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Botryosphaeria Obtusa
''Botryosphaeria obtusa'' is a plant pathogen that causes frogeye leaf spot, black rot and cankers on many plant species. On the leaf it is referred to as frogeye leaf spot; this phase typically affects tree and shrubs. In fruit such as the apple, cranberry and quince, it is referred to as black rot, and in twigs and trunks it causes cankers. Symptoms Black rot ''Botryosphaeria obtusa'' enters the fruit through wounds. These can be made by insects, birds or growth cracks. At first a brown spot, near the calyx, appears on the fruit. The spot on the fruit then enlarges and black/brown rings appear on the fruit. The fruit holds its shape, however, unlike other fruit diseases. The fruit will then wither up and can remain on the tree for another year before falling off. During this time pycnidia appear on the surface of the rotted fruit. Frogeye leaf spot In leaves the fungus begins by causing purple specks on infected leaves. These then enlarge to cause large spots on the leaf, de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schwein
Schwein (German for ''pig'' as well as ''pork'') is a music group comprising members of Buck-Tick, KMFDM, and PIG. Members Raymond Watts (vocals, programming, guitar) and Hisashi Imai (Buck-Tick; guitar and noise), both having worked together in Schaft, were joined by Atsushi Sakurai (Buck-Tick; vocals), Sascha Konietzko (KMFDM; vocals and programming) and Lucia Cifarelli (KMFDM; vocals). In 2001 Schwein released an album, '' Schweinstein'', followed by the remix album ''Son of Schweinstein''. Schwein toured Japan in the summer of 2001. However, Konietzko did not tour with them, citing illness and a desire to focus on KMFDM. Discography Studio album *'' Schweinstein'' (2001) Remixed album * ''Son of Schweinstein'' (2001) Members Official members *Raymond Watts - guitars, programming, vocals (PIG, Schaft, KMFDM) * Atsushi Sakurai - vocals (Buck-Tick) * Imai Hisashi - guitars, noises (Buck-Tick, Schaft) * Sascha Konietzko - programming, vocals, percussion (KMFDM) Gues ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dead Arm (grapes)
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot occurs wherever grapes are grown. Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is more severe in grape-growing regions characterized by a humid temperate climate through the growing season. Crop losses up to 30% have been reported to be caused by Phomopsis cane and leaf spot.Úrbez-Torres, J. R., Peduto, F., Smith, R. J., and Gubler, W. D. 2013. Phomopsis dieback: A grapevine trunk disease caused by Phomopsis viticola in California. Plant Dis. 97:1571-1579. Hosts and symptoms Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is a disease that causes symptoms in the common grapevine species, ''vitis vinifera'', in many regions of the world. This disease is mainly caused by the fungal pathogen, ''Phomopsis viticola'', and is known to affect many cultivars of table grapes, such as Thompson Seedless, Red Globe, and Flame Seedless. Also in vines of oenological interest, such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel, Syrah, Barbera, Chardonnay and Merlot. Spots or lesions on shoots and leaves are commo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grapevine Trunk Diseases
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) are the most destructive diseases of vineyards worldwide. Fungicides (such as sodium arsenite or 8-hydroxyquinoline, used to fight esca) with the potential to control GTD have been banned in Europe and there are no highly effective treatments available. Action to develop new strategies to fight these diseases are needed. The following fungal species are responsible for grapevine trunk diseases: * ''Botryosphaeria dothidea'' and other ''Botryosphaeria'' species, such as ''Botryosphaeria obtusa, B. obtusa'', ''Botryosphaeria parva, B. parva'' and ''Botryosphaeria australis, B. australis'',Botryosphaeria spp. as grapevine trunk disease pathogens. Niekerk, J.M, P.H. Fourie, F. Halleen and P.W. Crous, Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 2006, volume 45, pages 43-54 * ''Cylindrocarpon'' spp., ''Ilyonectria'' spp., ''Dactylonectria'' spp. and ''Campylocarpon'' spp.Occurrence of grapevine trunk disease pathogens in rootstock mother plants in South Africa. P. H. Four ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apple Tree Diseases
An apple is an edible fruit produced by an apple tree (''Malus domestica''). Apple fruit tree, trees are agriculture, cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus ''Malus''. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, ''Malus sieversii'', is still found today. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonization of the Americas, European colonists. Apples have Religion, religious and mythology, mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse mythology, Norse, Greek mythology, Greek, and Christianity in Europe, European Christian tradition. Apples grown from seed tend to be very different from those of their parents, and the resultant fruit frequently lacks desired characteristics. Generally, apple cultivars are propagated by clonal grafting onto rootstocks. Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after plantin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungal Plant Pathogens And Diseases
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''true f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungi Described In 1832
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of motility, mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Botryosphaeria
