Dutch Golden Age
The Dutch Golden Age ( nl, Gouden Eeuw ) was a period in the history of the Netherlands, roughly spanning the era from 1588 (the birth of the Dutch Republic) to 1672 (the Rampjaar, "Disaster Year"), in which Dutch trade, science, and Dutch art, ...
painter and art theorist. His broad range of skills included music, poetry, and theatre. De Lairesse was influenced by the Perugian
Cesare Ripa
Cesare Ripa (c. 1555, Perugia – Rome) was an Italian iconographer who worked for Cardinal Anton Maria Salviati as a cook and butler.
Life
Little is known about his life. He was born of humble origin in Perugia about 1555. The exact date of ...
Lyckle de Vries "De Lairesse on the theory and practice" /ref> and French classicist painters such as
Charles le Brun
Charles Le Brun (baptised 24 February 1619 – 12 February 1690) was a French painter, physiognomist, art theorist, and a director of several art schools of his time. As court painter to Louis XIV, who declared him "the greatest French artist of ...
,
Simon Vouet
Simon Vouet (; 9 January 1590 – 30 June 1649) was a French painter who studied and rose to prominence in Italy before being summoned by Louis XIII to serve as Premier peintre du Roi in France. He and his studio of artists created religious and m ...
and authors such as
Pierre Corneille
Pierre Corneille (; 6 June 1606 – 1 October 1684) was a French tragedian. He is generally considered one of the three great seventeenth-century French dramatists, along with Molière and Racine.
As a young man, he earned the valuable patronag ...
and
Jean Racine
Jean-Baptiste Racine ( , ) (; 22 December 163921 April 1699) was a French dramatist, one of the three great playwrights of 17th-century France, along with Molière and Corneille as well as an important literary figure in the Western traditio ...
. His importance grew in the period following the death of
Rembrandt
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (, ; 15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669), usually simply known as Rembrandt, was a Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker and draughtsman. An innovative and prolific master in three media, he is generally consid ...
geometry
Geometry (; ) is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It is concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is c ...
and ''Groot Schilderboek'' (1707), were highly influential on 18th-century painters.
Painting career
De Lairesse was born in
Liège
Liège ( , , ; wa, Lîdje ; nl, Luik ; german: Lüttich ) is a major city and municipality of Wallonia and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège.
The city is situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from b ...
and was the second son of painter Renier de Lairesse (1597-1667). He studied art under his father and from 1655 under
Bertholet Flemalle
Bertholet Flemalle, Flemal, or Flamael (1614–1675) was a Liège Baroque painter.
Biography
The son of a glass painter, he was instructed in his art by Henri Trippet and Gerard Douffet successively. He visited Rome in 1638, and was invit ...
. He worked in
Cologne
Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western States of Germany, state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the List of cities in Germany by population, fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 m ...
and
Aix-la-Chapelle
Aachen ( ; ; Aachen dialect: ''Oche'' ; French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle; or ''Aquisgranum''; nl, Aken ; Polish: Akwizgran) is, with around 249,000 inhabitants, the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, and the 28th- ...
for
Maximilian Henry of Bavaria
Maximilian Henry of Bavaria (german: Maximilian Heinrich von Bayern: 8 October 1621 – 3 June 1688) was the third son and fourth child of Albert VI, landgrave of Leuchtenberg and his wife, Mechthilde von Leuchtenberg. In 1650, he was named A ...
from 1660. In 1664 De Lairesse fled from Liège after an affair with two sisters, his models, led to difficulties. He travelled north with a girl named Marie Salme and married her in
Utrecht
Utrecht ( , , ) is the List of cities in the Netherlands by province, fourth-largest city and a List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality of the Netherlands, capital and most populous city of the Provinces of the Netherlands, pro ...
, where a son was baptized in April 1665. When his talent as an artist was discovered by the art dealer
Gerrit van Uylenburgh
Gerrit van Uylenburgh (c. 1625 – 1679), or Gerrit Uylenburgh, was a Dutch Golden Age painter and art-dealer. He was the eldest son of Hendrick van Uylenburgh and took over the family art-dealing business after Hendrick's death and burial i ...
