Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) are the most destructive diseases of vineyards worldwide. Fungicides (such as

sodium arsenite Sodium arsenite usually refers to the inorganic compound with the formula NaAsO2. Also called sodium ''meta''-arsenite, it is the sodium salt of arsenous acid. Sodium ''ortho''-arsenite is Na3AsO3.Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistr ...

8-hydroxyquinoline 8-Hydroxyquinoline (also known as oxine) is a chelate, chelating agent which has been used for the Quantitative analysis (chemistry), quantitative determination of metal ions. In aqueous solution 8-hydroxyquinoline has a pKa value of ca. 9.9 It r ...

, used to fight esca) with the potential to control GTD have been banned in Europe and there are no highly effective treatments available. Action to develop new strategies to fight these diseases are needed. The following fungal species are responsible for grapevine trunk diseases: * ''

Botryosphaeria dothidea ''Botryosphaeria dothidea'' is a plant pathogen that causes the formation of cankers on a wide variety of tree and shrub species. It has been reported on several hundred plant hosts and on all continents except Antarctica.Crous, P.W., B. Slipper ...

'' and other ''

Botryosphaeria ''Botryosphaeria'' is a genus of pathogenic fungi in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. There are 193 species, many of which are important disease-causing agents of various important agricultural crops. Species *'' Botryosphaeria abietina'' *'' Bot ...

'' species, such as '' B. obtusa'', '' B. parva'' and '' B. australis'',Botryosphaeria spp. as grapevine trunk disease pathogens. Niekerk, J.M, P.H. Fourie, F. Halleen and P.W. Crous, Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 2006, volume 45, pages 43-54 * ''Cylindrocarpon'' spp., ''Ilyonectria'' spp., ''Dactylonectria'' spp. and ''Campylocarpon'' spp.Occurrence of grapevine trunk disease pathogens in rootstock mother plants in South Africa. P. H. Fourie and F. Halleen, Australasian Plant Pathology, June 2004, Volume 33, Issue 2, pages 313-315, (cause of black foot disease) * ''

Diplodia seriata ''Diplodia seriata'' is an anamorphic fungus species in the genus ''Diplodia ''Diplodia'' is a genus of anamorphic fungi in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. Species *''Diplodia abiegna'' *'' Diplodia abrotani'' *'' Diplodia abutilonis'' *'' Di ...

'' (cause of bot canker)Identification and Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Diplodia seriata, the Causal Agents of Bot Canker Disease of Grapevines in Mexico. J. R. Úrbez-Torres, G. M. Leavitt, J. C. Guerrero, J. Guevara and W. D. Gubler, Plant Disease, April 2008, Volume 92, Number 4, pages 519-529, * '' Diplodia mutila'' (cause of Botryosphaeria dieback) * '' Dothiorella iberica'' * '' Dothiorella viticola'' * ''

Eutypa lata Phomopsis cane and leaf spot occurs wherever grapes are grown. Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is more severe in grape-growing regions characterized by a humid temperate climate through the growing season. Crop losses up to 30% have been reported to ...

'' (cause of Eutypa dieback) * ''

Fomitiporia mediterranea ''Fomitiporia mediterranea'' is a fungus species in the genus '' Fomitiporia'' associated with esca of grapevine.A new wood-decaying basidiomycete species associated with esca of grapevine. : Fomitiporia mediterranea (Hymenochaetales). Michael F ...

'' (cause of esca) * ''

Lasiodiplodia theobromae ''Lasiodiplodia theobromae'' is a plant pathogen with a very wide host range. It causes rotting and dieback in most species it infects. It is a common post harvest fungus disease of citrus known as stem-end rot. It is a cause of bot canker of g ...

'' (cause of Botryosphaeria dieback) * '' Neofusicoccum australe'' * '' Neofusicoccum luteum'' * '' Neofusicoccom parvum'' * ''

Phaeoacremonium ''Phaeoacremonium'' is a fungus genus associated with wilt and decline diseases of woody hosts and human infections. ''Togninia'' is the teleomorph (the sexual reproductive stage) of ''Phaeoacremonium''. Species * ''Phaeoacremonium aleophilum ...

minimum'' (cause of esca and Petri disease) and other ''

'' species * ''

Phaeomoniella chlamydospora ''Phaeomoniella chlamydospora'' is a fungus species of mitosporic ascomycota in the genus ''Phaeomoniella''. ''Phaeomoniella chlamydospora'' and ''Phaeoacremonium aleophilum'' are associated with esca (grape disease), esca in mature grapevines, ...

'' (cause of esca and Petri disease)

References

{{reflist

External links

International Council on Grapevine Trunk Diseases (ICGTD)