the course of the Maeander River (now called th ...
TR10.
Halicarnassus
Halicarnassus (; grc, Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός ''Halikarnāssós'' or ''Alikarnāssós''; tr, Halikarnas; Carian: 𐊠𐊣𐊫𐊰 𐊴𐊠𐊥𐊵𐊫𐊰 ''alos k̂arnos'') was an ancient Greek city in Caria, in Anatolia. It was located i ...
TR11.
Miletus
TR12.
Tralles
TR13.
Phaselis
Phaselis ( grc, Φασηλίς) or Faselis ( tr, Faselis) was a Greek and Roman city on the coast of ancient Lycia. Its ruins are located north of the modern town Tekirova in the Kemer district of Antalya Province in Turkey. It lies between ...
TR14.
Aspendos
Aspendos or Aspendus ( Pamphylian: ΕΣΤϜΕΔΥΣ; Attic: Ἄσπενδος) was an ancient Greco-Roman city in Antalya province of Turkey. The site is located 40 km east of the modern city of Antalya.
It was situated on the Eurymedon ...
TR15.
Side
Side or Sides may refer to:
Geometry
* Edge (geometry) of a polygon (two-dimensional shape)
* Face (geometry) of a polyhedron (three-dimensional shape)
Places
* Side (Ainis), a town of Ainis, ancient Thessaly, Greece
* Side (Caria), a town of an ...
TR16.
Sillyon
Sillyon ( el, Σίλλυον), also Sylleion (Σύλλειον), in Byzantine times Syllaeum or Syllaion (), was an important fortress and city near Attaleia in Pamphylia, on the southern coast of modern Turkey. The native Greco-Pamphylian form ...
TR17.
Zephyrion
TR18.
Kelenderis
TR19.
Mallus
Mallus may refer to:
*Mallus (Cilicia), an ancient city in Cilicia, Anatolia
* Mallus (Pisidia), an ancient city in Pisidia, Anatolia
* Mallus (''Legends of Tomorrow''), a mysterious entity in the American superhero television series
* Marco Mallu ...
TR20.
Amos
Amos or AMOS may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* Amos Records, an independent record label established in Los Angeles, California, in 1968
* Amos (band), an American Christian rock band
* ''Amos'' (album), an album by Michael Ray
* ''Amos' ...
TR21.
Byzantium
TR22.
Amaseia
TR23.
Amastris
TR24.
Ainos
TR25.
Berge
TR26.
Perinthos
TR27.
Cardia
TR28.
Chalcedon
Chalcedon ( or ; , sometimes transliterated as ''Chalkedon'') was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor. It was located almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar) and it is now a district of the cit ...
TR29.
Nicomedia
Nicomedia (; el, Νικομήδεια, ''Nikomedeia''; modern İzmit) was an ancient Greek city located in what is now Turkey. In 286, Nicomedia became the eastern and most senior capital city of the Roman Empire (chosen by the emperor Diocleti ...
TR30.
Abydos
TR31.
Sestos
TR32.
Lampsacus
Lampsacus (; grc, Λάμψακος, translit=Lampsakos) was an ancient Greek city strategically located on the eastern side of the Hellespont in the northern Troad. An inhabitant of Lampsacus was called a Lampsacene. The name has been transmitte ...
TR33.
Panormos Panormos ( el, Πάνορμος, link=no) or Panormus, meaning "sheltered harbor", may refer to:
Places Ancient places
*Panormus (Achaea), a town of ancient Achaea, Greece
*Panormus (Attica), a town of ancient Attica, Greece
*Panormus (Caria), a t ...
TR34.
Cyzicus
Cyzicus (; grc, Κύζικος ''Kúzikos''; ota, آیدینجق, ''Aydıncıḳ'') was an ancient Greek town in Mysia in Anatolia in the current Balıkesir Province of Turkey. It was located on the shoreward side of the present Kapıdağ Peni ...
TR35.
Ilion
TR36.
Sigeion
TR37.
Sinope
TR38.
Tirebolu
Tirebolu (from the Greek word《Τρίπολις》meaning "three cities", named as such by its ancient Greek founders), is a town and district of Giresun Province, Turkey.
Geography
Tirebolu is a small town of 14,303 people located on a hill nam ...
TR39.
Amisos
TR40.
Tripolis
TR41.
Cotyora
Ordu () or Altınordu is a port city on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, historically also known as Cotyora or Kotyora ( pnt, Κοτύωρα), and the capital of Ordu Province with a population of 229,214 in the city center.
Name
Kotyora, the ori ...
TR42.
Polemonion
TR43.
Pharnakia
TR44.
Kerasous
Giresun (), formerly Cerasus ( Ancient Greek: Κερασοῦς, Greek: Κερασούντα), is the provincial capital of Giresun Province in the Black Sea Region of northeastern Turkey, about west of the city of Trabzon.
Etymology
Giresun w ...
TR45.
Trapezous
Trabzon (; Ancient Greek: Tραπεζοῦς (''Trapezous''), Ophitic Pontic Greek: Τραπεζούντα (''Trapezounta''); Georgian: ტრაპიზონი (''Trapizoni'')), historically known as Trebizond in English, is a city on the ...
TR46.
Themiscyra
TR47.
Astacus in Bithynia
Astacus ( Greek ) is an ancient city in Bithynia; it was also called Olbia . Stephanus of Byzantium records an aetiological myth that it was founded by Astacus, son of Poseidon and the nymph Olbia.
Strabo wrote that the city was founded by t ...
TR48.