, he moved to Amsterdam. De Lairesse arrived with his violin, with which he impressed Jan van Pee and probably Anthonie Claesz de Grebber in Uylenburgh's studio. In 1670 a son, Abraham, was born; the engraver Abraham Blooteling, with whom he collaborated, was the witness at the baptism; another son was baptized in 1673.
In 1671, when Van Uylenburgh tried to sell 13 paintings to
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
Frederick William (german: Friedrich Wilhelm; 16 February 1620 – 29 April 1688) was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia, from 1640 until his death in 1688. A member of the House of Hohenzollern, he is ...
,
Hendrick Fromantiou
Hendrik de Fromantiou (1633 – after 1693) was a Dutch still life painter.
Early life
Fromantiou was born in Maastricht. In his youth, he produced works for the art dealer Gerrit van Uylenburgh in Amsterdam and from 1658, he was active in ...
successfully advised the Elector to send 12 pieces back as forgeries. Fromantiou claimed the paintings were copies of Italian ones, and he could point out the originals in Holland. De Lairesse was one of 51 individuals involved because of their expertise.
Some time later De Lairesse moved to Spinhuissteeg where he became a member of the literary society ''
Nil volentibus arduum ''Nil volentibus arduum'' is a Latin expression meaning "nothing is impossible for those willing", and the name of a 17th-century Dutch literary society that tried to bring French literature to the Dutch Republic.
Short history of the literary soci ...
'', which seems to have gathered in his house from 1676 until 1681. In 1682 he sold copies of sheet music composed by Lully.J.H. GISKES (1994) Amsterdam, centrum van muziek, muzikanten en schilders in de Gouden Eeuw, pp. 51–54. In: Jaarboek Amstelodamum. In May 1684 he rented the nearby house of Caspar Barlaeus. His pupils
Philip Tideman
Philip Tideman (1657–1705) was a Dutch Golden Age painter.
Biography
Tideman was born in Hamburg. According to Houbraken he learned to paint in Hamburg from Ns Raes, and then became a self-supporting artist with pupils for a year, before ...
and Louis Abry lived there too.
De Lairesse produced paintings as decorations for the
Soestdijk Palace
Soestdijk Palace ( nl, Paleis Soestdijk ) is a palace formerly belonging to the House of Orange-Nassau, Dutch Royal Family. It consists of a central block and two wings.
Although named after the village of Soestdijk, which is largely in the munic ...
between 1676 and 1683. In 1684 he moved to the Hague and worked there for a year. In 1685 he painted works for the
Loo Palace
Het Loo Palace ( nl, Paleis Het Loo , meaning "The Lea") is a palace in Apeldoorn, Netherlands, built by the House of Orange-Nassau.
History
The symmetrical Dutch Baroque building was designed by Jacob Roman and Johan van Swieten and was bu ...
. In 1688-1689, he decorated the civil council chamber of the
Hof van Holland
The Hof van Holland, Zeeland en West-Friesland (; usually shortened to Hof van Holland in the literature, and translated in English literature as "(High) Court of Holland") was the High Court of the provinces of Holland, West Friesland and Zeeland ...
at the
Binnenhof
The Binnenhof (; en, Inner Court) is a complex of buildings in the city centre of The Hague, Netherlands, next to the Hofvijver lake. It houses the meeting place of both houses of the States General of the Netherlands, as well as the Ministr ...
, presently known as the Lairesse room, with seven paintings with subjects from the history of the
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic ( la, Res publica Romana ) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kin ...
, all displaying a remarkable legal iconography.
Style
At first, De Lairesse was highly influenced by
Rembrandt
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (, ; 15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669), usually simply known as Rembrandt, was a Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker and draughtsman. An innovative and prolific master in three media, he is generally consid ...
, but later he focused on a more French-oriented style similar to
Nicolas Poussin
Nicolas Poussin (, , ; June 1594 – 19 November 1665) was the leading painter of the classical French Baroque style, although he spent most of his working life in Rome. Most of his works were on religious and mythological subjects painted for a ...
. The French even nicknamed him the "Dutch Poussin", although he was also influenced by
Pierre Mignard
Pierre Mignard or Pierre Mignard I (17 November 1612 – 30 May 1695), called "Mignard le Romain" to distinguish him from his brother Nicolas Mignard, was a French painter known for his religious and mythological scenes and portraits. He was a ...
and Charles Alphonse du Fresnoy.
