German Aviso Grille

''Grille'' was an aviso built in Nazi Germany for the ''Kriegsmarine'' (literally '''War Navy) in the mid-1930s for use as a state yacht by Adolf Hitler and other leading individuals in the Nazi regime. The ship received a light armament of three guns and was fitted to be capable of serving as an auxiliary minelayer. Completed in 1935, her experimental high-pressure steam turbines, which were installed to test them before they were used in destroyers, required significant modifications and the ship finally entered service in 1937. Over the next two years, she was used in a variety of roles, including as a training vessel and a target ship, in addition to her duties as a yacht.

After the start of World War II in September 1939, ''Grille'' was used as a minelayer and as a patrol vessel in the Baltic Sea, tasked with searching for enemy merchant vessels. She collided with a German transport ship in January 1940 and after repairs, resumed minelaying duties in the North Sea, thereafter being used as a gunnery training ship. She was briefly assigned to the minelaying unit tasked with supporting Operation Sea Lion in September before the planned invasion of Britain was cancelled, and she was reassigned to the Baltic during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Gunnery training duties followed from August 1941 until March 1942, when she was reduced to a headquarters ship for the commander of naval forces based in occupied Norway; she served in this capacity for the rest of the war.

Seized by British forces as war reparations in 1945, she was later sold either to a Lebanese businessman who intended to use the ship as a yacht or a Lebanese shipping company for use as a passenger vessel. During this period, she was involved in a collision in March 1947, and in November 1948, she was attacked by a Jewish saboteur with limpet mines after the intelligence arm of the Haganah incorrectly assessed the vessel as having been intended to attack the Jewish fleet. After repairs were completed, the owner instead brought the ship to the United States in 1949 in an unsuccessful attempt to find a buyer. He ultimately sold ''Grille'' for scrap in 1951.

Design

''Grille'' was long at the waterline and long overall. She had a beam of and a draft of . Her standard displacement was , and at full load, her displacement rose to . The ship had a crew of 248 officers and men.

The ship's propulsion system consisted of two high-pressure geared turbines manufactured by Blohm & Voss, with steam provided by two Benson water-tube boilers that were ducted into a single raked funnel. ''Grille'' was equipped with these turbines to test them before they were installed in new destroyers. The engines were rated at , for a top speed of . She had a cruising radius of .

She was armed with three SK C/34 naval guns in individual mountings, one forward and two aft. She also carried four SK C/30 anti-aircraft guns in two dual mounts and four C/30 anti-aircraft guns in a single quadruple mount. ''Grille'' had provisions to carry up to 228 naval mines for service as an auxiliary minelayer.

Service history

Construction and prewar career

The ship was built by Blohm & Voss in Hamburg; her keel was laid down in June 1934 under the provisional name "''Flottentender'' 'C'" (fleet tender). She was launched on 15 December that year and was named ''Grille'' after the old aviso ; '' Konteradmiral'' (Rear Admiral) Eugen Lindau gave a speech at her launching ceremony. Following builder's sea trials off Helgoland, she was commissioned into the ''Kriegsmarine'' (War Navy) on 19 May 1935. Her first commander was ''Fregattenkapitän'' (Frigate Captain) Helmuth Brinkmann. The experimental high-pressure turbines with the Benson boilers proved to be unacceptable for use in warships, and ''Grille'' returned to Blohm & Voss to have the boilers replaced with a different type of boiler and control equipment for the turbines. The work was carried out between 3 October 1936 and 13 March 1937, after which the ship conducted a long-range test cruise to Iceland in July, which was completed without problems.

For the next three years, ''Grille'' served in a variety of roles: she represented Adolf Hitler as the head of state of Nazi Germany and the '' Oberkommando der Marine'' (Naval High Command), as a navigational training ship, and as a target ship during training exercises. Throughout this period, she was based in Kiel in the Baltic Sea. In May 1936, she embarked Hitler and Admiral Erich Raeder, the commander of the ''Kriegsmarine'', and carried them to Laboe for the dedication of the Laboe Naval Memorial and observe a naval review. In October, she carried '' Generalfeldmarschall'' (General Field Marshal) Werner von Blomberg, the Minister of War on a visit to Norway, cruising as far north as Nordkapp. On the way back to Germany, she stopped in Narvik, Norway, where Blomberg and his entourage disembarked and traveled by train.