Assos
Assos (; grc-gre, Ἄσσος, la, Assus) is a beautiful small and historically important town on the Aegean coast in the Ayvacık district of Çanakkale province, Turkey. It is on the southern side of Biga Peninsula (better known by its anc ...
TR49.
Pitane
TR50.
Phocaea
Phocaea or Phokaia (Ancient Greek: Φώκαια, ''Phókaia''; modern-day Foça in Turkey) was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia. Greek colonists from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia (modern-day Marseille, in ...
TR51.
Smyrna
Smyrna ( ; grc, Σμύρνη, Smýrnē, or , ) was a Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia. Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence, and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to promi ...
TR52.
Pergamon
Pergamon or Pergamum ( or ; grc-gre, Πέργαμον), also referred to by its modern Greek form Pergamos (), was a rich and powerful ancient Greek city in Mysia. It is located from the modern coastline of the Aegean Sea on a promontory on th ...
TR53.
Teos
Teos ( grc, Τέως) or Teo was an ancient Greek city on the coast of Ionia, on a peninsula between Chytrium and Myonnesus. It was founded by Minyans from Orchomenus, Ionians and Boeotians, but the date of its foundation is unknown. Teos was ...
TR55.
Colophon
TR56.
Patara
TR57.
Canae
Canae ( grc, Κάναι; tr, Kane) was, in classical antiquity, a city in ancient Aeolis, on the island of Argennusa in the Aegean Sea off the modern Dikili Peninsula on the coast of modern-day Turkey, near the modern village of Bademli. T ...
TR58.
Bargylia
TR59.
Madytus
TR60.
Elaeus
Elaeus ( grc, Ἐλαιοῦς ''Elaious'', later ''Elaeus''), the “Olive City”, was an ancient Greek city located in Thrace, on the Thracian Chersonese. Elaeus was located at the southern end of the Hellespont (now the Dardanelles) near th ...
TR61.
Tieion
Tium ( el, Τῖον) was an ancient settlement, also known as Filyos ( el, Φίλειος), on the south coast of the Black Sea at the mouth of the river Billaeus in present-day Turkey. Ancient writers variously assigned it to ancient Paphlagonia ...
TR62.
Apamea Myrlea
TR63.
Klazomenai
Klazomenai ( grc, Κλαζομεναί) or Clazomenae was an ancient Greek city on the coast of Ionia and a member of the Ionian League. It was one of the first cities to issue silver coinage. Its ruins are now located in the modern town Urla n ...
TR64.
Notion
Notion or Notions may refer to:
Software
* Notion (music software), a music composition and performance program
* Notion (productivity software), a note-taking and project-management program from Notion Labs Inc.
* Notion (window manager), the s ...
TR65.
Parion
Parium (or Parion; el, Πάριον) was a Greek city of Adrasteia in Mysia on the Hellespont. Its bishopric was a suffragan of Cyzicus, the metropolitan see of the Roman province of Hellespontus.
History
Founded in 709 B.C., the ancient city ...
TR66.
Heraion Teichos
TR67.
Bisanthe
TR68.
Erythrae
Erythrae or Erythrai ( el, Ἐρυθραί) later Litri, was one of the twelve Ionian cities of Asia Minor, situated 22 km north-east of the port of Cyssus (modern name: Çeşme), on a small peninsula stretching into the Bay of Erythrae ...
TR69.
Priapus
TR70.
Alopeconnesus
Alopeconnesus or Alopekonnesos ( grc, Ἀλωπεκόννησος, "fox island") was an ancient Greek city located on the western coast of ancient Thrace, located in the region of the Thracian Chersonesus. It was an Aeolian colony, and was belie ...
TR71.
Limnae
TR73.
Crithote
''Crithote'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae
The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many ...
TR74.
Pactya
Pactya or Paktye ( grc, Πακτύη) was an ancient Greek city located in ancient Thrace, on the Thracian Chersonesus. It is cited in the ''Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax'', in its recitation of the towns of the Thracian Chersonesus, along with Aegosp ...
TR75.
Perinthus
Perinthus or Perinthos ( grc, ἡ Πέρινθος) was a great and flourishing town of ancient Thrace, situated on the Propontis. According to John Tzetzes, it bore at an early period the name of Mygdonia (Μυγδονία). It lay 22 miles wes ...
TR76.
Tium
Tium ( el, Τῖον) was an ancient settlement, also known as Filyos ( el, Φίλειος), on the south coast of the Black Sea at the mouth of the river Billaeus in present-day Turkey. Ancient writers variously assigned it to ancient Paphlagonia ...
TR77.
Teichiussa
TR78.
Triopium
Triopium or Triopion and Triopia ( grc, Τριόπιον and Τριοπία) was a town on the coast of ancient Caria, near ancient Cnidus. According to ancient writers Triopas was the founder of the city, and took its name after him.
At Triopium ...
TR79.
Placia
Placia or Plakia or Placie or Plakie ( grc, Πλακίη), also known as Placa or Plaka or Place or Plake (Πλάκη), was a town of ancient Mysia, on the coast of the Propontis, at the foot of the Mysian Olympus east of Cyzicus. It was a Pelasgia ...
TR80.
Scylace
Scylace or Skylake ( grc, Σκυλάκη), was a town of ancient Mysia, on the coast of the Propontis, east of Cyzicus. It was a Pelasgians, Pelasgian town; in this place and the neighbouring Placia, the Pelasgians, according to Herodotus, had pres ...
TR81.
Arisba
TR82.
Apollonia
TR83.