In Amsterdam during the second half of the 17th century, the pious austerity of the Protestant Dutch in Rembrandt's age had given way to unbridled opulence, even decadence, and de Lairesse's
classical French
French is a Romance language (meaning that it is descended primarily from Vulgar Latin) that specifically is classified under the Gallo-Romance languages.
The discussion of the history of a language is typically divided into "external histor ...
, or
Baroque
The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...
, style fitted this age perfectly. It made him one of, if not the most popular painter in Amsterdam at that time. De Lairesse was therefore frequently hired to adorn the interiors of government buildings and homes (
canal house
A canal house ( nl, grachtenpand) is a (usually old) house overlooking a canal. These houses are often slim, high and deep. Canal houses usually had a basement and a loft and attic where trade goods could be stored. A special beam or pulley in ...
s) of wealthy Amsterdam businessmen with lavish
grisaille
Grisaille ( or ; french: grisaille, lit=greyed , from ''gris'' 'grey') is a painting executed entirely in shades of grey or of another neutral greyish colour. It is particularly used in large decorative schemes in imitation of sculpture. Many g ...
s, ''
trompe-l'Å“il
''Trompe-l'Å“il'' ( , ; ) is an artistic term for the highly realistic optical illusion of three-dimensional space and objects on a two-dimensional surface. ''Trompe l'oeil'', which is most often associated with painting, tricks the viewer into ...
'' ceilings and wall paintings. Some of these paintings still exist in the original buildings where they were painted.
De Lairesse as art theorist
De Lairesse was born with
congenital syphilis
Congenital syphilis is syphilis present ''in utero'' and at birth, and occurs when a child is born to a mother with syphilis. Untreated early syphilis infections results in a high risk of poor pregnancy outcomes, including saddle nose, lower ext ...
, which caused him to go blind around 1690. The
saddle nose
Saddle nose is a condition associated with nasal trauma, congenital syphilis, relapsing polychondritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, cocaine abuse, and leprosy, among other conditions. The most common cause is nasal trauma. It is characteri ...
which the disease gave him is clearly visible on the portrait which Rembrandt painted of him around 1665 and the
engraving
Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a Burin (engraving), burin. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or Glass engraving, glass ...
in the "
Teutsche Academie
The ''German Academy of the Noble Arts of Architecture, Sculpture and Painting'', or ''Teutsche Academie'', refers to a comprehensive dictionary of art by Joachim von Sandrart published in the late 17th century. The first version was published in ...
" by
Joachim von Sandrart
Joachim von Sandrart (12 May 1606 – 14 October 1688) was a German Baroque art-historian and painter, active in Amsterdam during the Dutch Golden Age. He is most significant for his collection of biographies of Dutch and German artists the ''Te ...
(1683). After losing his sight, De Lairesse was forced to give up painting and focused instead on lecturing twice a week. De Lairesse explicitly states that despite his blindness, he was still able to design a perfect composition. He drew on two chalk boards and was assisted by his audience and his son Johannes who collected their notes. After several years two books on art were published:
* ''Grondlegginge ter teekenkonst'' ("Foundations of Drawing"), published in 1701
* ''Het groot schilderboeck'' ("Great Book of Painting"), published in 1710
In ''Het groot schilderboeck'', De Lairesse expressed his disapproval of
realism
Realism, Realistic, or Realists may refer to:
In the arts
*Realism (arts), the general attempt to depict subjects truthfully in different forms of the arts
Arts movements related to realism include:
*Classical Realism
*Literary realism, a move ...
style used by Dutch Golden Age painters like Rembrandt,
Adriaen Brouwer
Adriaen Brouwer (, in Oudenaarde – January 1638, in Antwerp) was a Flemish painter active in Flanders and the Dutch Republic in the first half of the 17th century.
,
Adriaen van Ostade
Adriaen van Ostade (baptized as Adriaen Jansz Hendricx 10 December 1610 – buried 2 May 1685) was a Dutch Golden Age painter of genre works, showing everyday life of ordinary men and women.
