The goblet drum (also chalice drum, tarabuka, tarabaki, darbuka, darabuka, derbake, debuka, doumbek, dumbec, dumbeg, dumbelek, toumperleki, tumbak, or zerbaghali; arz, دربوكة /
Romanized
Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Latin script, Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing writ ...
: ) is a single-head
membranophone
A membranophone is any musical instrument which produces sound primarily by way of a vibrating stretched membrane. It is one of the four main divisions of instruments in the original Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification. ...
with a
goblet-shaped body. It is most commonly used in the traditional music of
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Med ...
, where it is considered the
National symbol
A national symbol is a symbol of any entity considering and manifesting itself to the world as a national community: the sovereign states but also nations and countries in a state of colonial or other dependence, federal integration, or even an ...
of Egyptian Shaabi Music. The instrument is also featured in traditional music from
West Asia
Western Asia, West Asia, or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions. It is almost entirely a part of the Middle East, and includes A ...
,
North Africa
North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in t ...
,
South Asia
South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.;;;;; ...
, and
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russia, wh ...
. The African
djembe is also a goblet membranophone. This article focuses on the Middle Eastern and North African goblet drum.
History
The origin of the term ''Darbuka'' probably lies in the Arabic word "daraba" ("to strike").
Goblet drums have been around for thousands of years and were used in Mesopotamian and
Ancient Egyptian cultures.
They were also seen in
Babylonia
Babylonia (; Akkadian: , ''māt Akkadī'') was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria). It emerged as an Amorite-ruled state ...
and
Sumer from as early as 1100 BCE. On
Sulawesi, large goblet drums are used as temple instruments and placed on the floor when played, which may reflect ancient use of the drum.
[Sadie, Stanley, (1980). "Darbuka". '']The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians. Along with the German-language ''Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart'', it is one of the largest reference works on the history and the ...
''. Vol. 5. p. 239. .
Technique
The ''Eastern'' and ''North-African'' goblet drums are played under the arm or resting on the player's leg, with a much lighter touch and quite different strokes (sometimes including rolls or quick rhythms articulated with the fingertips) to hand drums such as the
djembe, found in
West Africa
West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mau ...
.
There are two main types of goblet drums. The Egyptian style, Darbuka, is also known as Tabla and is very popular; it has rounded edges around the head, whereas the Turkish style exposes the edge of the head. The exposed edge allows closer access to the head so finger-snapping techniques can be done, but the hard edge discourages the rapid rolls possible with the
Egyptian style.
The goblet drum may be played while held under one arm (usually the non-dominant arm) or by placing it sideways upon the lap (with the head towards the player's knees) while seated. Some drums are also made with strap mounts so the drum may be slung over the shoulder, to facilitate playing while standing or dancing. It produces a resonant, low-sustain sound while played lightly with the fingertips and palm. Some players move their fists in and out of the bell to alter the tone. Some players also place their hands on the surface of the drum to produce a muted sound. There are a variety of rhythms (see
dumbek rhythms) that form the basis of the
folkloric and modern music and dance styles of the
Middle East
The Middle East ( ar, الشرق الأوسط, ISO 233: ) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (Europ ...
.
There are three main sounds produced by the goblet drum. The first is called a "doom". It is the deeper
bass
Bass or Basses may refer to:
Fish
* Bass (fish), various saltwater and freshwater species
Music
* Bass (sound), describing low-frequency sound or one of several instruments in the bass range:
** Bass (instrument), including:
** Acoustic bass gui ...
sound produced by striking the head near the center with the length of the fingers and palm and taking off the hand for an open sound. The second is called the "tak" and is the higher-pitched sound produced by hitting near the edge of the head with the fingertips. A "tak" struck with the secondary hand is also known as a "ka". The third is the closed sound "pa" (also called "sak"), for which the hand is briefly rested on the head so as not to permit an open sound. Additionally, there are more complex techniques including snaps, slaps, pops and rolls that are used to ornament the basic rhythm. Hand clapping and hitting the sides of the drum can be used in addition to drumhead sounds.
Another technique commonly used in
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wit ...
,
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Mac ...
,
North Macedonia
North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Socialist Feder ...
,
Albania
Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic
The Adriatic Sea () is a body of water separating the ...
and
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...
is to tap with the fingers of one hand and with a
thin drum stick in the other.
In
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...
the stick is called the ''çubuk'', which means ''wand'', or stick, and where the
Romanis there occasionally use this technique.