Apollonia ad Rhyndacum
Apollonia or Apollonia-on-the-Rhyndacus ( grc, Ἀπολλωνία ἐπὶ Ῥυνδακῷ, ''Apollōnía épì Ryndakō''; la, Apollonia ad Rhyndacum) was an ancient town opposite the delta of the Rhyndacus river in northwestern Anatolia and ...
TR84.
Myrina
TR85.
Pythopolis
TR86.
Cytorus
Cytorus (Greek Κύτωρος, Kytoros;
also Cytorum, Κύτωρον, Kytoron and Κύτωρις) was an ancient Greek city on the northern coast of Asia Minor. Mentioned by Homer, Cytorus survives in the name of Gideros, which is both
* a ba ...
TR87.
Armene
TR88.
Kolonai
Kolonai ( grc, αἱ Κολωναί, hai Kolōnai; la, Colonae) was an ancient Greek city in the south-west of the Troad region of Anatolia. It has been located on a hill by the coast known as Beşiktepe ('cradle hill'), about equidistant betw ...
TR89.
Paesus
Paesus or Paisos ( Hittite: Apaššawa, Ancient Greek: Παισός), in the Trojan Battle Order in Homer's ''Iliad'' called Apaesus or Apaisos (Ἀπαισός), was a town and ''polis'' (city-state) on the coast of the ancient Troad, at the ent ...
TR90.
Scepsis
Scepsis or Skepsis ( grc, Σκῆψις or Σκέψις) was an ancient settlement in the Troad, Asia Minor that is at the present site of the village of Kurşunlutepe, near the town of Bayramiç in Turkey. The settlement is notable for being t ...
TR91.
Myus
Myus ( grc, Μυοῦς), sometimes Myous or Myos, was an ancient Greek city in Caria. It was one of twelve major settlements of the Ionian League. The city was said to have been founded by Cyaretus ( grc, Κυάρητος) (sometimes called Cyd ...
TR92.
Mallus
Mallus may refer to:
*Mallus (Cilicia), an ancient city in Cilicia, Anatolia
* Mallus (Pisidia), an ancient city in Pisidia, Anatolia
* Mallus (''Legends of Tomorrow''), a mysterious entity in the American superhero television series
* Marco Mallu ...
TR93.
Mopsus
Mopsus (; Ancient Greek: Μόψος, ''Mopsos'') was the name of one of two famous seers in Greek mythology; his rival being Calchas. A historical or legendary ''Mopsos'' or ''Mukšuš'' may have been the founder of a house in power at widespread ...
TR94.
Caryanda
Caryanda or Karyanda ( grc, Καρυάνδα) was a city on the coast of ancient Caria in southwestern Anatolia. Stephanus of Byzantium describes it as a city and harbour (λίμην) near Myndus and Cos. But λιμήν, in the text of Stephanu ...
TR95.
Athenae
TR96.
Syrna
TR97.
Cyme
TR98.
Marathesium
Marathesium or Marathesion ( grc, Μαραθήσιον) was a town of ancient Ionia on the coast south of Ephesus, and not far from the frontiers of Caria, whence Stephanus of Byzantium calls it a town of Caria. It is also mentioned in the ''Peri ...
TR99.
Chrysopolis
TR100.
Neonteikhos
TR101.
Artace
TR102.
Semystra
TR103.
Cobrys
Cobrys or Kobrys ( grc, Κῶβρυς) was a coastal Greek town in ancient Thrace, on the Thracian Chersonesus. It is mentioned in the ''Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax''
It was an Emporium of the Cardia.
There have been unconvincing attempts to iden ...
TR104.
Cypasis
Cypasis or Kypasis ( grc, Κύπασις) was an Emporium of the Cardia, on the east of the Hebrus River, on the Bay of Melas.
Its site is located north of the mouth of the Kavak River in European Turkey
East Thrace or Eastern Thrace ( t ...
TR105.
Kydonies
TR106.
Coryphas
TR107.
Heraclea (Aeolis)
Heraclea or Herakleia ( grc, Ἡράκλεια), also transliterated as Heracleia, was a town of ancient Aeolis. It was opposite to Hecatonnesi. This town and the neighbouring Coryphantis are called villages of the Mytilenaeans. The town may als ...
TR108.
Gargara
Gargara ( grc, Γάργαρα) was an ancient Greek city on the southern coast of the Troad region of Anatolia. It was initially located beneath Mount Gargaron, one of the three peaks of Mount Ida, today known as Koca Kaya (). At some point in t ...
TR109.
Lamponeia
Lamponeia ( grc, Λαμπώνεια) or Lamponia (Λαμπωνία), also known as Lamponium or Lamponion (Λαμπώνιον), was an Aetolian city on the southern coast of the Troad region of Anatolia. Its archaeological remains have been located ...
TR110.
Elaea
TR111.
Mariandyn
TR112.
Claros
Claros (; el, Κλάρος, ''Klaros''; la, Clarus) was an ancient Greek sanctuary on the coast of Ionia. It contained a temple and oracle of Apollo, honored here as Apollo Clarius. It was located in the territory of Colophon, which lay twelv ...
TR113.
Knidos
Knidos or Cnidus (; grc-gre, Κνίδος, , , Knídos) was a Greek city in ancient Caria and part of the Dorian Hexapolis, in south-western Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey. It was situated on the Datça peninsula, which forms the southern side ...
TR114.
Prusias ad Hypium
Prusias ad Hypium ( grc, Προῦσα πρὸς τῷ Ὑππίῳ ποταμῷ) was a city in ancient Bithynia, and afterwards in the late Roman province of Honorias. In the 4th century it became a bishopric that was a suffragan of Claudiopol ...