''Grille'' next carried the ''Wehrmacht'' (Defense Force) delegation to represent Germany for the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in mid-May 1937. The ship visited Southampton and Spithead during the voyage. In early June, she served as the flagship for Admiral Rolf Carls, the commander of the German fleet, during exercises with the fleet's scouting force in the North Sea. Blomberg again boarded the vessel in October for a cruise into the Atlantic, which included visits to a series of ports, including Funchal, Madeira and Ponta Delgada in the Azores, Portugal. In May 1938, '' Kapitän zur See'' (''KzS''—Captain at Sea) Günther von der Forst replaced Brinkmann as the ship's captain. Another naval review was held on 22 August for the launching ceremony for the heavy cruiser , during which ''Grille'' hosted Hitler and his entourage, which included Miklós Horthy, the Regent of Hungary, who was visiting Germany at the time. Toward the end of 1938, ''Grille'' was used as a torpedo target for the aircraft of 3. Staffel, Group 506. The ship was then assigned to the ''Befehlshaber der Sicherung der Ostsee'' (BSO—Commander of the Defense of the Baltic Sea) to support the planned Invasion of Poland. During the Kiel Week sailing regatta in June 1939, ''Grille'' hosted Raeder and several foreign naval officers.

World War II

At the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, ''Grille'' was mobilized wartime service. She was initially used for minelaying operations, and from 1 to 9 September, '' Vizeadmiral'' (Vice Admiral) Wilhelm Marschall used her as a temporary flagship. Marschall was at that time the ''Befehlshaber der Panzerschiffe'' (Commander of Armored Ships). ''Grille'' was transferred back to the BSO in mid-September, where she was used to patrol for enemy merchant shipping in the Baltic. She accidentally collided with the German steamer on 10 January 1940, sinking the latter. ''Grille''s bow was damaged in the incident and required repairs that were concluded on 5 February. The ship was then transferred to the North Sea to assist in the laying of minefields to guard against British attacks. She embarked on two operations to lay ''Minensperre'' (mine barrier) 16 in company with the light cruiser and several destroyers, the first on 17–18 May and the second on 19–20 May. ''Grille'' was then attached to the gunnery school for training purposes.

For Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of Great Britain in September 1940, ''Grille'' was assigned as the flagship of ''KzS'' Walter Krastel, the deputy commander of mine warfare vessels under '' Marinegruppenkommando Nord'' (Navy Group Command North). She led the Eastern Group to Ostend, Belgium in early September; the Eastern Group was tasked with covering the landing beaches by laying minefields on either side to prevent the British Royal Navy from intervening. The invasion was postponed "until further notice" on 17 September, and three days later ''Grille'' and the other vessels were moved to Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The next day, the German high command cancelled the operation outright and ''Grille'' was immediately transferred back to the gunnery school. During Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which began in June 1941, ''Grille'' was again assigned to the minelayer command. She assisted in the laying of a minefield in the Baltic in late June, and she served as the unit flagship from 5 July to 15 August.

She was transferred back to the gunnery school on 15 August, where she served for the next seven months. During this period, she was also used as a target ship for U-boat crews. She was decommissioned in March 1942 and on 24 August, was assigned as a stationary headquarters ship for the commander of naval forces in occupied Norway. She arrived in Narvik, where on 2 October, ''KAdm'' Otto Klüber came aboard. The ship was moved from Narvik to Ankenes between 25 and 31 July 1943. She had her crew reduced there on 10 January 1944; she was still capable of going to sea, but lacked crew for her weapons. In March, the staff for the commander was reduced, and ''Grille'' was then used as a headquarters ship for the commander of U-boats in Norway, ''KzS'' Rudolf Peters. She remained in Norwegian waters until the end of the war in May 1945, when she was seized by British forces. They set up one of the rooms as " Eva Braun's bedroom", but she had never visited the ship. According to the naval historians J. J. Colledge