Life
According to Arnold Houbraken, he and his brot ...
and
Frans Hals
Frans Hals the Elder (, , ; – 26 August 1666) was a Dutch Golden Age painter, chiefly of individual and group portraits and of genre works, who lived and worked in Haarlem.
Hals played an important role in the evolution of 17th-century group ...
because they often portrayed everyday scenes and ordinary people such as soldiers, farmers, maids, and even beggars. In De Lairesse's view, paintings ought to show lofty biblical, mythological and historical scenes, in the spirit of
Karel van Mander
Karel van Mander (I) or Carel van Mander I (May 1548 – 2 September 1606) was a Flemish painter, poet, art historian and art theoretician, who established himself in the Dutch Republic in the latter part of his life. He is mainly remembe ...
, who felt that a complex historical
allegory
As a literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a hidden meaning with moral or political significance. Authors have used allegory th ...
His treatises on painting and drawing, ''Grondlegginge ter teekenkonst'' (1701) and ''Het groot schilderboeck'' (1707), were highly influential on later painters like
Jacob de Wit
Jacob de Wit (19 December 1695 – 12 November 1754) was a Dutch artist and interior decorator who painted many religious scenes.
Biography
Jacob de Wit was born in Amsterdam, and became famous for his door and ceiling paintings. He lived on ...
. He also worked with many established artists of his day, as
Barend Graat
Barend Graat (21 September 1628, Amsterdam – 4 November 1709, Amsterdam),Barend Graat in the
Johannes Glauber
Johannes Glauber (1646, Utrecht (city) – c. 1726, Schoonhoven), was a Dutch Golden Age painter.
Biography
According to Houbraken he became a painter against the wishes of his father, the chemist Johann Rudolph Glauber (1604–1670), and b ...
and
Frederick de Moucheron
Frederik de Moucheron (1633 – 5 January 1686) was a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter and draughtsman. He mainly produced (Italianate) landscapes that were furnished with human and animal figures by various colleagues.
Biography
Frederi ...
, on larger commissions for house decorations.
De Lairesse attracted many pupils, including
Jan van Mieris
Jan van Mieris (17 June 1660 – 17 March 1690) was a Dutch painter.
Life
Jan van Mieris (17 June 1660 – 17 March 1690) was a Dutch painter born in Leiden, the eldest son of Frans van Mieris the Elder and Cunera van der Cocq (Sluijter et al. ...
Teodor
Teodor is a masculine given name. In English, it is a cognate of Theodore. Notable people with the name include:
* Teodor Muzaka III, Albanian nobleman who was born in 1393.
* Teodor Andrault de Langeron (19th century), President of Warsaw
* Teod ...
Jan Hoogsaat
Jan Hoogsaat (March 12, 1654 – November 29, 1730) was a Dutch Golden Age painter.
Hoogsaat was born and died in Amsterdam. According to Houbraken, he was one of the best pupils of Gerard de Lairesse. He painted in Het Loo palace and he pai ...
was one of his best pupils.Biography of Jan Hoogsaat in ''De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen'' (1718) by
Arnold Houbraken
Arnold Houbraken (28 March 1660 – 14 October 1719) was a Dutch painter and writer from Dordrecht, now remembered mainly as a biographer of Dutch Golden Age painters.
Life
Houbraken was sent first to learn ''threadtwisting'' (Twyndraat) fr ...
, courtesy of the
Digital library for Dutch literature
The Digital Library for Dutch Literature (Dutch: Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren or DBNL) is a website (showing the abbreviation as dbnl) about Dutch language and Dutch literature. It contains thousands of literary texts, second ...
According to the Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD), his pupils also included
Jacob van der Does
Jacob van der Does (4 March 1623, in Amsterdam buried 17 November 1673, in Sloten) was a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter.
Biography
Van der Does was the son of the secretary of the Amsterdam city council. He was more attracted to the arts ...
Bonaventura van Overbeek
Bonaventura van Overbeek (1660–1705) was a Dutch Golden Age draughtsman and engraver.
Biography
Overbeek was born and died in Amsterdam. According to Houbraken, he drew the Roman ruins from life and, while in Rome, he joined the Bentvu ...
.