TR115.
Dardanus
TR116.
Pygela
Pygela ( grc, Πύγελα) or Phygela (Φύγελα) was a small town of ancient Ionia, on the coast of the Caystrian Bay, a little to the south of Ephesus. According to Greek mythology, it was said to have been founded by Agamemnon, and to ha ...
TR117.
Temnos
Temnos or Temnus ( grc, Τῆμνος; grc-x-aeolic, Τᾶμνος) was a small Greek ''polis'' (city-state) of ancient Aeolis, later incorporated in the Roman province of Asia, on the western coast of Anatolia. Its bishopric was a suffragan of ...
TR118.
Gryneium
Gryneium or Gryneion ( grc, Γρύνειον), also Grynium or Grynion (Γρύνιον), Grynia or Gryneia (Γρύνεια) and Grynoi (Γρῦνοι), was a city of ancient Aeolis. It was located 40 stadia from Myrina and 70 from Elaea. In ea ...
TR119.
Aigai
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I1, position=bottom
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I2, position=top
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I3, position=top
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I4, position=top
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I5, position=left
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I6, position=right
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I7, position=bottom
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I8, position=bottom
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I9, position=right
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I10, position=bottom
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I11, position=right
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I12, position=top
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I13, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.15 , lon_deg=16.69 , label=
I14, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.05 , lon_deg=17.07 , label=
I15, position=bottom
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I16, position=bottom
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I17, position=right
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I18, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.01 , lon_deg=14.26 , label=
I19, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.05 , lon_deg=15.17 , label=
I21, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.33 , lon_deg=14.50 , label=
I22, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.39 , lon_deg=15.06 , label=
I23, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.34 , lon_deg=14.34 , label=
I24, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.24 , lon_deg=14.57 , label=
I26, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.28 , lon_deg=14.57 , label=
I27, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.14 , lon_deg=16.16 , label=
I28, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.06 , lon_deg=15.39 , label=
I29, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.17 , lon_deg=15.0 , label=
I30, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.39 , lon_deg=12.49 , label=
I31, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.12 , lon_deg=15.10 , label=
I32, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.49 , lon_deg=15.16 , label=
I33, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.51 , lon_deg=15.17 , label=
I34, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.13 , lon_deg=13.35 , label=
I35, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.58 , lon_deg=13.49 , label=
I36, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.04 , lon_deg=14.15 , label=
I37, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.30 , lon_deg=15.05 , label=
I38, position=right
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I39, position=right
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I40, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.38 , lon_deg=15.04 , label=
I41, position=bottom
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I42, position=bottom
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I43, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.40 , lon_deg=16.05 , label=
I44, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.23 , lon_deg=13.16 , label=
I45, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.26 , lon_deg=16.34 , label=
I46, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.17 , lon_deg=15.11 , label=
I47, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.04 , lon_deg=15.31 , label=
I48, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.13 , lon_deg=15.14 , label=
I49, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.46 , lon_deg=15.49 , label=
I50, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.56 , lon_deg=16.14 , label=
I51, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.06 , lon_deg=15.39 , label=
I52, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.08 , lon_deg=15.02 , label=
I53, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.26 , lon_deg=15.54 , label=
I56, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.39 , lon_deg=17.14 , label=
I57, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.15 , lon_deg=16.57 , label=
I58, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.22 , lon_deg=17.18 , label=
I59, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.13 , lon_deg=16.40 , label=
I60, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.48 , lon_deg=16.35 , label=
I61, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.09 , lon_deg=14.44 , label=
I62, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.40 , lon_deg=14.50 , label=
I63, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.02 , lon_deg=14.41 , label=
I64, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.04 , lon_deg=14.49 , label=
I65, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.03 , lon_deg=14.53 , label=Akrai, I66, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.47 , lon_deg=14.36 , label=Engyon, I67, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.09 , lon_deg=15.13 , label=Thapsos, I68, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.43 , lon_deg=13.53 , label=Pithekoussai, I69, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.31 , lon_deg=16.20 , label=Castelmezzano, I70, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.06 , lon_deg=13.56 , label=Licata, I71, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.57 , lon_deg=14.36 , label=Avella, I72, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.53 , lon_deg=16.47 , label=Salona, C1, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.31 , lon_deg=16.15 , label=Trogir, C2, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.30 , lon_deg=16.27 , label=Split, Croatia, C3, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.29 , lon_deg=16.31 , label=Stobreč, C4, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.02 , lon_deg=16.09 , label=Vis (island), C5, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.11 , lon_deg=16.35 , label=Hvar, C6, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.11 , lon_deg=16.35 , label=Stari Grad, Croatia, C7, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.57 , lon_deg=17.07 , label=Korčula, C8, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=18.13 , label=Epidaurum, C9, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.02 , lon_deg=17.35 , label=Narona, C10, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.92 , lon_deg=17.17 , label=Lumbarda, C11, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.17 , lon_deg=18.50 , label=Budva, M1, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.48 , lon_deg=19.35 , label=Nymphaeum (Illyria), AL1, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.31 , lon_deg=19.45 , label=Epidamnos, AL2, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.43 , lon_deg=19.28 , label=Apollonia (Illyria), AL3, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=19.29 , label=Vlorë, AL4, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.7 , lon_deg=19.44 , label=Chimara, AL5, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.44 , lon_deg=20.01 , label=Buthrotum, AL6, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=19.29 , label=Oricum, AL7, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.34 , lon_deg=19.34 , label=Thronion (Illyria), AL8, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.33 , lon_deg=21.54 , label=Damastion, SE1, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.26 , lon_deg=21.51 , label=Damastion, MA1, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=21.20 , label=Heraclea Lyncestis, MA2, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.19 , lon_deg=23.33 , label=Potidaea, GR1, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.35 , lon_deg=23.47 , label=Stagira (ancient city), GR2, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=23.52 , label=Akanthos (Greece), GR3, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.96 , lon_deg=23.42 , label=Mende (Chalcidice), GR4, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.90 , lon_deg=20.59 , label=Ambracia, GR5, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.35 , lon_deg=19.52 , label=Corfu, GR6, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=23.31 , label=Maroneia, GR7, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.1 , lon_deg=24.18 , label=Krinides, GR8, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.29 , lon_deg=23.35 , label=Olynthus, GR9, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.56 , lon_deg=24.58 , label=Abdera, Thrace, GR10, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.34 , lon_deg=22.56 , label=Therma, GR11, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.39 , lon_deg=23.37 , label=Arethusa (Mygdonia), GR12, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.43 , lon_deg=20.39 , label=Lefkada, GR13, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.47 , lon_deg=23.53 , label=Eion, GR14, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=23.56 , label=Sane (Acte), GR15, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=23.50 , label=Amphipolis, GR16, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=23.48 , label=Argilus, GR17, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=23.56 , label=Sane (Acte), GR18, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=23.53 , label=Akanthos (Greece), GR19, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.33 , lon_deg=21.05 , label=Astacus (Acarnania), GR20, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.45 , lon_deg=23.59 , label=Galepsus (Thrace), GR21, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=24.19 , label=Oesyme, GR22, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=23.57 , label=Phagres, GR23, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.49 , lon_deg=24.10 , label=Datus (Greece), GR24, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.56 , lon_deg=25.16 , label=Stryme, GR25, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=24.35 , label=Pistyrus, GR26, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.28 , lon_deg=22.51 , label=Rhaecelus, GR27, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.27 , lon_deg=22.56 , label=Dicaea (Macedonia), GR28, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.26 , lon_deg=22.35 , label=Methoni, Pieria, GR29, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.47 , lon_deg=22.26 , label=Heraclea in Trachis, GR30, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.54 , lon_deg=20.56 , label=Heraclea (Acarnania), GR31, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.55 , lon_deg=20.50 , label=Anactorium, GR32, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.50 , lon_deg=25.52 , label=Sale (Thrace), GR33, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.51 , lon_deg=25.40 , label=Drys (Thrace), GR34, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.59 , lon_deg=23.54 , label=Toroni, GR35, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.50 , lon_deg=25.54 , label=Amorgos, GR36, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.95 , lon_deg=20.76 , label=Actium, GR37, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.19 , lon_deg=23.35 , label=Scabala, GR38, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=24.17 , label=Philippi, GR39, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.10 , lon_deg=28.38 , label=Constanța, RO1, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.32 , lon_deg=28.46 , label=Histria (ancient city), RO2, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.11 , lon_deg=28.48 , label=Tulcea, RO3, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.00 , lon_deg=28.38 , label=Tuzla, Constanța, RO4, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.20 , lon_deg=28.02 , label=Cernavodă, RO5, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.49 , lon_deg=28.34 , label=Mangalia, RO6, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=35.25 , lon_deg=33.49 , label=Chytri, CY1, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=35.20 , lon_deg=33.19 , label=Kyrenia, CY2, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.39 , lon_deg=27.44 , label=Nesebar, BUL1, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.13 , lon_deg=27.55 , label=Varna, Bulgaria, BUL2, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.25 , lon_deg=27.42 , label=Sozopol, BUL3, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.49 , lon_deg=28.34 , label=Callatis, BUL4, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.60 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Ahtopol, BUL5, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.26 , lon_deg=28.20 , label=Kavarna, BUL6, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=27.37 , label=Pomorie, BUL7, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.49 , lon_deg=27.53 , label=Obzor, BUL8, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.25 , lon_deg=28.10 , label=Balchik, BUL9, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.28 , lon_deg=24.04 , label=Pistiros, BUL10, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.34 , lon_deg=27.37 , label=Pomorie, BUL11, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.26 , lon_deg=28.20 , label=Kavarna, BUL12, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.23 , lon_deg=27.17 , label=Develtos, BUL13, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.23 , lon_deg=27.17 , label=Heraclea Sintica, BUL14, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.26 , lon_deg=25.39 , label=Stara Zagora, BUL15, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.36 , lon_deg=31.24 , label=Berezan Island, U1, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.12 , lon_deg=30.21 , label=Tyras, U2, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.41 , lon_deg=31.54 , label=Pontic Olbia (archaeological site), U3, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.11 , lon_deg=30.26 , label=Nikonion, U4, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=46.29 , lon_deg=30.44 , label=Odessa, U5, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.21 , lon_deg=36.28 , label=Panticapaeum, CR1, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.14 , lon_deg=36.25 , label=Nymphaion (Crimea), CR2, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=36.24 , label=Tyritake, CR3, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.20 , lon_deg=35.22 , label=Feodosia, CR4, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.36 , lon_deg=33.29 , label=Chersonesus, CR5, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.42 , lon_deg=34.12 , label=Charax, Crimea, CR6, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.21 , lon_deg=36.28 , label=Myrmekion, CR7, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.11 , lon_deg=33.22 , label=Yevpatoria, CR8, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.04 , lon_deg=36.23 , label=Kimmerikon, CR9, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.30 , lon_deg=32.42 , label=Chornomorske, CR10, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.29 , lon_deg=34.10 , label=Yalta, CR11, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.13 , lon_deg=36.41 , label= Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus), CR12, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=47.16 , lon_deg=39.20 , label=Tanais, RU1, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.22 , lon_deg=39.26 , label=Kepoi, RU2, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=36.57 , label=Phanagoria, RU3, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.43 , lon_deg=37.45 , label=Novorossiysk, RU4, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.52 , lon_deg=37.22 , label=Anapa, RU5, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.13 , lon_deg=36.42 , label=Tmutarakan, RU6, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.20 , lon_deg=36.61 , label= Korokondame, RU7, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=47.13 , lon_deg=38.55 , label= Taganrog, RU8, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.16 , lon_deg=37.22 , label= Tyramba, RU9, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=45.31 , lon_deg=36.84 , label= RU10, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=44.57 , lon_deg=37.99 , label= Toricos, RU11, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.38 , lon_deg=41.38 , label=Batumi, G1, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.20 , lon_deg=40.13 , label=Gagra, G2, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.10 , lon_deg=40.20 , label=Pitsunda, G3, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=43.00 , lon_deg=41.01 , label=Sukhumi, G4, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.09 , lon_deg=41.40 , label=Phasis (town), G5, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.42 , lon_deg=41.27 , label=Ochamchire, G6, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.05 , lon_deg=28.15 , label=Silivri, TR1, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.17 , lon_deg=31.24 , label=Heraclea Pontica, TR2, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.91 , lon_deg=31.11 , label=Cius, TR3, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.56 , lon_deg=27.20 , label=Ephesus, TR4, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.25 , lon_deg=28.05 , label=Birgi, TR5, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.16 , lon_deg=27.35 , label=Iasos, TR6, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.03 , lon_deg=27.14 , label=Myndus, TR7, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.13 , lon_deg=31.07 , label=Selge, Pisidia, TR8, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.39 , lon_deg=27.17 , label=Priene, TR9, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.02 , lon_deg=27.25 , label=Halicarnassus, TR10, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.31 , lon_deg=27.16 , label=Miletus, TR11, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.50 , lon_deg=27.50 , label=Aydın, TR12, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.31 , lon_deg=30.33 , label=Phaselis, TR13, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.56 , lon_deg=31.10 , label=Aspendos, TR14, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.46 , lon_deg=31.23 , label=Side, Turkey, TR15, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.59 , lon_deg=30.59 , label=Sillyon, TR16, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.48 , lon_deg=34.38 , label=Mersin, TR17, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.08 , lon_deg=33.19 , label=Kelenderis, TR18, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.75 , lon_deg=35.48 , label=Mallus (city), TR19, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.45 , lon_deg=28.16 , label=Amos (ancient city), TR20, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=28.57 , label=Byzantium, TR21, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.39 , lon_deg=35.49 , label=Amasya, TR22, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.45 , lon_deg=32.33 , label=Amasra, TR23, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.44 , lon_deg=26.04 , label=Enez, TR24, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.57 , lon_deg=23.23 , label=Berge (Bisaltia), TR25, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=26.57 , label=Marmara Ereğlisi, TR26, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.32 , lon_deg=26.44 , label=Cardia (Thrace), TR27, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.98 , lon_deg=29.03 , label=Chalcedon, TR28, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.46 , lon_deg=29.56 , label=Nicomedia, TR29, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.11 , lon_deg=26.24 , label=Abydos (Hellespont), TR30, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.13 , lon_deg=26.23 , label=Sestos, TR31, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.20 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Lampsacus, TR32, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.21 , lon_deg=27.58 , label=Bandırma, TR33, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.38 , lon_deg=27.89 , label=Cyzicus, TR34, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.57 , lon_deg=26.14 , label=Troy, TR35, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.58 , lon_deg=26.10 , label=Troy, TR36, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.02 , lon_deg=35.09 , label=Sinop, Turkey, TR37, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.0 , lon_deg=38.49 , label=Tirebolu, TR38, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.17 , lon_deg=35.19 , label=Samsun, TR39, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=38.49 , label=Tripolis (Pontus), TR40, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.59 , lon_deg=37.53 , label=Ordu, TR41, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.02 , lon_deg=37.30 , label=Fatsa, TR42, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.01 , lon_deg=39.33 , label=Akçaabat, TR43, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=38.23 , label=Giresun, TR44, position=left
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.00 , lon_deg=39.44 , label=Trabzon, TR45, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.12 , lon_deg=36.43 , label=Themiscyra (Pontus), TR46, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.92 , lon_deg=29.99 , label=Astacus in Bithynia, TR 47, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.29 , lon_deg=26.20 , label=Assos, TR48, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.55 , lon_deg=26.56 , label=Pitane (Aeolis), TR49, position=top
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.40 , lon_deg=26.45 , label=Phocaea, TR50, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.25 , lon_deg=27.08 , label=Smyrna, TR51, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.07 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Pergamon, TR52, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.10 , lon_deg=26.47 , label=Teos, TR53, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.06 , lon_deg=27.08 , label=Colophon (city), TR55, position=right