Use in Western classical music
The first known Western classical composition to feature a goblet drum is the opera ''
Les Troyens
''Les Troyens'' (; in English: ''The Trojans'') is a French grand opera in five acts by Hector Berlioz. The libretto was written by Berlioz himself from Virgil's epic poem the ''Aeneid''; the score was composed between 1856 and 1858. ''Les T ...
'' (1856–1858) by the French composer
Hector Berlioz
In Greek mythology, Hector (; grc, Ἕκτωρ, Hektōr, label=none, ) is a character in Homer's Iliad. He was a Trojan prince and the greatest warrior for Troy during the Trojan War. Hector led the Trojans and their allies in the defense o ...
, which calls for a ''tarbuka'' in the Dance of the Nubian Slaves in Act IV.
The first compositions for goblet drum and orchestra were composed by the
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Med ...
ian-
American musician
Halim El-Dabh in the 1950s; his ''Fantasia-Tahmeel'' for goblet drum and strings was premiered in
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the U ...
in 1958, with a string orchestra conducted by
Leopold Stokowski.
Notable goblet drum musicians
*
Setrak Sarkissian
Setrak Sarkissian ستراك سركسيان (born 1936 – died 21 February 2017) was a Lebanese tabla player of Armenian descent. He has won numerous awards in the Middle East and in Europe for his contributions to both traditional and moder ...
*
Said El Artist
Said EL Artist is an Egyptian drummer/percussionist
A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles struck, scraped or rubbed by ...
*
Hossam Ramzy
*
Rony Barrak
Rony Barrak is a Lebanese musician (Darbouka player) and composer.
Rony Barrak held his first Darbouka (Middle Eastern tabla) at the age of four and began playing it intuitively. Led by early self-confidence, he made his first TV performance at ...
*
Carmine Guida
Carmine T. Guida is a New York City-based, nationally recognized musician, teacher and performer. He is also a programmer and creator of online games and apps.
Music
Guida is known primarily for teaching the doumbek, however also plays several ot ...
*
Djamchid Chemirani
*
Pettik Ádám
Ádám Pettik (born 26 August 1972) is a Hungarian musician, singer-songwriter, percussionist and instrument creator. He is the founder of the world music band Besh o droM.
Early life
Pettik was born in Budapest, Hungary. His first drum lesson ...
* California Monster
* Jad Hamawi
*
Bilal Göregen
*
Alberto Christodoulou
Gallery
File:Khmer drum 01.jpg, Cambodian '' skor daey'', also known as skor arak. This is the smaller of two Cambodian goblet drums, the other being called '' skor chhaiyam'' (Khmer: ស្គរឆៃយ៉ាំ).
File:Darbouka égyptienne recadrée.jpg, Egyptian tabla and darabuka
File:Tumbaknaer.jpg, Indian tumbaknaer
File:Tombak Tonbak Persian percussion Instrument.jpg, Iranian/Persian tombak or zarb
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Enkelvellige bekertrom van aardewerk TMnr 3492-3.jpg, Libyan darbuka
File:Darabuka2.jpg, Turkish drum
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Enkelvellige bekertrom van aardewerk TMnr 2439-34.jpg, Moroccan taarija
File:Nimadoumbek.jpg, Man playing a doumbek
File:TOYMBELEKI (Pottery drum).jpg, TOYMBELEKI Museum of Popular Instruments, Research Centre for Ethnomusicology. In Plaka, Athens, Greece.
See also
*
Ashiko
*
Duhulla
*
Taarija
*
Tonbak
The ''tombak'' (Persian: تمبک), ''tonbak'' (تنبک), or ''zarb'' (ضَرب) is an Iranian goblet drum. It is considered the principal percussion instrument of Persian music. The tombak is normally positioned diagonally across the torso w ...
*
Toubeleki
The toubeleki ( el, τουμπελέκι and τουμπερλέκι and ντουμπελέκι), is a kind of a Greek traditional drum musical instrument. It is usually made from metal, open at its downside and covered with a skin stretched over i ...
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goblet Drum
Egyptian music
Egyptian musical instruments
Ancient Egyptian musical instruments
Arabic music
Iranian musical instruments
Arabic musical instruments
African percussion instruments
Asian percussion instruments
Drums
European percussion instruments
Hand drums
Serbian musical instruments
Tubular drums
Turkish musical instruments
Early musical instruments
ar:دربوكة