Celebrated during his lifetime and well into the 18th century, he was berated during the 19th century. With or without justification, he was considered superficial and effete, and was held in large part responsible for the decline in Dutch painting. Two hundred years after his death in 1711 the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th Edition (1911) gave no listing at all for De Lairesse, while devoting four pages of solid text to Rembrandt.
Works by De Lairesse are now on display at many museums around the world, including the
Rijksmuseum
The Rijksmuseum () is the national museum of the Netherlands dedicated to Dutch arts and history and is located in Amsterdam. The museum is located at the Museum Square in the borough of Amsterdam South, close to the Van Gogh Museum, the St ...
and
Amsterdams Historisch Museum
The Amsterdam Museum, known until 2010 as the Amsterdam Historical Museum, is an Amsterdam-based museum dedicated to the city's past and present. Due to the renovation of its main location, the museum is temporarily located in the building the Amst ...
in Amsterdam, the
Louvre
The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the ''Venus de Milo''. A central l ...
in Paris, the
Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...
in New York City, the
National Gallery of Art
The National Gallery of Art, and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., United States, located on the National Mall, between 3rd and 9th Streets, at Constitution Avenue NW. Open to the public and free of char ...
Tate Gallery
Tate is an institution that houses, in a network of four art galleries, the United Kingdom's national collection of British art, and international modern and contemporary art. It is not a government institution, but its main sponsor is the U ...
in London, and the
Cleveland Museum of Art
The Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA) is an art museum in Cleveland, Ohio, located in the Wade Park District, in the University Circle neighborhood on the city's east side. Internationally renowned for its substantial holdings of Asian and Egyptian ...
. In 2016-2017, an exhibition and conference dedicated to De Lairesse's work was held at
Rijksmuseum Twenthe
The Rijksmuseum Twenthe in Enschede, the Netherlands, was founded in 1927 by textile industry Baron Jan Bernard Van Heek. He donated his own private collection and the museum building to the government, thus making it a national museum.
The muse ...
in
Enschede
Enschede (; known as in the local Twents dialect) is a municipality and city in the eastern Netherlands in the province of Overijssel and in the Twente region. The eastern parts of the urban area reaches the border of the German city of Gronau ...
.
Works
Well-known paintings by de Lairesse include his ''Allegory of the Five Senses'' (1668), ''Diana and Endymion'' (ca. 1680) and ''Cleopatra Landing at Tarsus''. Some of his paintings show influence by the ''Iconologia'' of
Cesare Ripa
Cesare Ripa (c. 1555, Perugia – Rome) was an Italian iconographer who worked for Cardinal Anton Maria Salviati as a cook and butler.
Life
Little is known about his life. He was born of humble origin in Perugia about 1555. The exact date of ...
, a book that was given to him by his brother, after returning from Italy. A versatile artist, De Lairesse also made many prints for book illustrations (e.g. for the poet
Andries Pels
Andries Pels (2 September 1655, in Amsterdam – 8 February 1731) was a rich Dutch banker and insurer from Amsterdam. He was the banker of France in the era of John Law. He was nephew of his namesake, poet Andries Pels, and cousin to the colon ...
) (1668). Among other things, De Lairesse produced:
* A set of illustrations for
Gerard Reynst
Gerard Reynst (1560s – 7 December 1615) was a Dutch merchant and later the second Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.
Biography
All that is known of his early years is that he was born in Amsterdam, the son of Pieter Rijnst (ca.1510†...
's collection ''Signorum Veterum Icones'' (1670), a series of prints based on the Italian statuary in Reynst's Amsterdam collection.
* Three ceiling paintings in 1671 for the Amsterdam regent
Andries de Graeff
Andries de Graeff (19 February 1611 – 30 November 1678) was a powerful member of the Amsterdam branch of the De Graeff - family during the Dutch Golden Age. He became a mayor of Amsterdam and a powerful Amsterdam regent after the death of his ...