''Botryosphaeria'' is a genus of pathogenic fungi in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. There are 193 species, many of which are important disease-causing agents of various important agricultural crops. Species *'' Botryosphaeria abietina'' *'' Botryosphaeria abrupta'' *''Botryosphaeria abuensis'' *'' Botryosphaeria acaciae'' *''Botryosphaeria agaves'' *'' Botryosphaeria alibagensis'' *'' Botryosphaeria anceps'' *''Botryosphaeria apocyni'' *'' Botryosphaeria appendiculata'' *''Botryosphaeria araliae'' *''Botryosphaeria archontophoenicis'' *'' Botryosphaeria arctostaphyli'' *''Botryosphaeria arundinariae'' *''Botryosphaeria arxii'' *''Botryosphaeria astrocaryi'' *''Botryosphaeria aterrima'' *''Botryosphaeria atrorufa'' *''Botryosphaeria bakeri'' *''Botryosphaeria berengeriana'' *''Botryosphaeria bondarzewii'' *''Botryosphaeria briosiana'' *''Botryosphaeria brunneispora'' *''Botryosphaeria buteae'' *''Botryosphaeria callicarpae'' *''Botryosphaeria calycanthi'' *'' Botryosphaeria camara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungicide
Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores. A fungistatic inhibits their growth. Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in critical losses of yield, quality, and profit. Fungicides are used both in agriculture and to fight fungal infections in animals. Chemicals used to control oomycetes, which are not fungi, are also referred to as fungicides, as oomycetes use the same mechanisms as fungi to infect plants. Fungicides can either be contact, translaminar or systemic. Contact fungicides are not taken up into the plant tissue and protect only the plant where the spray is deposited. Translaminar fungicides redistribute the fungicide from the upper, sprayed leaf surface to the lower, unsprayed surface. Systemic fungicides are taken up and redistributed through the xylem vessels. Few fungicides move to all parts of a plant. Some are locally systemic, and some move upwardly. Most fungicides that can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prune
A prune is a dried plum, most commonly from the European plum (''Prunus domestica''). Not all plum species or varieties can be dried into prunes. A prune is the firm-fleshed fruit (plum) of ''Prunus domestica'' varieties that have a high soluble solids content, and does not ferment during drying. Use of the term "prune" for fresh plums is obsolete except when applied to varieties of plum grown for drying. Most prunes are ''freestone'' cultivars (the pit is easy to remove), whereas most plums grown for fresh consumption are ''clingstone'' (the pit is more difficult to remove). Prunes are 64% carbohydrates including dietary fiber, 2% protein, a rich source of vitamin K, and a moderate source of B vitamins and dietary minerals. The sorbitol content of dietary fiber likely provides the laxative effect associated with consuming prunes. Contrary to the name, boiled plums or prunes are not used to make sugar plums. Production More than 1,000 plum cultivars are grown for drying. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Delta-viniferin
δ-Viniferin is a resveratrol dehydrodimer. It is an isomer of epsilon-viniferin. It can be isolated from stressed grapevine (''Vitis vinifera'') leaves. It is also found in plant cell cultures and wine. It can also be found in ''Rheum maximowiczii''. It is a grapevine phytoalexin following stresses like fungal infection (by ''Plasmopara viticola'', the agent of downy mildew), UV light irradiation or ozone treatment. ''Botryosphaeria obtusa'', a pathogen responsible for the black dead arm disease of grapevine, has also been shown to be able to oxidise wood δ-resveratrol into delta-viniferin. In cell cultures, the use of methyl jasmonate and jasmonic acid as elicitors stimulates δ-viniferin biosynthesis. Delta-viniferin can also be produced from resveratrol by human PTGS1 (COX-1, cyclooxygenase-1) or from ''trans''-resveratrol and (−)- epsilon-viniferin by horseradish peroxidase. See also * Phenolic content in wine The phenolic content in wine refers to the pheno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resveratrol
Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-''trans''-stilbene) is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol, and a phytoalexin produced by several plants in response to injury or when the plant is under attack by pathogens, such as bacteria or fungi. Sources of resveratrol in food include the skin of grapes, blueberries, raspberries, mulberries, and peanuts. Although commonly used as a dietary supplement and studied in laboratory models of human diseases, there is no high-quality evidence that resveratrol improves lifespan or has a substantial effect on any human disease. Research Resveratrol has been studied for its potential therapeutic use, with little evidence of anti-disease effects or health benefits in humans. Cardiovascular disease There is no evidence of benefit from resveratrol in people who already have heart disease. A 2018 meta-analysis found no effect on systolic or diastolic blood pressure; a sub-analysis revealed a 2 mmHg decrease in systolic pressure only from res ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grapevine
''Vitis'' (grapevine) is a genus of 79 accepted species of vining plants in the flowering plant family Vitaceae. The genus is made up of species predominantly from the Northern Hemisphere. It is economically important as the source of grapes, both for direct consumption of the fruit and for fermentation to produce wine. The study and cultivation of grapevines is called viticulture. Most cultivated ''Vitis'' varieties are wind-pollinated with hermaphroditic flowers containing both male and female reproductive structures, while wild species are dieceous. These flowers are grouped in bunches called inflorescences. In many species, such as ''Vitis vinifera'', each successfully pollinated flower becomes a grape berry with the inflorescence turning into a cluster of grapes. While the flowers of the grapevines are usually very small, the berries are often large and brightly colored with sweet flavors that attract birds and other animals to disperse the seeds contained within the berrie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
