Giant House Spider

The giant house spider has been treated as either one species, under the name ''Eratigena atrica'', or as three species, ''E. atrica'', '' E. duellica'' and '' E. saeva''. , the three species view was accepted by the World Spider Catalog. They are among the largest spiders of Central and Northern Europe. They were previously placed in the genus ''Tegenaria''. In 2013, they were moved to the new genus ''Eratigena'' as the single species ''Eratigena atrica''. In 2018, the three separate species were restored. The bite of these species does not pose a threat to humans or pets, and they are generally reluctant to bite, preferring instead to hide or escape.

Description

The two sexes do not differ in coloration or markings. Its coloration is mainly dark brown. On its sternum is a lighter marking, with three light spots on each side that form an arrow-like shape pointing toward the head of the spider. The opisthosoma features a lighter middle line with six "spots" on each side. The giant house spider has the same coloration as the domestic house spider, ''Tegenaria domestica''; it has earthy tones of brown and muddy red or yellow. They also have conspicuously hairy legs, palps and abdomen. The female body size can reach in length, with males having a slightly smaller body at around in length. The female leg span is typically around . The leg span of the male is highly variable, with spans between being common.

Its eight eyes are of equal size and are arranged in two rows. As the eyes contain fewer than 400 visual cells, ''E. atrica'' can probably only distinguish light and dark.

Taxonomy

The first description of a spider now assigned to this species was by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1843, under the name ''Tegenaria atrica''. Other supposedly different species were described later, including ''Tegenaria saeva'' by John Blackwall in 1844, ''Tegenaria duellica'' by Eugène Simon in 1875 and ''Tegenaria gigantea'' by Ralph Vary Chamberlin and Wilton Ivie in 1935. ''T. gigantea'' was synonymized with ''T. duellica'' in 1978. The three remaining taxa have been regarded as distinct species, particularly in Britain. Thus Roberts (1995) provides distinguishing characters for ''T. atrica'', ''T. duellica'' and ''T. saeva'', as does Oxford (2008) for ''T. duellica'' (as ''T. gigantea'') and ''T. saeva''. Others consider these three as part of a single morphologically variable species, for which the oldest name, and hence the senior synonym, is ''T. atrica''.

A phylogenetic study in 2013 concluded that ''Tegenaria'', as then defined, was not monophyletic, and split off some species, including ''T. atrica'', into the newly created segregate genus ''Eratigena''. The study also consolidated the various giant house spider species into one species, ''E. atrica''. A subsequent genetic study of ''E. atrica'' specimens determined that there were three distinct morphological groups, leading to the restoration of three separate species: ''E. atrica'', ''E. duellica'', and ''E. saeva''.

Distribution and habitat

''E. atrica'' is found in Europe, Central Asia and Northern Africa. It was unwittingly introduced to the Pacific Northwest of North America circa 1900 due to human activity and has strongly increased in numbers for the last century.

In the last few years the spider has been found in several European countries in which it was previously not recorded, like Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. It is recorded in the checklist of Danish spider species, and is also found in Iceland.

The giant house spider's original habitat consists mostly of caves, or dry forests where it is found under rocks, but it is a common spider in people's homes.

Biology and behavior

The webs built by the giant house spider are flat and messy with a funnel at one end. They do not contain sticky threads. The spider lurks in the funnel until a small invertebrate happens to get trapped in the web, at which point the spider runs out and attacks it. They usually build their webs in corners (on both the floor and ceiling), between boxes in basements, behind cupboards, in attics, or any other area that is rarely disturbed by large animals or humans. They are also often found near window openings.

''E. atrica'' normally lives for two or three years, but lifetimes of up to six years have been observed. While the female only leaves its nest to feed, males can often be seen wandering around houses during the late summer and early autumn looking for a mate. Males can be found from July to October, adult females occur all year.

At least 60 spiderlings emerge from an egg sac. Unusual for spiders, they are subsocial at this stage: they remain together for about a month, but do not cooperate in prey capture. The amount of cannibalism correlates with the amount of available food. ''E. atrica'' molts seven or eight times before reaching the immature adult state, and after a final molt reaches maturity.

Like most spiders, the spider possesses venom to subdue its prey. Since ''E. atrica'' bites can penetrate human skin on occasion, the effects of agatoxin might be felt by bite victims, though these spiders will not bite unless provoked.

With speeds clocked at , the giant house spider held the Guinness Book of World Records for top spider speed until 1987 when it was displaced by solifugids, although the latter are not true spiders.

Relationship with ''Eratigena agrestis''

A population of giant house spiders is popularly thought to be a deterrent to the establishment of '' Eratigena agrestis'', known in North America as the "hobo spider", and considered by some to be more likely to bite humans. Giant house spiders may compete with hobo spiders for the same resources.
Hobo spiders grow no more than a body size of long whereas the larger female giant house spider can have a body size of , but has proportionately much longer legs.

In popular culture

Humorist David Sedaris has written about his relationship with ''E. atrica''. His essay "April in Paris" documents his growing affection toward and domestic association with giant house spiders, particularly one named April. The essay can be found in the collection ''When You Are Engulfed in Flames''.

Gallery

File:Tegenaria.atrica.creating.eggsac.1.jpg, Female constructing egg sac
File:Tegenaria.atrica.spiderlings.on.egg.sac.jpg, Spiderlings
File:Tegenaria duellica and dollar bill.JPG, ''E. atrica'' can attain a leg span of up to . This specimen is approximately
File:T duellica Moulting.jpeg, A moulting ''E. atrica''

References

Further reading

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External links

Video of a feeding ''E. atrica''

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1071758

Agelenidae
Spiders of North America
Spiders of Europe