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.15 , lon_deg=29.19 , label=Patara, Lycia, TR56, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.20 , lon_deg=26.48 , label=Canae, TR57, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.20 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Bargylia, TR58, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.18 , lon_deg=26.35 , label=Madytus, TR59, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.03 , lon_deg=26.13 , label=Elaeus, TR60, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.25 , lon_deg=32.04 , label=Tieion, TR61, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.22 , lon_deg=28.53 , label=Apamea Myrlea, TR62, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.21 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Klazomenai, TR63, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.59 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Notion (ancient city), TR64, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.41 , lon_deg=27.07 , label=Parium, TR65, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.02 , lon_deg=27.74 , label=Heraion (Thrace), TR66, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=27.30 , label=Bisanthe, TR67, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.22 , lon_deg=26.28 , label=Erythrae, TR68, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=27.18 , label=Karabiga, TR69, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.18 , lon_deg=26.14 , label=Alopeconnesus, TR70, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.43 , lon_deg=29.30 , label=Limnae (Bithynia), TR71, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=26.39 , label=Crithote (Thrace), TR73, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.29 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Pactya, TR74, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.58 , lon_deg=27.57 , label=Perinthus, TR75, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.33 , lon_deg=32.01 , label=Tium, TR76, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.21 , lon_deg=27.27 , label=Teichiussa, TR77, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.41 , lon_deg=27.29 , label=Triopium, TR78, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=28.16 , label=Placia, TR79, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=28.23 , label=Scylace, TR80, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.11 , lon_deg=26.32 , label=Arisba, TR81, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.12 , lon_deg=27.29 , label=Apollonia (Mysia), TR82, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.10 , lon_deg=28.36 , label=Apollonia ad Rhyndacum, TR83, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.50 , lon_deg=26.59 , label=Myrina (Aeolis), TR84, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.23 , lon_deg=29.24 , label=Pythopolis (Mysia), TR85, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.51 , lon_deg=32.51 , label=Cytorus, TR86, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=42.02 , lon_deg=32.02 , label=Armene, TR87, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.41 , lon_deg=26.09 , label=Kolonai, TR88, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=26.47 , label=Paesus, TR89, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.48 , lon_deg=26.42 , label=Scepsis, TR90, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.35 , lon_deg=27.25 , label=Myus, TR91, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.75 , lon_deg=35.48 , label=Mallus (Cilicia), TR92, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.57 , lon_deg=35.37 , label=Mopsuestia, TR93, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.07 , lon_deg=27.22 , label=Caryanda, TR94, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.10 , lon_deg=40.53 , label=Athenae (Pontus), TR95, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.43 , lon_deg=28.11 , label=Syrna (Caria), TR96, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.86 , lon_deg=27.05 , label=Cyme (Aeolis), TR97, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.49 , lon_deg=27.15 , label=Marathesium, TR98, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.01 , lon_deg=29.02 , label=Üsküdar, TR99, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.39 , lon_deg=27.01 , label=Neonteikhos, TR100, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.24 , lon_deg=27.47 , label=Artace (Mysia), TR101, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.03 , lon_deg=28.56 , label=Semystra, TR102, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.35 , lon_deg=26.50 , label=Cobrys, TR103, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.37 , lon_deg=26.50 , label=Cypasis, TR104, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.19 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Ayvalık, TR105, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.21 , lon_deg=26.46 , label=Coryphas, TR106, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.18 , lon_deg=26.41 , label=Heraclea (Aeolis), TR107, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.35 , lon_deg=26.32 , label=Gargara, TR108, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=39.32 , lon_deg=26.24 , label=Lamponeia, TR109, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.57 , lon_deg=27.02 , label=Elaea (Aeolis), TR110, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=41.27 , lon_deg=31.47 , label=Zonguldak, TR111, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.00 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Claros, TR112, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=36.41 , lon_deg=27.22 , label=Knidos, TR113, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.54 , lon_deg=31.08 , label=Prusias ad Hypium, TR114, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=40.08 , lon_deg=26.36 , label=Dardanus (city), TR115, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=37.51 , lon_deg=27.15 , label=Pygela, TR116, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.40 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Temnos, TR117, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.49 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Gryneium, TR118, position=bottom
{{Location map~ , Mediterranean , lat_deg=38.49 , lon_deg=27.11 , label=Aigai (Aeolis), TR119, position=bottom
, caption=Some of the Greek colonies
Notes
{{reflist, group=quotes
References
{{reflist, 30em
Further reading
* {{cite book
, last = Zuchtriegel
, first = Gabriel
, title = Colonization and Subalternity in Classical Greece: Experience of the Nonelite Population
, publisher = Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition
, year = 2020
, isbn = 978-1108409223
* {{cite book
, last1 = Lucas
, first1 = Jason
, last2 = Murray
, first2 = Carrie Ann
, last3 = Owen
, first3 = Sara
, title = Greek Colonization in Local Context: Case Studies Exploring the Dynamics among Locals and Colonizers
, series = University of Cambridge Museum of Classical Archaeology Monographs
, publisher = Oxbow Books
, year = 2019
, isbn = 978-1789251326
* {{cite book
, last1 = Tsetskhladze
, first1 = Gocha R.
, last2 = Atasoy
, first2 = Sümer
, last3 = Temür
, first3 = Akın
, last4 = Yiğitpaşa
, first4 = Davut
, title = Settlements and Necropoleis of the Black Sea and Its Hinterland in Antiquity: Select Papers from the Third International Conference 'The Black Sea in Antiquity and Tekkeköy: An Ancient Settlement on the Southern Black Sea Coast', 27-29 October 2017, Tekkeköy, Samsun.