. The paintings glorified the
De Graeff
De Graeff (; also: '' De Graef, Graef, Graeff, Graaff'', Graaf and ''De Graeff van Polsbroek'') is an old Dutch patrician and noble family,
The Amsterdam line of the family played an important role during the Dutch Golden Age. They were at the ...
family's role as the protector of the
Dutch republic
The United Provinces of the Netherlands, also known as the (Seven) United Provinces, officially as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Dutch: ''Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden''), and commonly referred to in historiography ...
and the works of art can be viewed as a visual statement opposing the return of the
House of Orange
The House of Orange-Nassau (Dutch language, Dutch: ''Huis van Oranje-Nassau'', ) is the current dynasty, reigning house of the Netherlands. A branch of the European House of Nassau, the house has played a central role in the Politics and governm ...
as
Stadtholder
In the Low Countries, ''stadtholder'' ( nl, stadhouder ) was an office of steward, designated a medieval official and then a national leader. The ''stadtholder'' was the replacement of the duke or count of a province during the Burgundian and H ...
s of the republic. They were created for Andries de Graeffs 'Sael' at his mayor’s residence in Amsterdam. The ceiling paintings now adorn the Ferdinand Bol room at the
Peace Palace
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, image_size =
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, image_caption = The Peace Palace, The Hague
, map_type =
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, m ...
in The Hague.
* Most of his plates were originally published by
Nicolaes Visscher II Nicolaes Visscher II (1649, Amsterdam – 1702, Amsterdam) was a Dutch engraver, cartographer and publisher. He was the son of Nicolaes Visscher I and the grandson of Claes Janszoon Visscher
Claes Janszoon Visscher (1587 – 19 June 1652) was a ...
, who published a collected edition under the title 'Opus Elegantissimum' in c. 1675.
* Set designs for the Schouwburg of Van Campen, the Amsterdam theatre (after 1676 or 1681 when it was reopened).
* A set of illustrations for
Govert Bidloo
Govert Bidloo or Govard Bidloo (12 March 1649 – 30 March 1713) was a Dutch Golden Age physician, anatomist, poet and playwright. He was the personal physician of William III of Orange-Nassau, Dutch stadholder and King of England, Scotland ...
's anatomical atlas ''Anatomia Humani Corporis'' (1685). 105 illustrations in: ''Godefridi Bidloo, Medicinae Doctoris & Chirurgi, Anatomia Hvmani Corporis: Centum & quinque Tabvlis Per artificiosiss. G. De Lairesse ad vivum delineatis, Demonstrata, Veterum Recentiorumque Inventis explicata plurimisque, hactenus non-detectis, Illvstrata'' Amsterdam 1685
* The shutters for the church organ in the
Westerkerk
The Westerkerk (; en, Western Church) is a Reformed church within Dutch Protestant Calvinism in central Amsterdam, Netherlands. It lies in the most western part of the Grachtengordel neighborhood (Centrum borough), next to the Jordaan, between ...
in 1686.
* A portrait of the Dutch
stadholder
In the Low Countries, ''stadtholder'' ( nl, stadhouder ) was an office of steward, designated a medieval official and then a national leader. The ''stadtholder'' was the replacement of the duke or count of a province during the Burgundian and H ...
and king of England,
William III of England
William III (William Henry; ; 4 November 16508 March 1702), also widely known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of County of Holland, Holland, County of Zeeland, Zeeland, Lordship of Utrecht, Utrec ...
Philip Tideman
Philip Tideman (1657–1705) was a Dutch Golden Age painter.
Biography
Tideman was born in Hamburg. According to Houbraken he learned to paint in Hamburg from Ns Raes, and then became a self-supporting artist with pupils for a year, before ...
,
Gilliam van der Gouwen
Gilliam van der Gouwen, first name also transcribed as Guilliam and Willem (ca. 1657, Antwerp — buried on 15 March 1716, Amsterdam)Jan Caspar Philips
Jan Caspar Philips (1690–1775), was a German engraver who settled in Amsterdam.
He was born perhaps in Trebur, like a younger brother. His father was Hendrik Philips (-1748), a wigmaker, his mother Anna Elizabeth Kraft (-1753). The family set ...
Google Books
Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google Inc. that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical c ...
grisaille
Grisaille ( or ; french: grisaille, lit=greyed , from ''gris'' 'grey') is a painting executed entirely in shades of grey or of another neutral greyish colour. It is particularly used in large decorative schemes in imitation of sculpture. Many g ...