, publisher = Archaeopress
, year = 2019
, doi = 10.2307/j.ctvwh8bw7
, s2cid = 241412939
* {{cite book
, last = Bosher
, first = Kathryn
, title = Theater outside Athens: Drama in Greek Sicily and South Italy
, publisher = Cambridge University Press
, year = 2016
, url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EE0hAwAAQBAJ
, isbn = 978-1107527508
* {{cite book
, last = Irad
, first = Malkin
, title = A Small Greek World: Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean
, publisher = Oxford University Press; Reprint edition
, year = 2013
, isbn = 978-0199315727
* {{cite book
, last = Tsetskhladze
, first = Gocha
, title = The Black Sea, Greece, Anatolia and Europe in the First Millennium BC
, publisher = Peeters Publishers
, year = 2011
, isbn = 978-9042923249
* {{cite book
, last = Rhodes
, first = P. J.
, title = A History of the Classical Greek World: 478 - 323 BC
, publisher = Wiley-Blackwell
, year = 2010
, isbn = 978-1405192866
* {{cite book
, last1 = Dietler
, first1 = Michael
, last2 = López-Ruiz
, first2 = Carolina
, title = Colonial Encounters in Ancient Iberia: Phoenician, Greek, and Indigenous Relations
, publisher = University Of Chicago Press
, year = 2009
, isbn = 978-0226148472
* {{cite book
, last = Tsetskhladze
, first = Gocha
, title = Greek Colonisation: An Account Of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas: Volume 2
, publisher = Brill Academic Publishers
, year = 2008
, url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z3C9b4FvpEwC
, isbn = 978-9004155763
* {{cite book
, last = Tsetskhladze
, first = Gocha
, title = Greek Colonisation: An Account Of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas: Volume 1
, publisher = Brill Academic Publishers
, year = 2006
, isbn = 978-9004122048
* {{cite book
, last = Kirigin
, first = Branko
, title = Pharos. The Parian Settlement in Dalmatia: A study of a Greek colony in the Adriatic
, publisher = British Archaeological Reports
, year = 2006
, isbn = 978-1841719917
* {{cite book
, last = Hall
, first = Jonathan M.
, title = A History of the Archaic Greek World: ca. 1200-479 BCE
, publisher = Wiley-Blackwel
, year = 2006
, isbn = 978-0631226680
* {{cite book
, last1 = Cerchiai
, first1 = Luca
, last2 = Janelli
, first2 = Lorena
, last3 = Longo
, first3 = Fausto
, last4 = Edward Smith
, first4 = Mark
, title = The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily
, publisher = J. Paul Getty Museum
, year = 2004
, url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fH32nSiCue0C
, isbn = 978-0892367511
* {{cite book
, last = Tsetskhladze
, first = Gocha
, title = The Archaeology of Greek Colonisation: Essays Dedicated to Sir John Boardman
, publisher = Oxford University School of Archaeology; 2nd Revised edition
, year = 2004
, isbn = 978-0947816612
* {{cite book
, last1 = Tsetskhladze
, first1 = Gocha
, last2 = Snodgrass
, first2 = A. M.
, title = Greek Settlements in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea
, publisher = British Archaeological Reports
, year = 2002
, isbn = 978-1841714424
* {{cite book
, last = Graham
, title = Collected Papers on Greek Colonization
, publisher = Brill Academic Publishers
, year = 2001
, url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kFl_DgN73UUC
, isbn = 978-9004116344
* {{cite book
, last1 = Dominguez
, first1 = Adolfo
, last2 = Sanchez
, first2 = Carmen
, title = Greek Pottery from the Iberian Peninsula: Archaic and Classical Periods
, publisher = Brill Academic Publishers
, year = 2001
, isbn = 978-9004116047
* {{cite book
, last1 = Boardman
, first1 = John
, last2 = Solovyov
, first2 = Sergei
, last3 = Tsetskhladze
, first3 = Gocha
, title = Northern Pontic Antiquities in the State Hermitage Museum
, publisher = Brill Academic Publishers
, year = 2001
, isbn = 978-9004121461
* {{cite book
, last = Boardman
, first = John
, title = The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade
, publisher = Thames & Hudson
, year = 1999
, isbn = 978-0500281093
* {{cite book
, last = Tsetskhladze
, first = Gocha R.
, title = The Greek Colonisation of the Black Sea Area
, publisher = Franz Steiner Verlag
, year = 1998
, isbn = 978-3515073028
* {{cite book
, last = Isaac
, first = Benjamin H.
, title = The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest
, series = Studies of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society, Vol 10
, publisher = Brill Academic Pub
, year = 1997
, isbn = 978-9004069213
* {{cite book
, last = Treister
, first = M Yu
, title = The Role of Metals in Ancient Greek History
, publisher = Brill
, year = 1997
, isbn = 978-9004104730
* {{cite book
, last = Cohen
, first = Getzel M.
, title = The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor
, series = Hellenistic Culture and Society
, publisher = University of California Press
, year = 1996
, isbn = 978-0520083295
* {{cite book
, last = Irad
, first = Malkin
, title = Religion and Colonization in Ancient Greece
, publisher = Brill Academic Publishers
, year = 1987
, url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A-0UAAAAIAAJ
, isbn = 978-9004071193
* {{cite book
, last = Sealey
, first = Raphæl
, title = A History of the Greek City States, 700-338 B. C.
, publisher = University of California Press
, year = 1976
, url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2JT_zty82ZUC
, isbn = 978-0520031777
External links
Greek colonies to 500 BCE* [https://topostext.org/the-places TOPOSTEXT: EDUCATION / REFERENCE TOOL FOR GREEK CIVILIZATION]
{{Ancient Greece topics
{{Hellenistic colonies
Greek colonies
Archaic Greece